AbstractIntroduction: The most common and dangerous problem in patients with kneeosteoarthritis is impaired balance and postural control, especially during simultaneouscognitive tasks, which increases the risk of falls. The aim of the present study was toinvestigate the effects of cognitive loads on pain intensity, postural control, and gait patternfollowing six sessions of anodal tDCS stimulation of M1 and DLPFC.Methods: Fifty-four elderly women with knee osteoarthritis who met the inclusion criteriavolunteered to participate in the study; they were randomly assigned to the anodal-tDCSM1 stimulation group (18 people), the anodal-tDCS-DLPFC stimulation group (18 people),and the sham or control group (18 people). Before and immediately after the six sessionsof non-invasive stimulation, balance was assessed with the Tecnobody device, gait patternwith the PT-Scan device, pain with the VAS questionnaire, and cognitive function with theMOCA questionnaire. The interventions included six consecutive 20-minute sessions ofanodal tDCS stimulation of the M1 and DLPFC areas. In the pre-test and post-tests, whenevaluating the study outcomes, talking to the subject was considered as a low-difficultycognitive load, the auditory arithmetic task was considered as a moderate -difficultycognitive load and the serial arithmetic task was considered as a high-difficulty cognitiveload.Results: The results of the present study showed that six sessions of tDCS interventionapplied to both M1 and DLPFC areas significantly reduced pain intensity compared to thecontrol group, and there was no difference between the two interventions in this effect (P< 0.001). Also, the effect of M1 intervention on dynamic balance under high cognitive loadconditions was significantly better than DLPFC. In addition, regarding the plantar pressuredistribution symmetry index factor, the effect of M1 intervention on this index in highcognitive load conditions was significantly better than DLPFC. However, the effects of thestudy interventions on static balance under different levels of cognitive load did not showa significant difference in response to stimulation of different brain areas (P > 0.05).Conclusion: Considering the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the effect ofdirect transcranial anodal stimulation on dynamic balance and biomechanical indicators ofgait in elderly women with knee osteoarthritis depends on the stimulation area and the levelof cognitive load. Stimulation of the primary motor cortex (M1) in some conditions,especially under high cognitive load, led to a relative improvement in heel strike symmetryand dynamic balance, while stimulation of the DLPFC did not show a significant effect.However, a definitive and consistent difference between the two regions was not observedin all conditions, but specific targeting of M1 may be more beneficial in cognitivelychallenging conditions.137Keywords: cognitive load, postural control, pain, knee osteoarthritis, transcranial directcurrent stimulation (tDCS), balance, gait patterning

   Introduction: Chronic pain can lead to cognitive impairments, and during dual-task activities, it can challenge the postural control of patients with chronic pain, placing them at risk of falls. Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common age-related diseases, causing pain and inability to perform daily activities, and putting patients at risk of falls and their subsequent consequences due to reduced balance performance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of aquatic dual-task cognitive-motor exercises on pain intensity, cognitive function, static and dynamic balance, and gait pattern in women with knee OA. Materials and Methods: In this double-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial with a pre-test/post-test design, 44 women with knee OA (mean age: 54.89 ± 7.78 years, mean height: 158.49 ± 12.6 cm, and mean weight: 65.78 ± 11.74 kg) were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two groups: aquatic dual-task cognitive-motor exercises (n=22) and conventional aquatic therapy (n=22). Interventions were administered for eight weeks, three sessions per week, with each session lasting 45 minutes. Before and after the interventions, pain intensity was assessed using the VAS questionnaire, cognitive function with the MoCA questionnaire, static and dynamic balance with the Tecnobody device, and gait pattern with the PT-Scan device. The outcomes of static and dynamic balance and gait pattern were assessed in the pre-test and post-test phases under three conditions of cognitive load. Data analysis was performed using a mixed repeated-measures ANOVA test with    software version 27. Findings: The findings of the present study indicated that both interventions, aquatic dual-task cognitive-motor exercises and conventional aquatic therapy, led to significant improvements in pain intensity (P<0.001), cognitive function (P<0.001), static balance (P=0.003), dynamic balance (P<0.001), and gait pattern (P=0.004). Furthermore, based on inter-group comparisons, the mean pain intensity and cognitive function showed significant differences between the groups (P=0.004 and P<0.001, respectively). For dynamic balance, there was no difference between the groups except under moderate cognitive load (P<0.001). In contrast, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in static balance and gait pattern variables. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that both aquatic dual-task cognitive-motor exercises and conventional aquatic therapy are effective in improving pain intensity, cognitive function, static and dynamic balance, and gait pattern in elderly women with knee OA. However, adding cognitive components to aquatic exercises can lead to greater improvements in pain intensity, cognitive function, and dynamic balance under low cognitive load. Ultimately, it can be concluded that the combination of cognitive and motor stimuli in an aquatic environment is a safe and effective rehabilitation intervention that can simultaneously improve the physical and cognitive health of patients with knee OA. Keywords:

   Introduction and Purpose: Poor cervical control is a common musculoskeletal problem among students, arising from lifestyle changes, prolonged sitting, excessive mobile phone use, and reduced physical activity. This disorder can negatively affect balance, athletic performance, and movement quality. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization (DNS) exercises and the Thrower’s Ten program on dynamic and static balance, landing mechanics, lower-limb movement variables, jumping performance, cervical proprioception, deep cervical muscle strength, and cervical range of motion in female students with poor cervical control. Methods: This study was conducted using a quasi-experimental design. The statistical population consisted of 45 female students with poor cervical control who were randomly assigned to three groups: Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization exercises (n = 15), Thrower’s Ten exercises (n = 15), and a control group (n = 15). The training protocols were performed for 8 weeks, three sessions per week. Research variables were assessed using the following tools: dynamic balance with the Y Balance Test, static balance with the Romberg Test, landing mechanics with the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS), movement performance indices with single-leg hop, triple hop, crossover hop, and 6-second hop tests, cervical range of motion using an inclinometer, cervical proprioception using an inclinometer, and cervical control weakness using a Pressure Biofeedback Unit. Pre-tests were conducted 24 hours before the start of the training program, and post-tests were performed one day after the completion of the intervention. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and paired t-tests at a significance level of P < 0.05, utilizing    software version 26. Results: The findings of the present study showed significant improvements in dynamic and static balance, landing mechanics, cervical range of motion, cervical proprioception, and functional performance following both Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization and Thrower’s Ten training protocols. However, no significant differences were observed in the control group. In some variables, the Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization protocol demonstrated superior effects. Conclusion: Based on the findings, both Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization and Thrower’s Ten exercises can improve balance, lower-limb movement quality, proprioception and strength of deep cervical muscles, and cervical range of motion in students with poor cervical control. These exercises can be considered effective approaches in preventive and rehabilitation programs. Keywords: Poor cervical control; Dynamic neuromuscular stabilization; Thrower’s Ten; Dynamic balance.

Endurance-based exhaustive activities induce widespread fatigue in the neuromuscular system and significant alterations in psychological indices, leading to impaired balance, reduced concentration, and increased perception of fatigue in athletes. In recent years, the use of sports mouth rinses has gained attention as a rapid-acting and non-invasive intervention, as they can influence psychological and motor performance without entering the bloodstream by stimulating oral receptors and activating central neural pathways. The present study aimed to compare the effects of two types of mouth rinses—caffeine and caffeine–carbohydrate—on balance and psychological factors following exhaustive endurance exercise in male athletes. In this study, 20 healthy and physically active men aged 18 to 30 years with a body mass index between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m² were evaluated under three different intervention conditions—caffeine mouth rinse, caffeine–carbohydrate mouth rinse, and a control (placebo) condition—after performing an exhaustive endurance exercise. Static and dynamic balance, as well as psychological indices including perceived fatigue, arousal, and concentration, were measured before and after the intervention. The results indicated that both types of mouth rinses led to relative improvements in certain psychological and balance-related variables; however, the combined caffeine–carbohydrate mouth rinse demonstrated a stronger effect than caffeine mouth rinse alone in improving some indices. These findings suggest that the use of active mouth rinses, particularly the combined type, may serve as an effective strategy to mitigate the negative effects of endurance-related fatigue and enhance the psychological and balance status of athletes.

  Investigating the Relationship

   Abstract Introduction: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition in children and is frequently accompanied by deficits in motor proficiency and behavioral self-regulation. Impairments in fine and gross motor skills, reduced motor coordination, and elevated behavioral symptoms are well documented in children with ADHD. Previous research suggests that motor-based interventions and vitamin D supplementation may enhance neuromuscular functioning and behavioral outcomes. The present study aimed to examine the effects of play therapy based on the Ball School approach, vitamin D supplementation, and their combination on motor proficiency and behavioral symptom severity in girls aged 10–12 years with ADHD. Research Method: This semi-experimental study employed a pretest–posttest design with a control group. After screening using the ADHD-RS(DSM-5) and clinical confirmation, 60 girls with ADHD were randomly assigned to four groups: play therapy, vitamin D supplementation, combined intervention (play therapy + vitamin D), and control. Interventions were administered for eight weeks. Motor proficiency was assessed using the BOTMP-2 (total, fine, and gross motor scores), and behavioral symptoms were evaluated using the ADHD-RS(DSM-5). Data were analyzed using ANCOVA and MANCOVA while controlling for pretest scores. Results: The type of intervention had a significant effect on total motor proficiency, fine motor skills, gross motor skills, and ADHD-RS(DSM-5) behavioral symptoms (p < 0.001). All three interventions demonstrated significant improvements compared with the control group. The combined intervention showed the greatest overall improvements in motor proficiency; however, its superiority over the single interventions was not consistently significant across all variables. For behavioral symptoms ADHD-RS(DSM-5), all interventions produced comparable reductions in symptom severity with no significant differences among the three treatment groups. Conclusion: The findings indicate that play therapy, vitamin D supplementation, and their combination are effective in enhancing motor proficiency and reducing ADHD-related behavioral symptoms in children. The combined intervention appears to offer added benefits in some motor domains, supporting a multidimensional approach to rehabilitation. Integrating structured motor activities with nutritional support may provide an efficient and practical strategy for improving functional outcomes in children with ADHD. Keywords: ADHD; Motor proficiency; Play therapy; Ball School; Vitamin D; BOTMP-2; ADHD-RS(DSM-5); Children

   Objective: ADHD is characterized by a combination of inappropriate levels of inattention, impulsive behavior, and hyperactivity. Studies have shown that physical activity in the form of play plays an important role in the pathophysiology and management of ADHD. In addition, considering the vital role of vitamin D in the proper functioning of the central nervous system and mental health, the use of this vitamin can improve the symptoms of these patients as a complementary therapy and an effective adjunct. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of vitamin D supplementation and Brain ball exercises on executive function in 10-12 year old children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Research Method: For this purpose, 60 students with ADHD participated in this study based on the ADHD Rating Scale DSM-5 diagnostic questionnaire for parents and teachers and under the supervision of a psychologist and were randomly assigned to one of the control groups (15 people), the vitamin D group (15 people), the Brain ball group (15 people), and the vitamin D + Brain ball group (15 people). For evaluation, analysis of Go/No Go, Stroop Color-Word and N-Back tests was used before and after the intervention. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation. Normal distribution was examined with (Shapiro-Wilk test) and alignment with (Levene test). Differences between groups were determined using two-way analysis of variance. If significant, Bonforni post hoc test was used to find the location of the differences. Analyses were performed using    software and the significance level was determined as P ? 0.05. Findings: The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of vitamin D supplementation and Brainball exercises caused a significant decrease in the score and interference time in the Stroop Color-Word test. In the N-Back test, the number of correct responses increased significantly and the number of incorrect responses decreased significantly, but no significant difference was observed in the average response time. In the Go-No-Go test, the presentation error and omission error were significantly reduced and the inhibition score was significantly increased, but there was no significant effect on the average response time, and finally the ADHD level was significantly reduced. Therefore, it can be concluded that vitamin D supplementation and Brainball exercises can improve executive function and ADHD level in 10-12 year old children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) syndrome.

   Introduction and Objective: Decreased motor and cognitive function is one of the main problems of the elderly. The use of exercise training can be suggested as an effective intervention program. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of cognitive and psychomotor training on executive functions, fear of falling, cognitive indicators, and daily activities of elderly women in Kermanshah city. Methodology: The research method of the present study is a semi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all elderly women over 65 years of age in Kermanshah city. The statistical sample included 45 elderly women between the ages of 65 and 75 who were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to three groups: cognitive, perceptual-motor, and control training. The Fall Efficacy Scale test was used to measure fear of falling, the Mahoney and Barthel (1965) Daily Activities Scale was used to measure the daily activities of the elderly, the Flostein Cognitive Status Assessment (1975) was used to measure cognitive index, and the Gerard Executive Function Questionnaire (2000) was used to measure executive function. For data analysis in the descriptive statistics section, the mean was used to calculate central tendencies and the standard deviation of the data was used to calculate dispersion tendencies. In the inferential statistics section, after ensuring the normal distribution of the data using the Shapiro-Wilk test, the ANOVA test was used

   The aim of the present study was to design a model of challenges and opportunities for elite Paralympic athletes. The research method is qualitative (grounded theory with Glaser's approach). The statistical population of the present study is experts (professors, coaches, board presidents, and athletes) in the field of Paralympic sports. The snowdrop sampling method was used for sampling to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. 16 people were interviewed to collect data. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then by expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure reliability, which according to this method, the reliability value was 0.84. The grounded theory method was used to analyze the data. The findings of this study showed that the challenges of elite Paralympic athletes include: economic problems, socio-cultural problems, sports problems, management problems, legal problems, media problems, and political problems. Also, the opportunities of elite Paralympic athletes include: sports factors, psychological factors, educational and professional factors, economic and financial factors, social and cultural factors, political and legal factors, and technological and media factors. These categories had a series of open and central codes. Based on the findings of this study, we conclude that elite Paralympic athletes, along with physical, social, and structural challenges, gain unique opportunities for personal growth, i  iration, and promotion of the status of disabled sports in society. Examining the pattern of challenges and opportunities shows that institutional and cultural support can smooth the path to their success.

  # Abstract ## Introduction and Objective Play is one of the methods to enhance physical activity in children. Utilizing innovative play techniques can be of great significance. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of Montessori games on physical literacy and executive functions of male students aged 6-9 years in Islamabad. ## Methodology The research method employed in this study is semi-experimental, utilizing a pre-test/post-test design with a control group. The statistical population includes all male students aged 6-9 years in Islamabad. From this population, 50 participants (based on prior research) were randomly selected—25 for the experimental group and 25 for the control group. To measure physical literacy, the Canadian Physical Literacy Assessment-2 was used; working memory was assessed using the Reading Span Test; cognitive inhibition was measured with the Flanker Test; and cognitive flexibility was evaluated through the Stroop Test. After confirming the normal distribution of the data using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, data analysis was conducted using dependent and independent t-tests for inter-group and intra-group comparisons. ## Findings The results indicated that there is a significant difference between the two groups of students after receiving Montessori games in the variables of physical literacy, working memory, cognitive inhibition, and cognitive flexibility. Additionally, significant differences were observed in the experimental group from the pre-test to the post-test in the mentioned variables. ## Conclusion Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that educators, parents, and caregivers utilize Montessori games to enhance the physical literacy and executive functions of students. Keywords: Montessori play, physical literacy, executive function, students

چكيده مقدمه: بسياري از آسيب­هاي رباط صليبي قدامي (ACL[1]) در شرايط غيرتماسي و در مانورهايي چون كاتينگ[2]، چرخش يا فرود به دنبال يك پرش، رخ مي­دهند. خستگي نيز به‌عنوان يك عامل شناخته شده در كاهش ظرفيت توليد نيروي عضله، مي­تواند كنترل حركات را تغيير داده و فرد را در معرض آسيب‌هايي چون پارگي ACL قرار دهد. تحريك جريان مستقيم فرا جمجمه‌اي (tDCS[3]) به‌عنوان روشي غيرتهاجمي در بهبود عملكردهاي عصبي - عضلاني مي‌تواند در مهار خستگي عصبي - عضلاني مؤثر واقع شود؛ بنابراين محققين در مطالعه حاضر به دنبال مقايسه اثرات تحريك آنودال نواحي قشر حركتي اوليه (M1[4]) و قشر پيش‌پيشاني جانبي (DLPFC[5]) بر حس عمقي مفصل زانو، تعادل ايستا، تعادل پويا و عملكرد حركتي پس از خستگي عصبي - عضلاني در زنان تمرين كرده بودند. روش­ها: در مطالعه نيمه‌تجربي حاضر، 45 ورزشكار زن تمرين كرده، با دارا بودن معيارهاي ورود به مطالعه، به‌صورت تصادفي ساده به سه گروه تحريكM1 ، DLPFC و sham (هر گروه 15 نفر) تخصيص داده شدند. پس از ارزيابي پيامدهاي مطالعه در پيش‌آزمون، پروتكل خستگي عصبي-عضلاني اعمال و با كاهش 20 درصدي ارتفاع پرش عمودي و كسب حداقل نمره 17 از مقياس Borg، مجدداً پيامدهاي مطالعه ارزيابي شدند. در ادامه، تحريك­هاي tDC   به مدت 5 روز متوالي با شدت ? ميلي‌آمپر و به‌مدت ?? اعمال شدند. پس از اتمام مداخلات، مجدداً قبل و پس از وقوع خستگي عصبي-عضلاني، پيامدهاي مطالعه بررسي شدند. پيامدهاي مطالعه شامل، حس عمقي مفصل زانو، تعادل ايستا و پويا و عملكرد حركتي اندام تحتاني بودند؛ كه به ترتيب با قدرمطلق خطاي بازسازي زاويه و ابزار اينكلاينومتر، دستگاه تكنوبادي، تست­هاي جهش تك پا،   جهش لي سه‌گام، پرش لي 6 متر در زمان و پرش لي متقاطع اندازه‌گيري شدند. جهت مقايسه ميانگين هاي درون‌گروهي و بين‌گروهي از آنواي مختلط (بين-درون‌گروهي) با استفاده از نرم افزار   27 استفاده شد. يافته­ها: بين گروه‌ها از نظر تغييرات حس عمقي، تعادل ايستا، تعادل پويا و عملكرد حركتي پس از اعمال مداخلات، تفاوت آماري معناداري مشاهده نشد (05/0<P). اما نتايج تحليل درون‌گروهي نشان داد كه در گروه M1 برخي از شاخص‌ها از جمله حس عمقي و عملكرد حركتي بهبود نسبي يافت شد اما درDLPFC   و شم اين تأثير كمتر بود. نتيجه­گيري: يافته­هاي پژوهش حاضر نشان داد كه تحريك tDCS طي پنج جلسه در شرايط خستگي، اثرات معناداري بر شاخص‌هاي عملكرد عصبي-عضلاني ندارد. پيشنهاد مي‌شود مطالعات آينده با افزايش مدت مداخله، استفاده از روش‌هاي تركيبي و بررسي اثرات ماندگار در پيگيري‌هاي بلندمدت انجام شود. كليد واژگان: تحريك جريان مستقيم فرا جمجمه‌اي، خستگي عصبي-عضلاني، حس عمقي، تعادل، اندام تحتاني. [1] Anterior cruciate ligament [2] Cutting

چكيده زمينه و هدف: پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسي تأثير هشت هفته تمرينات تناوبي با شدت بالا بر برخي شاخص­هاي التهابي در زنان مبتلا به بيماري كبد چرب غيرالكلي اجرا شد. روش‌شناسي: در اين مطالعه 26 زن داراي كبد چرب غير الكلي شركت كردند.آزمودني‌ها به صورت تصادفي به دو گروه مساوي 13 نفره ،كنترل و تمرين تقسيم شدند.برنامه گروه تمريني به صورت دويدن تناوبي به مدت30 ثانيه با شدت100درصد سرعت هوازي بيشينه و30 ثانيه بازيافت فعال با50 درصد سرعت هوازي بيشينه (4 نوبت،4دور و 5دقيقه بازيافت غير فعال بين هر دور)بود. اين برنامه تا هفته هشتم به 110 درصد (6 دور و 6 نوبت )افزايش يافت ، سه جلسه در هر هفته و طي هشت هفته اجرا شد. در ابتدا و انتهاي تمرين ميزان سطوح سرمي آنزيم­هاي كبدي، نيمرخ ليپيدي ،قند خون، انسولين، سيتوكين­هاي التهابي­، شاخص مقاومت به انسولين، شاخص‌‌هاي تركيب بدن و VO?max،CRP ،هورمون كورتيزول در خون ارزيابي شد. براي تجزيه و تحليل داده‌ها از روش آماري آنواي دوراهه با اندازه‌‌گيري مكرر و نرم افزار    با سطح معناداري 0.05 >    جهت تعيين تفاوت ها استفاده شد. يافته‌ها: نتايج تحقيق نشان داد   تمرين هوازي با شدت بالا در زنان مبتلا به كبد چرب غير الكلي منجر به كاهش معنادار وزن ،كورتيزل ، IL-6، CRP،   ALT،AST،TC، شاخص مقاومت به انسولين، ،LDL شد. نشان داد تمرين HIIT منجر به كاهش معنادار وزن، BMI، گلوكز ناشتا، انسولين، HOMA-IR، CRP، IL-6، ALT، AST، TC و كورتيزول شد(0.05 >    ). همچنين، بهبود معناداري در VO?max و نسبت دور كمر به لگن مشاهده شد(0.05 >    )، اما تغييرات در HDL، TG و ALP بين گروه‌ها معنادار نبود(0.05 <    ). نتيجه‌گيري: اين نتايج پيشنهاد مي‌كنند كه تمرين هوازي با شدت بالا با كاهش عوامل خطر مرتبط با سندرم متابوليك و التهاب، مي‌تواند روشي موثرو كم‌هزينه در بهبود و كنترل پيشرفت بيماري كبد چرب غيرالكلي محسوب شود. اين يافته‌ها مي‌توانند مبنايي براي تدوين برنامه‌هاي ورزشي درمان‌محور در حوزه سلامت زنان باشند. كليدواژه‌ها: تمرين تناوبي با شدت بالا، كبد چرب غيرالكلي، كورتيزول،اينترلوكين6، CRP، نيمرخ ليپيدي،آنزيم كبدي.   

   Introduction and Objective: Skilled athletes often suffer from psychological effects of competing, such as stress, anxiety, and depression, which may be due to decreased concentration, attention, and other cognitive factors. One of the solutions is to use the athletes' own mental skills, which requires training in this field to be useful. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to determine the effect of mental training on cognitive performance, competitive anxiety, and psychological resilience of skilled female wushu athletes.

Objective: The present study aimed to determine the physical fitness indicators related to the mental health of elite veteran athletes in individual sports in Kermanshah. Methodology: This study was fundamental and employed a descriptive-correlational design with a field-based approach. The statistical population comprised elite veteran athletes in individual sports residing in Kermanshah, from whom 54 individuals were purposefully and conveniently selected. Inclusion criteria included general health, a history of national team membership or five years of competition at the highest level, and an age range of 40 to 60 years. Data collection tools included demographic questionnaires, dietary recall, the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Additionally, standard devices and tests assessed body composition parameters, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and endurance. The normality of the data was evaluated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and statistical analyses were conducted at a significance level of 0.05 using    26 software. Results: The results indicated that among elite veteran athletes in individual sports in Kermanshah, men had significantly higher cardiorespiratory fitness (p<0.01), upper-body endurance (p=0.003), lower-body endurance (p=0.021), upper-body muscular strength (p<0.001), and lower-body muscular strength (p=0.0001) compared to women. However, no significant difference was observed between genders in flexibility (p=0.61). Body composition also differed, with men having a higher body mass index (p=0.008), muscle weight (p<0.001), and waist-to-hip ratio (p=0.003), whereas women had a higher percentage of body fat (p<0.001) and fat weight (p=0.048). Furthermore, no significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of quality of life (p=0.82), mental health (p=0.17), and life satisfaction (p=0.19). Conclusion: The findings revealed significant differences in cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular endurance and strength, and body composition between men and women, while no significant difference was observed in flexibility. Men exhibited higher cardiorespiratory fitness, which can be attributed to morphological differences, body composition, and hemoglobin levels. Additionally, men had greater muscular endurance and strength, likely due to higher muscle mass and force production capacity. Body composition differences were also evident, with women having a higher body fat percentage and men having greater muscle mass. However, flexibility showed no significant difference between the two groups. These findings align with previous research and highlight the importance of considering physiological and morphological differences between genders when analyzing physical fitness characteristics.   

   Objective: This study examines the effect of aerobic exercise on the expression of cortical genes Hsp 70, Hsp 110, Hsp 40, and HSF 1 in C57BL/6 mice with cuprizone-induced multiple sclerosis. Materials and methods: In this study, 20 female mice (23±3 g) were randomly divided into four groups (n=5): control, exercise, female, and exercise + female. Animals were kept as pets under suitable conditions. To model the disease with caprizone, food containing 0.2% of caprizone is given to two groups of exercise + MS and MS and two groups of exercise + MS and control + exercise for six weeks and five sessions per week. Was given, and each session was 15-60 minutes and 20-20 meters per minute of aerobic exercise. The aerobic exercise program and colonization induction were performed simultaneously. A biopsy was performed 48 hours after the last day of training. The cerebral cortex was extracted, and half of the cerebral cortex was homogenized. The tissue was analyzed for the expression of Hsp 70, Hsp 110, Hsp 40, and HSF1 genes by real-time PCR and the expression of Hsp 70, Hsp 110, Hsp 40, and HSF 1 proteins by western blot, and the other half of the analysis. Cortical analysis was performed for crystal violet. Coloring is used. A significance level of less than 0.05 was considered (p ? 0.05). Results: Data analysis showed that 6 weeks of aerobic training significantly increases the expression of genes and proteins.

   This study aimed to bibliometrically analyze studies in the field of Muslim women's sports in Scopus and Web of Science. This study used bibliometric techniques. The statistical population of this study consists of studies related to the field of Muslim women's sports in Scopus and Web of Science databases. The sample includes studies conducted between 1985 and 2023. The selection criteria include document type (articles only), language (limited to English), and in the field of Muslim women's sports. The analyses were conducted using Bibliometrix-R software. Bibliometrix is ??a tool for visualizing information in bibliometric analysis based on scientific production and publications in countries and regions, journals, authors, articles, keywords, and research institutions. The findings of this study showed that the most popular topics in women's sports included: gender, sports, Islam, and Muslim women. Finally, the co-occurrence analysis of the words showed that the red cluster showed items related to sports, including: gender, Islam, and physical activity; the blue cluster focused on Muslim women and was related to intersectionality, integration, migration, and international feminism; the green cluster included four items related to the connection of girls, Muslims, physical education, and religiosity. Therefore, we conclude that in order to improve the situation of Muslim women's sports, we should focus on the findings of the present study and take action to develop women's sports through interaction with authors and journals that are more established in this field.

   The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of corruption perception on the tendency to commit corruption in sports with the moderating role of moral involvement. The method of the present study is descriptive-survey. The statistical population of the present study is all individuals in the community who are involved in sports. The sampling method was simple random and the statistical sample size was calculated according to the Cochran formula. Finally, 398 people were selected as the statistical population. The tools used are standard questionnaires for measuring the perception of general corruption and moral involvement, which are summarized based on the needs of the research, and a researcher-made questionnaire was also used to measure the perception of corruption in sports. In the present study, the face and content validity of the questionnaire was approved by professors and experts, and their construct validity was tested and approved by first-order factor analysis. And to measure reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficients were used, which was equal to 0.743.    software was used to analyze the data, and PLS3 software was used to design the structural equation model and test the hypotheses, the method of which has been described in detail in the previous sections. Therefore, based on the findings of this study, the perception of public corruption had an effect on the perception of corruption in sports; the perception of public corruption also has an effect on the tendency to commit corruption in sports, and finally, it can be said that moral conflict has a moderating role in the relationship between the perception of public corruption and the tendency to commit corruption in sports. Therefore, according to the findings of the present study, it is suggested that officials and managers should promote ethical issues in sports organizations and federations to reduce corruption in sports.   

This study was conducted with the aim of Destinations in Sports Tourism Literature: A Bibliometric Review. Bibliometric techniques were used in this study. The statistical population of this study consists of studies related to destinations in sports tourism in the Scopus database. The sample includes studies conducted between 2003 and 2023. The selection criteria include the type of document (only articles), language (limited to English), in the field of destinations in sports tourism. The analyses were conducted using Bibliometrix-R software. Bibliometrix is ??a tool for visualizing information in bibliometric analysis based on scientific productions and publications in countries and regions, journals, authors, articles, keywords and research institutions. The findings of this study showed that the fields of study in sports tourism destinations included: business management, social resources and environment. Also, popular topics in the field of sports tourism destinations included: culture, spectators, marketing, destination image. Finally, the co-occurrence analysis of the terms showed that researchers focused on five clusters of sports tourism and destination sustainability, climate change, destination image, major sports events, and tourism motivation segmentation. Therefore, according to the findings of the present study, it is suggested that officials pay special attention to creating and improving sports and welfare infrastructure to attract sports tourists in order to improve the situation of sports tourism destinations.   

چكيده مقدمه: در دهه‌هاي اخير، رشد و توسعه فن‌آوري‌هاي نوين و افزايش دسترسي به رسانه‌هاي ديجيتال از يك سو، و كاهش فعاليت‌هاي بدني به دليل سبك زندگي كم‌تحرك از سوي ديگر، منجر به كاهش سطح سواد حركتي در كودكان و نوجوانان شده است. اين تغييرات در الگوي زندگي، ضرورت استفاده از رويكردهاي آموزشي نوين و جذاب را براي افزايش سطح سواد بدني كودكان بيش از پيش نمايان ساخته است. سواد حركتي به‌عنوان يكي از اجزاي كليدي رشد بدني و سلامت عمومي، شامل توانايي حركت مؤثر، درك حركتي و اعتماد به نفس در فعاليت‌هاي بدني است. بهبود اين مهارت‌ها مي‌تواند نه تنها به رشد حركتي، بلكه به سلامت رواني و اجتماعي كودكان نيز كمك كند. در اين راستا، پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسي تأثير بازي‌هاي بالشوله هايدلبرگ به‌عنوان يك رويكرد نوين آموزشي بر سواد حركتي دانش‌آموزان دختر 9 تا 11 سال شهرستان كنگاور انجام شد. روش تحقيق: روش پژوهش به صورت نيمه‌تجربي و با طراحي پيش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون همراه با گروه‌هاي كنترل و تجربي صورت گرفت. نمونه پژوهش شامل 40 نفر از دانش‌آموزان دختر پايه ابتدايي در محدوده سني 9 تا 11 سال بود كه به صورت نمونه‌گيري خوشه‌اي تصادفي از مدارس شهرستان كنگاور انتخاب شدند. شركت‌كنندگان به دو گروه تجربي (20 نفر) و كنترل (20 نفر) تقسيم شدند. براي ارزيابي سواد حركتي از پرسشنامه سواد حركتي كانادا-نسخه دوم (CAPL-2) استفاده شد. اين ابزار، يكي از ابزارهاي معتبر و استاندارد براي سنجش سواد حركتي است كه شامل ارزيابي جنبه‌هاي مختلف توانايي‌هاي بدني، حركتي و درك حركتي مي‌باشد. گروه تجربي به مدت 8 هفته (2 جلسه در هر هفته) در جلسات آموزشي بازي‌هاي بالشوله هايدلبرگ شركت كردند. اين بازي‌ها كه مبتني بر نظريه‌هاي يادگيري حركتي و رشد مهارت‌ها طراحي شده‌اند، با تأكيد بر جنبه‌هاي سرگرم‌كننده و چالش‌برانگيز، به بهبود توانايي‌هاي حركتي و تقويت علاقه‌مندي به فعاليت‌هاي بدني مي‌پردازند. گروه كنترل در اين مدت، برنامه‌هاي آموزشي معمول خود را بدون شركت در اين بازي‌ها ادامه دادند. براي تحليل داده‌هاي جمع‌آوري‌شده، ابتدا با استفاده از آزمون شاپيرو-ويلك نرمال بودن توزيع داده‌ها بررسي شد. سپس، به منظور بررسي تأثير مداخله، از تحليل كوواريانس (ANCOVA) بهره گرفته شد. تمامي تحليل‌ها با استفاده از نسخه 26 نرم‌افزار    انجام گرفت. نتايج اين تحليل‌ها به‌منظور ارزيابي تفاوت بين دو گروه تجربي و كنترل و تعيين اثربخشي بازي‌هاي بالشوله بر سواد حركتي دانش‌آموزان مورد استفاده قرار گرفت.  

  ackground and purpose: The complexity of educational methods and the category of individual differences have created many challenges for motor skills training specialists. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of linear and non-linear training (selected ball games) on the development of ball skills in girls aged 7-9, focusing on self-efficacy and enjoyment of the activity. Methodology: The statistical population of the research included girls aged 7-9 living in the city of Kermanshah. The statistical sample consisted of 30 people who were randomly assigned to two groups of 15 people: linear training and non-linear training. Both groups for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week in the intervention program that included linear training (doing prescribed and repetitive exercises) and non-linear training (manipulation of task constraints such as equipment and instructions) of Heidelberg ball games. were given Ball skills, including throwing accuracy from above the shoulder, basketball spiral dribble and shot test, along with the cognitive variables of pleasure and self-efficacy, were evaluated before and after the intervention. Using the Shapiro-Wilk test, the normality of the data was checked. Analysis of covariance test was also used to compare groups while considering the effect of disturbing variables. Statistics were done with    software at a significance level of 0.05. Findings The results of this research comprehensively showed that the non-linear training approach compared to the linear training method has significant effects on improving ball-related skills and some psychological aspects in children. In particular, regarding the over-the-shoulder throw component, a significant difference was observed between the two groups (P = 0.002), so that the group that experienced non-linear training performed better than the group that benefited from the linear method. This finding suggests that non-linear methods can enhance more complex motor skills in children. In the case of basketball spiral dribble, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.201). However, the findings regarding the shot component showed that the non-linear group performed significantly better than the linear group (P = 0.007), which highlights the importance of flexible and non-linear teaching approaches in fostering more detailed and specialized skills. From a psychological point of view, the examination of the activity enjoyment variable showed that the non-linear group enjoyed the activities significantly more (P = 0.003), which indicates that a varied and flexible educational experience can increase children's motivation and participation. Also, the level of self-efficacy in the non-linear group was significantly higher (P = 0.031), which indicates the positive effect of this method on children's self-confidence and individual abilities.

   Abstract Neck pain is one of the common problems in human societies and it causes spine injuries, disability, reduced quality of life and fear of movement. Also, neck pain causes neck abnormalities, such as forward head posture, and this condition causes postural abnormalities, discomfort, pain, and neck weakness. One of the ways to reduce neck pain is the use of massage therapy, which in recent years has been used in active release technique and myofascial release technique training methods; However, it is not known to what extent this type of exercise is useful for neck pain, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of active release and myofascial release on forward head posture, visual analogue scale (VAS), neck muscle strength, range of motion, neck proprioception, and quality of life, NDI, scale of depression, anxiety, stress, fear of tempo movement, pain self-efficacy, pain catastrophizing in female students with non-specific chronic neck pain. In this research, 45 women patients with chronic neck pain were randomly divided into three groups of 15 people: active release exercises, myofascial release exercises, and control. Each group received a 2 weeks (6 sessions) treatment; 24 hours before the start of the pre-test exercise protocol and one day after the end of the exercise protocol, the post-test was taken. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, dependent t-test and Bonferroni's post hoc test at a significance level of P<0.05 using    version 26 software. Based on the findings of the present study, there was a significant increase in quality of life data, NDI, depression scale, anxiety and stress, pain self-efficacy, pain catastrophizing, VAS, strength (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral), range of motion (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral) and neck proprioception (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral) were observed in the active release group, P<0.05. Also, in the myofascial release group in quality of life data, NDI, depression scale, anxiety and stress, pain self-efficacy, pain catastrophizing, VAS, strength (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral), range of motion (flexion) , extension, left lateral and right lateral) and neck proprioception (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral) a significant increase was observed P<0.05. However, no significant increase was observed in the control group, and no significant effect was observed in the data of fear of tempo movement, forward head posture in any of the groups. It seems that active release and myofascial release exercises play an important role in improving quality of life, NDI, depression scale, anxiety and stress, pain self-efficacy, pain catastrophizing, VAS, neck muscle strength, range of motion, and neck proprioception. Keywords: neck pain, forward head posture, active release, myofascial release.

  بسياري از ورزشكاران رشته‌هاي قدرتي و تركيبي براي تحريك عضلات به رشد، به دنبال راه‌هايي براي افزايش ترشح GH هستند. استفاده از هورمون‌هاي پپتيدي نظير GH توسط سازمان جهاني مبارزه با دوپينگ از سال 1989 ممنوع شده است. درنتيجه ورزشكاران به دنبال استفاده از مكمل‌هاي مجازي هستند كه سبب افزايش ترشح GH شوند. هدف از اين پژوهش بررسي تاثير شش هفته تمرين تركيبي با مكمل دهي خارخاسك بر هورمون رشد در ورزشكاران مرد آماتور رشته كراسفيت است. به همين منظور 30 ورزشكار در گروه هاي آزمايشي (تمرين &#43; مكمل، تمرين &#43; دارونما، تمرين) قرار مي گيرند و به مدت شش هفته تمرينات تركيبي را مي گذرانند. گروه تمرين&#43;مكمل پيش از آغاز هر جلسه تمرين، ميزان 450 ميلي‌گرم عصاره خارخاسك را به‌صورت يك كپسول ژلاتيني قبل از تمرين مصرف ميكنند و گروه تمرين&#43;دارونما، نيز يك كپسول ژلاتيني حاوي 450 ميلي گرم دارونما (نشاسته) با شكل و رنگ مشابه كپسول هاي خارخاسك را مصرف ميكنند. گروه تمرين نيز، فقط در جلسات تمريني شركت ميكنند. در پايان شش هفته تاثيرات بر روي سطح سرمي GH و افزايش قدرت ورزشكاران انداره گيري مي شود.

Dyspraxia

   Introduction: During the outbreak of the Covid-19 disease, various centers, including schools, were closed, social relations were severely limited, and leisure activities outside the home were canceled or greatly reduced, which led to boredom and boredom among children. Also, by affecting the daily behavior of people, the covid-19 disease has led to the spread of feelings of anxiety, depression and aggression among people in society, especially children. during this period, children, especially children with disorders, who have limitations in themselves, were in home quarantine   and they are far away from environments and centers, and their movement skills have weakened and staying at home has turned them into aggressive people. the present study was designed with the aim of investigating the effect of 8 weeks of selected Montessori games on motor skills, domestic violence and the quality of life of children with spastic hemiplegia during the outbreak of the Corona virus. Research Methods: The current research was semi-experimental. The statistical population included children aged 5 to 8 with spastic hemiplegia in Kermanshah. The subjects were randomly selected from the welfare center located in Kermanshah province, Iran. In the pre-test, 24 people (12 people in the experimental group and 12 people in the control group) participated in the research. It should be noted that 2 people from the control group and 1 person from the experimental group (due to relocation and the lack of means of communication with the researcher such as the Internet and smart phones) stopped from continuing the research, and finally 10 people from the control group and 11 people in the experimental group, the post-test was performed. In addition, to participate in this research, written consent was obtained from the parents of the children (Appendix No. 1) and the test sessions were conducted in compliance with health protocols. After selecting the samples and grouping them into two experimental and control groups through a pre-test, primary data was collected by the mentioned tests according to the order (1 Lincoln Ozertsky Motor Performance Test 2 Completing the Aggression Questionnaire 3 Completing the Quality of Life Questionnaire) And then doing eight weeks of exercises at home, which included three sessions of 45 minutes each week (5 minutes of warm-up, 35 minutes of exercises and games, and then 5 minutes of cooling down), which exercises were performed according to the table provided (3 4) It varied from simple to advanced over the weeks. These exercises have a physical aspect and aim to strengthen the motor skills of these children. It should be noted that at the beginning of the sessions, the necessary tools for Montessori games were delivered to the subjects and they were taught how to use them and how to perform the exercises. The communication between the researcher and the children was through a video call on the WhatsApp virtual network. The subjects appeared in front of the camera at the appointed time and performed the exercises in front of the researcher with full clarity for a certain period of time, and any errors and shortcomings in the exercises of the subjects could be seen by the researcher and feedback was given to the subject. The exercises should be done without errors and completely by the subjects. After completing the exercises, the samples were measured during a post-test in person at the relevant centers. Findings: The results showed that the intervention based on eight weeks of selected Montessori games has a significant effect on motor skills, domestic violence and the quality of life of children with spastic hemiplegia during the outbreak of the Corona virus (P<0.05).

      Evaluationof theperception specified to action at different conditions of focused attention in childrenwith autism spectrumThe main purpose of this study was to investigatethe specific perception of action in different focus conditions in children onthe autism spectrum. The statistical population of the study includes boys withautism spectrum disorder in Kermanshah specialized center.At first, suspected samples of autism spectrumdisorders were identified using the High Performance Autism Spectrum DisordersScreening Questionnaire (ASSQ) And we randomly dividedinto three groups of 15 people:the internal attention, external attention and control group. After presenting the basic principles of dart throwingskills, the same pattern was shown to all subjects. Then, each participant made five dart-throwingexperimental trials to warm up. After 3 minutes of rest,the subjects underwent a pre-test consisting of a block of ten attempts. After15 minutes of rest, and in the acquisition stage, the subjects performed 5blocks of 10 attempts with a three-minute rest interval between blocks. Focusing instructions were repeated before eachexperimental attempt, and subjects were asked to estimate the target sizebefore completing the assignments in each block. To do this, participants used the shape of a circle inMicrosoft PowerPoint to draw circles the same size as dart target. . Participants were allowed to change the size of thecircle as much as they felt the size of the circle would be equal to the sizeof the target. Then, the next day, the subjects performed the retention testand the transfer test.The results showed that the internal focus grouphad better dart throw performance and more specific perception of action thanthe external focus group and the control group. Also, there is a positive andsignificant relationship between dart throw performance and special perceptionof the action of the internal focus group in the acquisition stage. According to the results of the present study, theinternal focus of attention in people with autism spectrum disorder leads tobetter performance and special perception of action than the external focus ofattention on darts.