ساخت غشاهاي نانوفيلتراسيون پليمري اصلاح شده با حلال يوتكتيك عميق كافئين بتائن (DES) يك رويكرد نوآورانه با هدف افزايش حذف پساب هاي رنگي و رنگي صنعتي است. اين تكنيك از خواص منحصر به فرد DES ها استفاده مي كند كه به دليل توانايي آنها در حل طيف گسترده اي از مواد از جمله تركيبات آلي شناخته شده است و آنها را براي اصلاح غشاء مناسب مي كند. DES كافئين-بتائن تركيبي است كه مي تواند آب دوستي و نفوذپذيري غشا را بهبود بخشد. DES ها از اختلاط دهنده پيوند هيدروژني (كافئين) با گيرنده پيوند هيدروژني (بتائن) تشكيل مي شوند و در نتيجه حلالي با نقطه ذوب پايين تر از اجزاي جداگانه آن ايجاد مي شود. اين ويژگي مي تواند به انحلال پليمرها و افزايش عملكرد غشا در كاربردهاي فيلتراسيون كمك كند.

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Separation of gas mixtures by membranes has reached from laboratory to industrial scale due to various applications and has replaced some traditional methods. Although achieving ideal membranes is still challenging, over time researchers have been able to continuously improve the performance of membranes. Ceramic-based graphene oxide membranes are of interest due to their reasonable price and ability to increase efficiency with various modifications. In this research, to modify graphene oxide membranes from the amino acid arginine due to the presence of polar carboxylic groups in amino acids that can intensify the dissolution mechanism of CO2 penetration through the quadrupole moment interaction and also that amino groups can reversibly interact with CO2 in Different amino acids have been used to react and facilitate their transfer, and ionic liquid was also used because it has cations and anions that can selectively react with CO2 molecules in order to create a synergistic effect. To complete the role of ionic liquid, the application of an external electric field was used during deposition. FTIR, XRD and FESEM analyzes were used to investigate the structural changes in graphene oxide. By examining the peaks of the FTIR test, the structural changes and the successful functionalization with arginine and ionic liquid were confirmed. And the XRD test results confirmed the increase in the distance between graphene oxide sheets after functionalization. By functionalizing graphene oxide with arginine, an increase of 5.96 times and 1.97 times in CO2 permeability and CO2/N2 selectivity was observed, respectively, compared to the boehmite base. Further, by adding ionic liquid and simultaneous functionalization with arginine and ionic liquid, a synergistic effect was created and caused CO2 permeability to gpu 10476 and CO2/N2 selectivity to 4.04, which showed an increase of 15 and 43% compared to graphene oxide functionalized with arginine. gave Finally, by changing the effective parameters (ionic liquid ratio - graphene oxide concentration) and applying an external electric field during layering and changing the operating conditions as well as humidifying the feed gas, the CO2 permeability reached 16211 gpu and the CO2/N2 selectivity reached 10.31, which It showed an increase of 11.41 times and 9.87 times compared to the base (bohemite) respectively.   

   In this study, a combination method with fillers was used to prepare anti-fouling polyethersulfone nanofiltration membranes for the removal of pharmaceutical pollutants from aquatic environments. Therefore, graphene oxide nanoparticles functionalized with polyaniline were used to prepare mixed matrix membranes. The effect of the modification method used on the separation performance and morphology of the newly prepared membranes was investigated. To identify the prepared membranes, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (EDX), contact angle measurement, and pore size and porosity calculation were used. FTIR spectroscopy indicated the formation of functional groups on the surface of the filler. In fact, this analysis emphasized the successfulness of the modification method used in the desired membrane. The results showed that the permeate flux of the modified membrane was about 3.5 times higher than that of the unmodified polyethersulfone membrane. Additionally, the surface-modified membrane had a lower contact angle and superior anti-fouling properties compared to the unmodified membrane. To identify membranes prepared through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (EDX), contact angle measurement, and pore size and porosity calculation were used. FTIR spectroscopy showed that functional groups were formed on the surface of the filler. In fact, this successful analysis emphasized the effectiveness of the modification method used in the membrane under study. The results showed that the permeation flux of the modified membrane was about 3.5 times that of the unmodified polysulfone membrane. Additionally, the surface-modified membrane had a lower contact angle and better anti-fouling properties than the unmodified membrane. Comparing the performance of membranes prepared for removing pharmaceutical compounds from aqueous environments indicates that the results are almost similar. However, the removal efficiency of drugs by a mixed matrix membrane containing graphene oxide nanoparticles functionalized with polyaniline at a weight percentage of 0.25 (PES/G-Pu 0.25 membrane) is slightly higher than other membranes due to the greater influence of the filler on the adsorption and surface charge properties of the membrane.   

Road accidents are considered as one of the most influential road hazards that have a direct and significant relationship with economy, culture and politics in any society. Road accidents in suburban roads depend on various factors, and accident reports and analyzes show the occurrence of severe accidents in two-lane roads, which, in addition to the severity of accidents, the number of accidents in such roads has been on the rise due to the increase in traffic. It is that this issue has been more tangible in mountainous and border areas. Therefore, considering the importance of accidents, the use of innovative and intelligent methods in the analysis of accidents can be the missing link in planning and paying attention to it in the studies of road construction and social culture for the benefit of each region. In this research, for prediction and 0.1526 and Kappa = 0.9093 for periodic decision tree algorithm, which was respectively the lowest error and the highest value among other used algorithms  

One of the most important and problematic challenges that the world is facing is the energy crisis. This issue has been around since two centuries ago, due to the society's adequate understanding of technology, industry and how to use it. The removal of energy has caused both negative and positive consequences, among which the most important one is the warming of the earth and the gradual depletion of energy resources. Researchers have come to this issue in construction that the biggest waste of energy is from buildings and especially its shell, considering that the construction process is increasing in Iran and the issue of energy waste is also in this issue. It has been less considered, therefore, this thesis has been written with the aim of designing Kermanshah Handicrafts Exhibition using a smart shell with climate adaptability, as well as reducing energy consumption and providing suitable environmental conditions, for this purpose, in this The thesis examines the stability of the shell and its place in the stability and intelligentization of the shell and its thermal behavior. The research method used in this thesis is modeling and simulation using design builder and engine software. Energy Plus has been done. The collected data of this thesis have been examined in the form of three categories of climatic, geometric and material data, a building was modeled as an example and the difference between using the shell and not using it was investigated. Finally, the information obtained from the software was compared with two other provinces that were modeled in the same way and placed in the software. Utilization of heating and cooling energy, the examination of these diagrams shows that the use of smart skin in the building leads to a reduction in energy consumption, so that the amount of heating is high and the amount of cooling is reduced, for example, in Kermanshah province, the amount of heating From 232.51 kW to 1525.37 kW, which includes a high amount of heating, one of the innovative features of this thesis is to examine the thermal performance of the building with two other provinces that have not been investigated so far.  

   Water is a vital resource for humans, both for consumption and the production of goods. Today, with the rapid development of industries, water pollution caused by heavy metals has become one of the most significant environmental problems and a key goal of wastewater treatment. Among the methods for water purification, membrane filtration has garnered considerable attention. In this study, we conducted the fabrication and investigation of polyethersulfone-based nanocomposite membranes using the phase inversion process, incorporating graphite carbon nitride nanoparticles and nanoparticles functionalized with salicyl aldehyde, indigo, and indigo carmine. This study aims to examine the impact of adding nanoparticles on heavy metal removal and anti-fouling properties. We performed Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy to study the structure of nanoparticles and verify the functionalization of nanoparticles. Additionally, scanning electron microscope analysis, contact angle measurements, and porosity assessment were conducted to investigate the structure of nanocomposite membranes. The fabricated membranes were evaluated for pure water flux, the ability to remove Cu+2 heavy metal ions, antifouling properties, and flux recovery ratio against a milk powder solution. The results demonstrate an increase in the hydrophilicity and pure water flux of nanocomposite membranes when nanoparticles are added, primarily due to the presence of hydrophilic functional groups on their surface. Surface scanning electron microscope images and cross-sections of the nanocomposite membranes show that all the produced membranes possess an asymmetric structure, characterized by a compact, thin, and dense upper layer and a porous bottom layer with finger-like structures. Regarding the filtration of copper nitrate solution, nanocomposite membranes containing 0.5%wt of g-C3N4/Indigo and g-C3N4/IndigoCarmin displayed removal efficiencies of 97.43% and 98.35%, respectively. The membrane containing 1.5%wt of g-C3N4/Salicylaldehyde exhibited a 98.05% removal of copper ions, significantly outperforming the pure polyethersulfone membrane and nanocomposite membrane containing unmodified nanoparticles, which achieved removal efficiencies of 37.23% and 70.65%, respectively. This makes the modified nanofiltration membranes highly suitable for practical applications. The flux recovery ratio for nanocomposite membranes containing 1.5%wt of g-C3N4/Salicylaldehyde, 0.5%wt of g-C3N4/IndigoCarmin, and 0.5%wt of g-C3N4/Indigo was found to be 86.58%, 90.16%, and 79.93%, respectively. These values indicate superior antifouling properties compared to the pure polyethersulfone membrane, which achieved a 61.44% flux recovery ratio. Keywords: Membrane filtration, Graphite carbon nitride, Wastewater treatment, Surface properties, Antifouling

   In recent years, membrane processes have attracted a lot of attention in natural gas separation/sweetening and in this regard the polymeric membranes had a considerable growth in application and performance. Incorporation of modified filler particles is an effective way to further improve the separation performance of these membranes. In this research, the effect of halloysite nanotubes modification agent with polyaniline and their incorporating as filler particles in Pebax-1657 polymer matrix is investigated. Nanocomposite membranes were made in different filler particles’ loadings of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 wt. % by the solution casting method. FTIR, XRD, EDX, AFM and FESEM structural tests were performed to investigate the modification of nanofillers and their dispersion in the prepared membranes. The results showed the proper distribution of the incorporated nanoparticles in the polymer matrix and the presence of functional groups in the raw and modified halloysite nanofiller. Gas permeation experiments were performed at 25 °C and 5 bar pressure. The results revealed increment effect of the filler particles incorporation on the prepared membranes’ CO2 permeability and ideal CO2/CH4 selectivity up to loading 1 wt. %. The maximum values of CO2 permeability and ideal CO2/CH4 selectivity were obtained at 1 wt. % loading of the raw and the modified filler nanoparticles as 47.05 and 57.19 Barrer, 18.97 and 20.21, respectively, which revel increments 17.27, 42.55, 10.16 and 17.36 % compared to those of the pure membrane. The effect of applying a direct electric current field of 1000 V/cm on the nanocomposite membranes with 1 wt. % was also investigated. CO2 permeability of the nanocomposite membranes incorporated by the raw and the modified nanofiller were measured as 61.05 and 73.01 Barrer and their ideal CO2/CH4 selectivity were calculated as 21.42 and 24.17, respectively, showed 66.76, 27.29, 12.92 and 19.6 % increments compared to the nanocomposite membrane without applying electric field. The improved separation performance of the nanocomposite membranes incorporated by containing PANI modified HNTs can be attributed to their PANI modification in which the CO2 molecules have more affinity toward the PANI functional groups on the HNTs compared to their original OH functional groups of raw HNTs and finally leads to the higher CO2 solubility and permeability through their incorporated membranes. The application of an electric field, especially in the HNT membrane modified with PANI, resulted in more regularly distribution of the filler nanoparticles, as revealed by FESEM images, and finally their higher separation performance.    Keywords: Natural Gas Separation, Nanocomposite Membranes, Halloysite Nanotubes, Polyaniline, Pebax-1657, Electric Field.

   One applications of the nanocomposites is for various membranes for different separations tasks. The alignment of nanofillers in nanocomposites, in addition to the effect of their incorporation, can lead to further improvement in their structural and functional properties. In this research, an attempt was made to incorporate halloysite nanotubes in nanocomposite membranes by the aid of an electrical field and the effect of alignment on CO2 and CH4 gas permeations was investigated. In addition, it was tried to modify the nanotubes by Ag cation with the aim of improving alignability in electrical filed and also improving their CO2 permeability. FTIR, FESEM, EDS, XRD and AFM analysis were carried out on the membranes to evaluate their modification of the structure, morphology and functionalization of nanofillers. The results of the investigation indicated the presence of Ag cations on the nanotubes results in a better, more uniform structure and more aligned nanotubes in the nanocomposite membranes under electric field compared to the membranes prepared without applied electric field. By modification of the nanotubes, more alignment and uniformity were observed than those for the membrane prepared without modification. This can be attributed to the more electrical field susceptibility of Ag cations. Permeability and selectivity of CO2 and CH4 pure gases were measured through the membranes prepared under operating conditions of 25 °C and 5 bar. The measurement results revealed that the incorporation, modification and alignment of the nanotubes increases the permeability and selectivity of the membranes compared to the pristine polymer membrane. The best observed results were for mixed matrix membranes loaded by 1 wt. % of the filler nanotubes. Pebax/HNT (1 wt. %) mixed matrix membranes under direct current electric field of 1000 V/cm showed increments of 30.23 and 12.86 % for CO2 permeability and CO2/CH4 selectivity compared to those membrane prepared without applied electric field, respectively. The best results were observed for the Pebax/Ag-HNT (1 wt. %) mixed matrix membrane prepared by application of direct current electric field (1000 V/cm) by increments of 84.57 and 33.97 % compared to the pristine polymer membrane; 33.42 and 10.17% compared to the mixed matrix membrane without application of electric field Pebax/Ag-HNT and 57.97 and 21.55 % compared to mixed matrix membranes of Pebax/HNT (1 wt. %) without applied electric field for CO2 permeability and CO2/CH4 selectivity respectively.

  

Today, other tourists travel with different motives from beach and sun, trying to find new experiences for the peace of mind and power of the spirit. One of the most important for this kind of pleasure tour, the darling of the hotel, because the particular nature of the weed, the lack of innovation, and the lack of service.You have a working factor in the hotel industry that makes the economic growth of tourists and culture grow.The public spaces of the mastoid have a major role in estimated the needs of the tourist tour, so that it should be answered by the right design for the tourists, and provide the necessary social and cultural development.

it is necessary to restore the membrane by cleaning or replacing membrane . by mathematical modeling of flux reduction, different mechanisms of membrane fouling can be identified and then the amount of membrane fouling can be reduced. In this study, polyether sulfone membranes were made by phase inversion method. filtration has been done with single, double and triple feed solutions of sodium alginate, humic acid and kaolinite. modeling of laboratory data with single mechanisms of Hermia and combined models of Bolton have been done in constant pressure mode. For all feed solutions, all 9 single and combined models were checked by nonlinear regression method and by minimizing sum of squared error (SSE) and model parameters including K and J0 were calculated. The most consistent fouling model with the highest R2 value and the lowest RMSE value have been selected. All the dominant mechanisms in the fouling of the solutions except the kaolinite solution showed R2 greater than 0.99, and for the kaolinite solution, the value of R2 equal to 0.98 was obtained. Finally, based on the appropriate model chosen for each feed, membrane regeneration has been done by physical method or combined method. Regeneration of the membrane taken with kaolinite solution was done by physical cleaning method and for other solutions by combined method. The results of the triple feed solution showed that only a combined or classical mechanism cannot represent the membrane fouling behavior. In this solution, first the standard blocking-cake filtration model and then the two standard blocking-cake filtration and intermediate blocking-cake filtration models are compatible with the flux reduction data Showed. SEM images of the surface of clean membrane and fouled membrane with feed solutions with different compositions show the severity of fouling in mixed feed. Finally, based on the appropriate model chosen for each feed, membrane regeneration has been done by physical method or combined method. Regeneration of the fouled membrane with kaolinite solution was done by physical cleaning method and for other solutions by combined method. The highest flux recovery is reported for kaolinite solution with 93.8% and the lowest flux recovery for triple feed with 85.7%.

  With the size of transistors reaching the nanometer scale, a large number of processing units (PEs) can be embedded in one chip. With the increase in the number of PE in a chip, the existence of a scalable and powerful communication infrastructure for communication between these cores is necessary. Network-on-chip (NoC) is proposed to meet this need. However, like any other electronic component, the network-on-chip is prone to transient and permanent faults. Among the transient and permanent faults, the transient faults have a higher rate. These faults can reduce the performance of the network-on-chip, and if the rate of faults increases, the whole system is susceptible to failure. Most of the past solutions in the field of fault-tolerance network-on-chip, which have worked in the field of router design, have investigated the problem of single-bit faults. This is despite the fact that due to the shrinking size of transistors, the probability of multi-bit transient faults has increased. Therefore, in this thesis, we have used the Flexible Unequal Error Control (FUEC) coding method in our proposed router to correct single-bit, two-bit, and three-bit faults in the channel and the router's input buffers. We have also used the Triple Module Redundancy (TMR) technique to deal with the problems of router control units. Also, to correct the faults on the multiplexers of cro  ar, we have used redundant information and redundant time to discover and correct the faults, respectively. However, all fault tolerance techniques are associated with hardware overheads. These overheads increase power consumption, while power consumption is an important challenge in today's world. Therefore, it is very necessary to have mechanisms that are power-aware to reduce power consumption. Therefore, in this thesis, a power-aware mechanism has been proposed, which reduces the energy consumption by turning off the idle input buffers in the routers. To evaluate the proposed router, we have implemented it in the Noxim simulator and in this simulator, we have randomly injected faults for synthetic traffic and 8x8 two-dimensional mesh. On the other hand, using the SystemVerilog language, we have synthesized the hardware design of the router in the Vivado2019.1 and obtained the hardware overheads and power consumption using this tool. Using this router in the on-chip network can increase fault tolerance by 5 times and reduce energy consumption by 12% compared to the basic router. On the other hand, this router requires 57% more hardware overhead than the basic router. It also increases the average network delay up to 2 times.

   Abstract One of the global concerns is the increase in the temperature of the earth due to the increase in the distribution of greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide as one of the greenhouse gases has a major contribution to the increase in the temperature of the earth and due to its corrosive nature, especially in the presence of water vapor, it should be removed from the natural gases in the pipeline. and remove the output equipment from refineries, petrochemicals and/or factory chimneys. Among the different separation methods, membrane processes are suitable processes due to their low operating cost, compatibility with the environment, high efficiency, less area, less mechanical complexity, ease of construction/start-up of the continuous unit. In this research, Pebax 1657 polymer was used as a polymer matrix and graphene oxide as a base filler to deposit zinc metal cations to create a facilitated transfer mechanism to the base membrane mechanism for CO2 percolation over CH4. Pure polymer membranes and nanocomposite with a concentration of Wt. 8% and solution casting method were made and their gas transfer properties were evaluated. Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and EDX tests were used to check the morphological structure and also, Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) test was used to check the type of bonding and functional groups that appeared in the structure. Inserting the oxide graphene sheets into the polymer matrix made the gas diffusion path longer and more tortuous and caused a decrease in permeability and an increase in the selectivity of gases in it. To compensate for the reduced permeability, polyethylene glycol was used to modify graphene oxide, but it did not have a significant effect on the passage of large gas molecules such as CH4. FESEM images showed the adhesion and dispersion of nanoparticles and the results of EDX test showed the weight percentage of zinc element in Pebax-DP-Zn2+ nanoparticles. Also, the FTIR test confirmed the successful bonding between polyethylene glycol and zinc chloride with graphene oxide. By modifying the surface of graphene oxide by dopamine and placing Zn2+ cations as an agent facilitating the transfer of CO2 molecules on graphene oxide, their transfer was improved by a facilitated transfer mechanism. The performance of membranes in gas separation was investigated using pure CO2 and CH4 gases at a pressure of 5 bar and a temperature of 25 ± 2°C. in Pebax-GO-PEG membrane with loading wt. 0.5% of graphene oxide nanosheets increased the permeability and selectivity by 5% and 9%, respectively, compared to the pure membrane. These changes for Pebax-GO-DP-Zn2+ membrane with wt. 1% filler increased the permeability and selectivity compared to pure membrane by 24% and 8%, respectively.    Key words: nanocomposite membrane, graphene oxide, facilitated tra  ort, permeability, carbon dioxide.

  In this thesis, polyethersulfone-based nanocomposite membranes were made by phase inversion method and by adding different percentages of copper oxide nanoparticles and polydopamine coating. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of copper oxide addition and polydopamine coating on surface properties including hydrophilicity and roughness, permeability, anti-fouling properties and most importantly antibacterial properties. FTIR, XRD, SEM, AFM and contact angle analyzes are performed to check the structure of nanoparticles and membranes, and to refine the milk powder feed to check the anti-fouling properties and to determine the diameter of the inhibition and return curve to check the antibacterial properties of the membranes. XRD analysis confirms the monoclinic structure of copper oxide nanoparticles. The SEM images show that all the membranes have an asymmetric structure, consisting of a dense upper layer and a finger-like sublayer and well-developed macropores at the bottom. The results of the hydrophilicity of the membranes show that the membranes modified with nanoparticles and polydopamine coating have more hydrophilicity than the membranes modified with copper oxide, which is the reason for the higher hydrophilicity of the polydopamine coating. Also, the output flux results show that the modified membranes (except for the membranes with 1% by weight of copper oxide) all have a higher flux than the pure polyethersulfone membrane, so that the membrane with 0.5% by weight of copper oxide with polydopamine coating is 197% higher than the pure membrane and The output flux results are consistent with the porosity and pore size results.

چكيده مقدمه: يكي از شاخههاي مهندسي برق، الكترونيك، و يكي از شاخههاي الكترونيك، مدار مجتمع فركانس راديويي است، كه سوئيچ يكي از المانهاي آن محسوب ميشود. چنين سوئيچي اغلب با استفاده از ترانزيستور ياديود ساخته ميشود،[2],[3 [اما در دهههاي اخير تكنولوژي سيستمهاي ميكروالكترومكانيكي توجه محققين اينحوزه را به خود جلب نموده است،[3]–[7 [اما با توجه به آن كه طراحي آن بسيار چالشبرانگيز است، تاكنونبصورت گستردهوارد صنعت نشده است. هدف: چالش فوق الذكر به اين صورت است كه هرگاه طراح يكي از پاسخ هاي سوئيچ را به مقدار مطلوبي مي رساند، مطلوبيت دست كم يك پاسخ ديگررا ازدست مي دهد، بنابراين نگارنده كوشيده است روشي را ارائه كندكه بطور بهينه طراحي مورد نظر را به انجامرساند. روششناسي پژوهش:درابتدا سهقانون مهم حاكم بررفتار سوئيچ موردنظربا استفاده ازرياضيات وبطوردقيقتعيين گرديده است. اين قوانين به خصوصيات سوئيچ بستگي دارند. سپس با استفاده از يك برنامة كامپيوتري درمحيط نرمافزار متلب، اين خصوصيات بگونهاي تعيين گرديده اند كه بازاي آنها قوانين مذكورمنجربهپاسخهاييگردند كه مطلوب ما باشند. سپس نگارنده به منظور اطمينان بيشتر، دو عدد از سه پاسخ بهدستآمدة سوئيچ را اينبار با استفاده از نرمافزار كامسول به دست آورده است. در نهايت پاسخها با پاسخهاي تعدادي از سوئيچهاي ديگركه در مقالات اين حوزه آمده مقايسه شده اند. يافتهها و نتيجهگيري: محققين اين حوزه اغلب با استفاده از آزمون و خطاي انساني تلاش مي كنند تا بر چالشفوق الذكر غلبه نمايند، درحاليكه ميتوان با استفاده از روشهايي مبتني بر رياضيات يا محاسبات، طراحي موردنظر را بطور بهينه به انجام رساند. پيشنهاد نگارنده استفاده ازتركيب الگوريتم ژنتيك با يكي ازتكنيك هاي تحليلتصميم چندمعياره بوده است. استفاده از چنين روش هايي چه به لحاظ كمي و چه كيفي سبب بهبود طراحي مي- گردد.  

    Preparation of nanocompositemembranescontaining zinc oxidenanoparticle modified with herbal oils for application in membrane distillation

In this research, the efficiency of simultaneous adsorption/photocatalyst system in the color decomposition and removal has been investigated. The composite from of MCM-22 zeolite, titanium dioxide and cerium metal nanoparticles and curcumin natural compound has been used. TiO2 nanoparticle has been layered by the reaction of the zeolite and titanium butoxide solution and then, the cerium metal was fixed on it using cerium nitrate salt. The photocatalyst reactor has been slurry type and the experiments were conducted in the presence of visible light using xenon lamp. Morphology and chemical analyses were investigated using FESEM, FT-IR, XRD, DRS, PL, Zeta potential and TGA. The efficiency of this system was evaluated by considering the operating conditions including cerium metal concentration, photocatalyst loading, initial contaminant concentration and pH of the contaminant solution on the contaminant degradation reaction rate of the contaminant and the total contaminant loading raduction of the solution, and basad on this result, the optimum conditions were obtained. Furthermore, the performance of the simultaneous process system in methylene blue dye removal was compared with the individual adsorption and photocatalytic process. By using the spectrophotometry method, the maximum dye removal was obtained in the feed concentration of 5 ppm, the photocatalyst concentration of   2.5 g / L and   H=11. Finally, the dye removal results were 11, 32 and 96%   in the photocatalyst   rocess, the adsorption process, and the simultaneous adsorption / photocatalyst system, respectively.

   Deep beams as the most important bending-shear member are widely used in a variety of structural and non-structural structures. The cross-sectional height of these beams is higher than that of ordinary beams, so that according to the American Concrete Code, in deep beams, the cross-sectional height is greater than four times the length of the span. Analysis and design methods in deep reinforced concrete beams differ from ordinary beams due to their unique properties. Closing method is one of the most common methods in the analysis and design of deep beams. In this research, the mentioned method as one of the main topics was reviewed and some examples of existing experimental models were analyzed and evaluated. In order to study the details of the mentioned model, 432 laboratory samples with simple support and concrete efficiency coefficient were collected and examined from the laboratory researches carried out in recent years, considering the effect of reinforcing reinforcements where the total shear force applied to the beam is borne by two independent supports. The most important purpose of this study is to provide a formula for predicting shear strength by considering all effective factors. To achieve the project goal, numerical studies based on artificial intelligence were performed. Artificial intelligence is a computational method that tries to mimic human cognitive ability in a very simple way to solve engineering problems that have disregarded common computational techniques. Next, according to the experimental results, a new fastening model that included a wide range of deep beams with different arrangements of shear reinforcement, concrete strength and effective shear-height ratio was investigated. In this study, the shear capacity of deep beam specimens that have been tested by different people so far was calculated and the results were compared with the actual values ??and results of several other existing bonding methods. The results of the comparison indicate the satisfactory accuracy and efficiency of the proposed model. The proposed method is able to predict the shear strength of simple deep beams with acceptable accuracy.

منابع انرژي تجديد­‌­پذير و استفاده از آن­ها در شبكه­هاي توزيع انرژي الكتريكي به ايجاد رويكرد­­­ها و ساختار­هاي جديدي منجر شده­است. قابليت مهم اين ساختارهاي جديد امكان بهره­برداري به صورت سيستم كنترل­پذير مستقل و مجزا از شبكه اصلي است كه با توسعه استفاده از مبدل­هاي الكترونيك­­قدرت امكان­پذير شده­است. از جمله اين ساختارها ريز شبكه مي­باشد كه يك شبكه­ي كوچك ولتاژ پايين يا ولتاژ متوسط است. ريزشبكه براي تغذيه يك مجموعه بار حساس محلي طراحي مي­شود. اجزاي ريزشبكه شامل منابع توليد پراكنده، بارهاي حساس و واحدهاي ذخيره­انرژي مي­باشد كه داراي دو حالت كاري متصل به شبكه و مستقل از شبكه (جزيره­ايي) است. در اين پايان­نامه ابتدا با شبيه­سازي ريزشبكه در حالت مستقل و با بكارگيري روش كنترل افتي از طريق اندازه­گيري ولتاژ و فركانس خروجي مبدل منبع ولتاژ (VSC) و اعمال حلقه كنترل توان اكتيو- ­فركانس، به مسأله تنظيم فركانسي مي­پردازد. براي كنترل فركانسي مهم­ترين بحث، كنترل توان اكتيو مي­باشد. پس از وقوع اغتشاشات عدم توانايي سيستم در حفظ فركانس در يك حد قابل قبولي منجر به عدم تعادل بين توليد و مصرف و در نهايت ناپايداري مي­شود. در حالت ناپايداري امكان دارد به صورت نوسانات ماندگار فركانس ظاهرگردد كه منجر به از مدار خارج شدن منابع توليدي و يا بارها مي­گردد. پايداري ديناميكي سيستم معمولا از طريق اينرسي انرژي جنبشي روتور در ماشين­هاي سنكرون تأمين مي­شود. سپس مبدل منبع ولتاژ با روش­هاي كنترلي ژنراتور سنكرون مجازي ( (VSG مجهز مي­شود، ويژگي­هاي ديناميكي هردو روش كنترلي افتي و ژنراتور سنكرون مجازي بررسي و براي نشان دادن تفاوت آنها در شرايط يكسان،­ هر دو روش كنترلي در حالت مستقل بررسي شده­اند. مدل­سازي سيگنال­كوچك براي مقايسه تغييرات فركانسي اين دو روش كنترلي انجام شده­است. يك روش كنترل افتي اينرسي مشابه ژنراتورسنكرون مجازي مطرح شده­است. تفاوت بين آنها اين است كه با شبيه­سازي معادله نوسان، روش كنترلي ژنراتور سنكرون مجازي داراي اينرسي مجازي است، در حالي كه روش كنترل افتي هيچ اينرسي ندارد. هدف اين طرح تنظيم فركانس و بهبود تقسيم توان با استفاده از اينرسي مجازي سيستم مي­باشد. بنابراين مي­توان بدون تغيير در سخت­افزار سيستم، اينرسي سيستم توان را با انرژي ذخيره شده در خازن­هاي لينك DC مبدل منبع ولتاژ افزايش داد و همچنين با تنظيم ولتاژ دوسر خازن پشيباني فركانس سيستم را فراهم و پايداري را بهبود نمود. به منظور دستيابي به اهداف پايان­نامه، دو اينورتر منبع ولتاژ به صورت موازي با يكديگر در نقطه اتصال مشترك به يك بار اهمي­سلفي متصل مي­شوند. از استراتژي كنترل ژنراتور سنكرون مجازي و تنظيم فركانس با   اينرسي مجازي خازن لينك DC در نرم­افزار متلب شبيه­سازي مي­شود.          واژه هاي كليدي­: ريزشبكه، منابع توليد پراكنده، كنترل افتي، مبدل منبع ولتاژ، ژنراتور سنكرون مجازي، اينرسي مجازي خازن لينك DC   

Abstract Objective: Compound channels are the hydraulic cross section of rivers. The entry of municipal, industrial and agricultural wastewater, industrial waste, thermal pollution and nuclear power plants as a stream with different densities into the riverbed is a very important issue and has a great impact on human life and the environment. Investigating how this dense stream propagates through the compound channel helps control pollution in riverbeds and preserve the environment. Research Methodology: In this research, in order to simulate the density flow in a compound channel based on Navier-Stokes equations, the Reynolds stress turbulence model (RSM) has been performed using the open-source software OpenFoam. Assuming a density difference The gap between the two fluids is considered to be Bozinsk. Compound channels with shallow, medium and deep floodplains as well as narrow, medium and wide floodplain have been studied. Results: The accuracy of the model in simulating the experimental model of the initial velocity flow in the compound channel and the dense flow in the rectangular channel is shown. Numerical model is capable of simulating experimental models and the results are in good agreement. Conclusion: Numerical simulation of dense flow with compound channel with different depth and width of floodplain has been done. Studies show that floodplains with greater width and depth have more participation in flow transmission and with increasing depth and width of plain floods, more instability is seen in plain floods. It is low. Also, in a wide floodplain, the dense flow behaves similarly to the main channel.   

  gt; In this study, pure chitosan membranes and its matrix mixed with nanoparticles of graphene oxide quantum dots (fabricated in this study) crosslinked with glutaraldehyde were used to dehydrate ethanol. High hydrophilicity of chitosan resulted in acceptable dehydration function of chitosan membrane in ethanol dehydration process. Also, due to the hydrophilic functional groups and good dispersion of graphene oxide quantum dots in the chitosan network, the mixed matrix membranes performed better dehydration than the chitosan membrane. Matrix membrane mixed in optimal loading of quantum dots graphene oxide (1.5 wt%) flux0.811 kg/m2h and separation factor of 801 for dehydration of water / ethanol mixture (90/10) at 40°C Showed that compared to chitosan membrane, the flux base increased by 84% and the separation coefficient increased 7.6 times

Abstract There are so many ways to control inverters such as pulse width modulation and space vector modulation that are so complicated. Predictive control has covered a wide variety of controllers which have emerged recently for power converters. The existing characteristics of systems such as time-discrete implementation of known power converters and drives,   high speed controllers and also the characteristics of power converters and drives like non-linear systems, limited switching states and other limitations has spontaneously   lead to use of predictive control. The fourth leg in three-phase inverters has boon provided for control the neutral current in unbalanced condition. In this essay, finite control set model predictive controller has been applied to a neutral point clamped inverter with both balanced and unbalanced performance, connected to linear and non-linear loads.The proposed method used discrete-time model and output filter to predict the must control parameters. The cost function uses the best switching state for the next sample time.After applying the swiching constraint to cost function and choosing the best switching frequency is obviously observed. It is also proved that with reducing the sample time in simulations, the total harmonic disorder reduced tool.For assessing the performance of proposed control method, it was done in some different sotuations namely linear and non-linear loads, balanced and unbalanced references. Key words: inverter. Three-phase inverter, three-level, predictive control, inverter control, NPC.   

One of the problems that has raised more concerns than ever before in terms of energy consumption statistics and forecasts for the country's future is the depletion of underground resources and the depletion of oil reserves needed to raise this industry. In addition to these problems, there are environmental problems such as greenhouse gas emissions due to improper planning and misuse of current energy. Solving these problems, in addition to having confidence for the life of the next generation, is a guarantee for the future economy and industry of the country, because today no other country knows the growth of its industry and economy based on underground resources and such value Reserves are becoming less and less, despite the fact that Iran has many natural and cultural attractions, the tourism industry is a good alternative to it, you just have to see the potential of this industry in the country. He acted to have a positive effect on the country, and among the various pillars of the tourism industry, the resort plays an important role in promoting the tourism industry in each region. Eco-lodges, which are more prosperous today, have gained a lot of fans. Today, tourists are less inclined to stay in luxury hotels with high stars and sometimes prefer to spend the night in the resort. To get acquainted with the style and context of life in the region. In the meantime, creating accommodation that can take a step in terms of environmental and non-environmental degradation while inducing the indigenous feeling of the region can be effective in attracting tourists to the region. This study examines the conditions of the region, analysis and design of accommodation. Ecotourism deals with a sustainable energy approach.   

Abstract    In this study, in order to investigate the effect of iron additive on the heat transfer coefficient as well as the dynamic properties of unsaturated polyester resin, pure iron particles in powder form with a size of 45 microns have been used. For this purpose, in the continuation of the research, samples of unsaturated polyester resin containing iron particles with weight percentages of one, three, seven and fifteen weight percent were made and thermal conductivity measurement tests and dynamic properties measurement test (DMTA) were made. Also, to investigate the effect of modified iron particles on the properties of the composite, four samples of unsaturated polyester resin with similar weight percentages containing modified iron particles were tested.    Examination of the results of measuring the thermal conductivity of the samples, it was observed that in general, the addition of iron powder to the polyester resin improved by about 30 Percentage the thermal conductivity of the samples and also the addition of modified iron powder to the polyester resin by about 70 Percentage, its thermal conductivity has increased. Also, by observing the change curve of the thermal conductivity of the samples in different weight percentages, it was found that adding iron particles from one to three weight percent increased the thermal conductivity of the resin and adding more values ??up to fifteen wt %, the thermal conductivity. It has reduced. The reason for this could be the increase in the contact surface of iron particles with the resin and, of course, the increase in interfacial thermal resistance in samples above 3 % by weight. It should be noted that this trend is also repeated in the diagrams of samples containing modified iron particles.    Examination of the dynamic measurement test results showed that the amount of storage modulus increased with the addition of iron particles to the polyester resin and indicates that the unsaturated polyester resin containing iron particles has a higher strength during heating than pure polyester resin. Observation of the change curves of the storage modulus with temperature shows that this increase of the storage modulus did not have a constant trend with increasing the weight percentage of the samples, so that, for example, the storage modulus in the sample was 7 % by weight higher than other samples.    Keywords: Unsaturated polyester resin, Iron microparticles, Modified Iron Particle, Thermal conductivity, Physical and Mechanical Properties.   

   Abstract: Objective: Because site studies require speculation and field sampling as well as subsequent experiments, these factors are possible at a high cost and time. Therefore, an attempt has been made to find ways that can be effective in identifying the parameters of the site structure (shear wave velocity and thickness of subsurface layers) while having acceptable accuracy. The main objectives of this study are to rely on these new methods that use surface wave analysis instead of traditional methods (speculation and multiple experiments) to be able to estimate the exitations on the bedrock from the recorded exitations on the ground. This bed provides the basis for the final analysis of the site effect and ground type according to seismic standards. Research methodology: The method of work is to measure the environmental vibrations in the site (in this study, Ker-1, Ker-2 seismic stations in Kermanshah city) using microtremor devices that can simultaneously record three seismic components. In the next step, the recorded H / V curve of the recorded vibrations is plotted, then by using the inverse of the H / V curve, the velocity and thickness of the subsurface layers are estimated. In this case, it has been tried to consider the necessary parameters using previous studies, and then by solving the governing equations, the vibrations on the bedrock are estimated. Results: In this study, the dominant frequency in Kerm-1 and Kerm-2 stations was obtained. This finding can be very effective and reliable in analyzing the effect of earthquake on various structures with different frequencies. Also, using the analysis of shear wave velocity profile and the thickness of the bed layers as well as the depth of bedrock placement have been calculated. Conclusion: HVRS method can be an effective and efficient method for estimating site characteristics, determining the predominant frequency of the site and also estimating the magnification of the earthquake caused by the site effect. Due to the low cost and time compared to traditional methods, it can be very efficient in micro-zoning of large areas.

چكيدههمانطوركه در هرم آبراهام مازلو آمده است، امنيت و مسكن از نيازهاي اساسي بشر مي­باشند. با وجود اينكه چندين دهه از احداث مجموعه­هاي مسكوني كه به عنوان سرپناه و محل شكل­گيري شخصيت كودكان، از اهميت بالايي برخوردار است، مي­گذرد اما هنوز به دليل عدم تطابق با فرهنگ، خواسته­ها و غيره، كاستي­هايي در برآوردن نيازهاي اساسي ساكنين از جمله امنيت دارند.زنان نيز كه نيمي از جمعيت شهرها را تشكيل مي­دهند و به عنوان قشر تاثيرگذار و آينده­سازان جامعه هستند، بيشتر از مردان مورد بي­توجهي طراحان در جهت برآوردن نيازهايشان قرار­گرفته­اند. تحقيقات صورت گرفته در مورد نيازهاي زنان در طراحي معمولا در مرحله تئوري رها شده­اند و چارچوب و راهكار خاصي را ارائه نداده­اند. بنابراين اين پايان­نامه با هدف دستيابي به چارچوب­ها و راهكارهاي طراحي مجموعه مسكوني با ويژگي­هاي كالبدي افزايش­دهنده احساس امنيت زنان انجام شده­است.برآمده از مرور ادبيات سوال تحقيق « چگونه مي­توان به الگوهاي طراحي مجتمع مسكوني براي افزايش احساس امنيت زنان دست يافت؟» مي­باشد. پاسخ­گويي به سوال تحقيق از طريق راهبرد استدلال منطقي و تحليلي انجام مي­گيرد. با استدلال منطقي ابتدا عوامل كالبدي موثر بر امنيت زنان كه قابليت تعميم يافتن دارند، بدست آمده   و سپس با تحليل اين عوامل راهكارهاي كالبدي طراحي مجموعه مسكوني با استراتژي افزايش احساس امنيت در زنان ارائه مي­شود. معرفي الگوها و راهكارهاي كالبدي افزايش دهنده احساس امنيت در زنان، دستاورد اين پايان­نامه مي­باشد. راهكارهاي اين پايان­نامه مي­تواند در ساير طراحي­ها مورد استفاده طراحان قرار گيرد.واژگان كليدي: امنيت، احساس امنيت، مجموعه مسكوني، امنيت زنان

ذخيره آب هاي زير زميني وپيشنهاد راهكارهاي متنوع، يكي از مسائل مهم در علم مهندسي آب است. استفاده از سدهاي زير زميني يكي از راهكارهاي مفيد، اقتصادي وسازگار با محيط زيست است. هدف از اين پژوهش مدل سازي آزمايشگاهي وعددي سد زيرزميني با استفاده از خاك رس وبتن پلاستيك با ضخامتهاي مختلف است تا تاثير جنس سد بردبي عبوري ازآن بررسي شود. همچنين تاثير جنس مخزن بر دبي عبوري از سد نيز بررسي مي گردد. جنس مخزن مصالح ماسه رودخانه اي، شن ومخلوط شن وماسه در نظر گرفته شده است. در آزمايش هاي انجام شده بر سد بتن پلاستيك، جنس آبخوان تاثيري بر مقدار دبي عبوري از سد نداشته است و دبي عبوري براي هر سه نوع آبخوان برابر با صفر بوده است . اين امر نشان مي دهد كه سد بتن پلاستيك عملكرد بهتري نسبت به سد رسي دارد. درسدهاي بتن پلاستيك كاهش ضخامت تاثيري بر دبي عبوري از سد نداشته است. بيشترين دبي عبوري از سد رسي با آبخوان شني و به مقدار   (404× )اتفاق افتاده است. تمام مدل هاي آزمايشگاهي، توسط روش المان محدود دو بعدي نيز تحليل شده اند كه تطابق خوبي با يكديگر داشته اند

چكيده اين پژوهش به بررسي عددي تاثير امولسيون حاوي مواد تغيير فاز دهنده ميكروكپسول شده بر روي انتقال حرارت جا بجايي در جريان آشفته، درون يك لوله افقي با شرط مرزي شار حرارتي ثابت مي پردازد. براي اين منظور، امولسيوني بر پايه آب حاوي غلظت هاي مختلف ميكروكپسول با هسته ميريستيك اسيد به عنوان ماده تغيير فاز دهنده بررسي شد. همچنين تاثير غلظت ميكروكپسول ها بر روي عدد ناسلت ، ضريب هدايت حرارتي، ضريب اصطكاك و دماي لوله مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. براي انجام تحقيقات، مسئله شامل لوله و شار ثابت و امولسيون تغيير فاز دهنده در نرم افزار كامسول شبيه سازي شد . نتايج نشان داد كه افزودن ميكروكپسول هاي تغيير فاز دهنده به آب منجر به افزايش عدد ناسلت، ويسكوزيته و انتقال حرارت جابجايي در تمامي رينولدزها مي شود . همچنين مشخص شد با افزايش كسر حجمي اين افزايش همچنان ادامه دارد اما ضريب اصطكاك هم افزايش مي يابد كه منجر به ايجاد اختلاف فشار مي شود . در اين پژوهش علاوه بر موارد گفته شده مقدار ضخامت ميكروكپسول ها نيز مورد بررسي قرار گرفت كه مشخص شد با كاهش اين ضخامت با بيشتر شدن حجم ماده تغيير فاز دهنده، ميزان اثرگذاري امولسيون بر انتقال حرارت هم افزايش مي يابد .   

با توجه به افزايش روند استفاده از منابع طبيعي در پي رشد جمعيت و ارتقاء شرايط اقتصادي، كره­ي زمين با كاهش ظرفيت منابع در برآوردن نيازهاي ساكنين خود مخصوصاً در نسل­هاي آينده مواجه است. در اين راستا كنترل استفاده از منابع طبيعي يكي از مهم­ترين اهداف توسعه­ي پايدار مي­باشد. همچنين رشد و توسعه­ي گردشگري در نواحي روستايي اگر بر اساس اصول و اهداف پايداري صورت نگيرد يكي از عوامل تخريب منابع طبيعي و زيستگاه­هاي بومي مي­گردد. به همين دليل مقوله­ي پايداري در كنار مبحث گردشگري اهميت فراواني مي­يابد. يكي از لازمه­هاي رشد و گسترش گردشگري روستايي، توسعه­ي زيرساخت­ها است. از جمله­ي اين زيرساخت­ها فضاهاي اقامتي -   خدماتي، حمل و نقل و امكانات عمومي مي­باشند. به همين دليل معماري مورد نياز براي احداث زيرساخت­هاي گردشگري پايدار روستايي بايد بر اساس اصول معماري پايدار شكل گيرند. در اين پايان­نامه ضمن بررسي مفاهيمي نظير توسعه­ي پايدار و شاخص­هاي آن (به طور ويژه شاخص ردپاي اكولوژيكي)، گردشگري پايدار روستايي و معماري مرتبط با آن و در مجموع با توجه به مروري بر تحقيقات گذشته اين­گونه برداشت گرديد كه تحليل مفهوم معماري گردشگري پايدار روستايي بر اساس اهداف، اولويت­ها و شاخص­هاي پايداري (شاخص ردپاي اكولوژيكي) موضوعي نو قلمداد مي­گردد. بنابراين   سؤال بر آمده از اين تحقيق به اين صورت بيان مي­شود: شيوه­ي ارزيابي طراحي و برنامه­ريزي معماري گردشگري روستايي بر اساس شاخص ردپاي اكولوژيكي در راستاي طراحي يك مجموعه­ي اقامتي - گردشگري چگونه است؟    جهت پاسخگويي به سؤال تحقيق از روش توصيفي- تحليلي بر پايه­ي مدل­سازي استفاده مي­گردد. همچنين جمع­آوري داده­ها از طريق مشاهده، مصاحبه (پرسشنامه)، عكس­برداري و فيلم­برداري، سايت­ها، استفاده از آمار و نقشه­هاي سازماني و كتابخانه­اي صورت گرفتند. روستاي زردويي از توابع شهرستان پاوه استان كرمانشاه با توجه به پتانسيل­هاي بالاي طبيعي، معماري و فرهنگي (برگزاري جشنواره­هاي مفرح، جذاب و بومي) جهت جذب گردشگران فاقد فضاي اقامتي -   گردشگري مناسب براي اسكان آن­ها مي­باشد. در اين راستا روستاي زردويي به عنوان مطالعه­ي موردي در اين پايان­نامه انتخاب شد تا با ارزيابي طراحي و برنامه­ريزي مناسب معماري گردشگري پايدار روستايي كمك به توسعه­ي پايدار گردشگري در نواحي روستايي و گسترش زيرساخت­ها گردد. براي تحليل و بررسي ردپاي اكولوژيكي گردشگران نياز به اطلاعاتي نظير انواع روش­هاي حمل و نقل، نوع غذاي مصرفي، فضاي اقامتي و فعاليت­هاي آنان مي­باشد.    در بخش مربوط به محاسبه­ي ردپاي اكولوژيكي فضاي اقامتي گردشگران و ارائه­ي چارچوب كالبد معماري بر اساس پايداري ابتدا از نرم افزار ديزاين بيلدر جهت شبيه­سازي ميزان مصرف انرژي فضاي اقامتي موجود در روستا استفاده مي­گردد. سپس با توجه به ميزان مصرف انرژي، ردپاي اكولوژيكي محاسبه مي­شود. در اين راستا با ارائه­ي پيشنهادهايي نظير به­كارگيري مصالح بومي منطقه، عايق حرارتي، استفاده از پنجره­ي دوجداره، استفاده از سنگ ورقه­اي در پوشش بام، جايگزيني سوخت پاك به جاي استفاده از سوخت­هاي فسيلي (نفت) جهت گرمايش و به كارگيري سامانه­ي فتوولتائيك براي توليد انرژي برق مورد نياز ساختمان به ميزان چشم­گيري مي­توان از ردپاي اكولوژيكي كاست. در زمينه­ي حمل و نقل گردشگران نيز با ارائه­ي راهكارهايي جهت كاهش ميزان ردپاي اكولوژيكي مي­توان از توليد دي اكسيد كربن كاهيد. بر اساس محاسبات صورت گرفته در اين زمينه با جايگزيني وسايل حمل و نقل عمومي نظير استفاده از قطار، اتوبوس و ميني­بوس به جاي خودروهاي سواري شخصي مي­توان از ميزان ردپاي اكولوژيكي كم كرد. اما با توجه به شرايط كنوني شبكه­ راه­هاي دسترسي به روستا امكان استفاده صد در صدي از قطار و اتوبوس فراهم نمي­باشد و تنها گزينه­ي مناسب استفاده­ي گردشگران از ميني­بوس است. در اين راستا كالبد معماري مورد نياز در اين زمينه در نظر گرفتن توقفگاه (پاركينگ) ميني بوس­ها در ورودي بافت روستا و خارج از مجتمع مي­باشد.

حفاظت و نگهداشت بافت پلكاني در سكونتگاه‌هاي مناطق كوهپايه‌اي به‌عنوان گونه‌اي خاص از معماري بومي ايران به لحاظ حفظ تنوع در شكل معماري مناطق مختلف با خاستگاه‌هاي فرهنگي و آداب‌ورسوم و خصوصيات طبيعي و اقليمي متفاوت بر دوش برنامه ريزان و مديران شهري وكشوري است و وظيفه پژوهشگر در اين زمينه كمك‌رساني به آنان از طريق توليد محتوي پژوهشي قابل اتكا براي تهيه طرح‌ها و تدوين ضوابط و استانداردها مي باشد. عليرغم وجود نمونه‌هاي بومي و موفق معماري و شهرسازي كوهپايه‌اي در مناطق كوهستاني ايران، به دليل فقدان مطالعات تخصصي بر روي آن و نبود ضوابط و مقررات متناسب با زمينه، توسعه در اين مناطق با بي‌توجهي به ويژگي‌هاي خاص طبيعي اين مناطق صورت گرفته و ساخت‌وساز بي رويه و بي برنامه، موجب تجاوز به سيماي معماري بومي اين مناطق گشته و به مرور زمان منظر طبيعي و هويت خاص معماري سكونتگاههاي كوهپايه‌اي در معرض نابودي قرار گرفته است. بايد به اهميت اين موضوع واقف بود كه توسعه سكونتگاه‌هاي كوهپايه‌اي بايد نسبت به حفظ ويژگي هاي محيط‌زيست طبيعي حساس باشد، ازلحاظ عملكردي متناسب با نيازهاي بهره‌برداران، ازلحاظ زيبايي‌شناسي دل‌انگيز و ازلحاظ اقتصادي امكان‌پذير باشد. از طرفي نيز بايد اين نكته را مد نظر قرار داد كه مناطق كوهپايه‌اي سخت ترين و در عين حال جالب ترين و چالش برانگيزترين مناطق در راستاي توسعه هستند، اجراي هر طرح توسعه در مناطق كوهپايه توسط عواملي چون عوارض زمين ناهموار، شيب هاي تند، ساختار زمين شناسي پيچيده و شرايط آب و هوايي سخت محدود مي‌شود. كليد توسعه در هر زمينه اي برنامه ريزي، تعيين چهارچوب و تدوين مقررات متناسب با هدف و زمينه است و اين ميسر نيست مگر با مطالعه دقيق و شناخت زمينه. ضوابط و مقررات، ابزار اجراي طرح‌ها و برنامه‌ها هستند. يكي از اسناد مهم طرح‌هاي جامع، ضوابط و مقررات هستند كه امكان اجرا و تحقق طرح را فراهم مي‌آورند. همكاري نزديك برنامه‌ريزان، طراحان شهري و معماران، نقش مهمي را در تدوين ضوابط و مقررات لازم براي ساماندهي كالبد شهر و هماهنگي بين بافت جديد و قديم شهر بازي مي‌كند. در ضمن توسعه پيشنهادي بايد با عناصر موجود سايت هماهنگ باشد، طرح توسعه بايد به گونه اي طراحي شده باشد تا حداقل ميزان اختلال در وضع موجود را سبب شود. هدف از تدوين مقررات و نظام مند كردن ساخت و ساز و ساير دخالت ها در مناطق شيب‌دار، حفاظت از سلامت، ايمني و رفاه عمومي ساكنان و پاسداشت سلامت و كيفيت عمومي محيط زيست و حفظ ويژگي هاي خاص طبيعي است؛ اما مشكل اينجاست كه بسياري از قوانين ساخت و ساز در حال اجرا در شهرهاي كوهپايه اي بر پايه مقررات ساختماني معمول در مراكز شهري واقع در دشت ها بوده و بدون بدون هيچ گونه اصلاحات و ملاحظه اي نسبت به ويژگي هاي متمايز محيط طبيعي كوهپايه‌ها به كار برده مي شوند؛ و اين مشكلي است كه بسياري از شهرهاي جهان سوم با آن دست به گريبان هستند و درنهايت منجر به توسعه نامناسب در شهرهاي كوهپايه اي زيبا گشته است. بي‌توجهي به تدوين ضوابط و مقررات كلي و مدون براي توسعه در اين مناطق مي‌تواند نتايج جبران‌ناپذيري را فراهم آورد؛ كه ضمن ايجاد محلات مسكوني بي‌هويت كه با مشكلات و معضلات عديده كالبدي، اجتماعي و... همراه هستند، به از بين رفتن هويت كوهپايه‌اي اين شهرها نيز منجر مي شود. در اين پژوهش در پي آن هستيم كه چرا ساختار پلكاني اين مناطق باتوجه به مزيت هاي اساسي آن چون دسترسي به نور با كيفيت خورشيد و تامين ديد و منظر عالي در حال نابودي است؟ مي توان به صورت اجمالي دلايل بروز اين مشكل را در چند نكته به شرح ذيل عنوان كرد:- نبود قوانين و آيين‌نامه‌هاي طراحي متناسب با شرايط خاص كوهپايه‌ها. - ضرورت پاسخگويي به نيازهاي زندگي ماشيني معاصر چون دسترسي آسان به معابر پياده و سواره و تامين پاركينگ. - نبود الگوهاي مناسب براي طراحي مجموعه‌ها يا محله‌هاي مسكوني، ويژه مناطق كوهپايه‌اي. اين الگوها بايد به گونه‌اي طراحي شوند كه در عين پاسخگويي به نيازهاي مردم از مزاياي نور و ديد و منظر بهره برده و در عين حال حافظ ساختار پلكاني بوده و مزاحمتي براي دريافت نور و ديد ومنظر خانه‌هاي همسايه ايجاد نكنند.

  Abstract  ources of fresh water are limited. In high-resource countries with rich resources and highly developed technical infrastructure, there are many ways to protect, recycle and reuse it. In many other areas, however, the availability of water for further development is higher than the satisfactory level, and it is essential for the rapid growth of the population to survive even existing communities or to meet the ever-growing demand. In these areas, humans can not be dumped from the dams and water reservoirs exploiting water resources.The study and interpretation of precise instrument data is one of the most important dams monitoring and safety assessment processes during the operation period of the dam. In spite of the great importance of these equipment, the data obtained during the operation of the dam, little attention has been paid to this category, and few studies are available in this area.In addition to designing and implementing them, the most important challenges in development projects are safety and stability of various components throughout the building. To achieve this, in all large dams, installing necessary tools for pore volumes, soil pressures and changes The shapes are measured during the three years of construction, the first dewatering and the operating time, and the performance of the dam is evaluated and analyzed. In this thesis, the results of the designed tool in Jamishan Dam were evaluated and the structural performance and stability were evaluated. For the instrument installed in different parts of the dam body, FLAC software was used to determine the numerical model.The behavioral models used in the analysis are linear elastic model and elastic-plastic elastic model of Moore-Coulomb. In order to make the model more realistic, the step-by-step technique of the dam layers has been considered. Horizontal and vertical displacement, vertical stress and cavity water pressure were interpreted and the results showed the correctness of the Jamyshan dam performance and the elements of the sealant. Also, the results of modeling and instrumentation suggest that its dam is in a stable and safe condition.  Comprehensive review of dam failures in dams, different causes of soil dams destruction and recognition of leak phenomena as the main causes of soil dams destruction are other important parts of this research.

  Abstract Early agricultural production of lignocellulose, available at a significant quantity and low cost, can be an additional source of income for farmers without adversely affecting the fertility of the soil for industrial applications. Wheat straw is one of the most abundant agricultural lignocellulosic biomass, partly Organic Wheat Plant. Wheat straw is used after harvest as a feed for livestock and in cattle-breeding buildings, as well as a large amount of it is burned, while it contains high amounts of cellulose and It can be used as an inexpensive early raw material for the production of valuable cellulose derivatives. In this research, the possibility of producing valuable carboxy methyl cellulose material was investigated using cellulose extracted from wheat straw. Wheat straw contains approximately 33-40% cellulose, which together with hemicellulose and lignin make up its main components. In this research, cellulose in wheat straw was first extracted by sodium hydroxide 10% w / w and sodium hypochloride in two stages. The extracted cellulose was converted to Carboxy methyl cellulose using the Williamson ether process, which the FTIR spectrophotometry used to identify the substituted carboxy methyl groups on the cellulose. The degree of substitution (DS) is the most important factor influencing the solubility and application of carboxy methyl cellulose, and its production efficiency is an important factor in the economic process of production, so the etherification process over operating factors, including: a weight ratio of monochloroacetic acid to cellulose, the concentration of sodium hydroxide, the temperature and reaction time were, at three levels (1, 1.4, 1.8), (20, 30, 40% w / w), (30, 50, 70 ° C) and (1, 3, 5 hours) were optimized with design expert software called MODDE by CCF method using response surface methodology in order to achieve the highest DS and an economical efficiency. The optimization results showed that at a weight ratio of monochloroacetic acid to cellulose 1.3 to 1, the concentration of sodium hydroxide was 20% w / w, temperature 70 ° C and reaction time 1 hour, obtained the highest degree of substitution   0.975 and the yield under these conditions was 1.37 g CMC / g cellulose. Keywords: Wheat straw, Cellulose, design expert software, Carboxy methyl cellulose, Degree of substitution   

  The natural gas contains many impurities, including water, carbon dioxide ( ), and so on. The presence of acid gases in natural gas will lead to a reduction in thermal value, which is why removing these gases from natural gas to a standard value will be important. Increasing permeability and selectivity are the most important goals of research in membrane field. One of the common ways to achieve these goals is to add inorganic particles to the polymeric matrix of membranes, which are called as mixed matrix membranes.In this work, we present simulation of the effective permeability of pure gas in mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) by CFD. For this, we use the finite element method to simulate gas effective permeability based on constructing three-dimensional MMM models for solving Fick's diffusion equation to obtain the concentration profiles.Our simulation also indicate effects of various structural parameters, including the filler volume fraction, interface solubility ratio, and diffusivity ratio and filler size. And also result of simulation for   effective permeability of MCM-41 fillers compared by effective medium theory (Maxwell model).Our approach shows improved predictions compared with the Maxwell model.    Key words: Mixed Matrix Membrane, Gas separation, Simulation, Finite-element, Comsol

  Incorporation nanofillers and preparation of nanocomposites is an efficient and promising for improvement of the polymer matrixes different properties. In this study, halloysite nanotubes due to their instruction properties, good compatibility and it’s cheapness will incorporate in PEBA matrix for improving their separation performance for CO2/CH4. It’s expected that higher improvement can be achieved by modification the halloysite nanotubes for PEBA based nanocomposites. Optimally it is expected that the halloysite based nanocomposite membranes separation will be passed over the Robson’s upper bound as a measure of the membranes proper separation performance. Additionally, other membranes properties are expected to become better.

Nanocomposites have better mechanical, thermal, electrical, and mass transfer properties than pure polymers. In this study, the separation performance of Pebax/ functionalized-MWCNTs nanocomposite membranes for CO2/CH4 gases were investigated. It is expected that nanocomposite membranes made with modified nanoparticles have a better separation function than other pure polymeric membranes of the Pebax, and it is possible to cross the Robson’s upper bound, which is a criterion for measuring the proper function of the membranes.

  mixed matrix membranes containing PEBAX, Glycerol Triacetate(GTA) and synthesized Alumina nanotubes(ANTs) was prepared by solution-casting method. The particles were synthesized by a hydrothermal method characterized using SEM, FTIR and XRD. Gas permeation test were applied for characterization and assessment of pure and resultant membranes. The synthesized nanotubes enhance the carbon dioxide pure gas permeability compared to pristine membrane. The effect of different loadings of ANTs on the permeability of CO2 and CH4 and ideal selectivity CO2/CH4 were investigated at the pressure of 5 Bar and temperature of 35°C. Then in the 4% loading of nanotubes, various amount of GTA(10-20-30-40 wt%) was added to the matrix which improved the gases permeability by disrupting of the chain packing and increasing the fraction free volume of the fabricated MMMs. Cross-sectional morphologies of membranes were characterize by   field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) to identify variations of the chemical bonds were also applied. The result showed that for the fabricated membrane of pebax/4% wt ANTs/40 GTA, the permeability was enhanced almost 67% while the ideal selectivity decreased by 5.7%.

The pervaporation process is one of the membrane separation processes used to remove wateradditional materials. In this dissertation, ammonia removal from water using cation exchange membrane has been investigated in the process of pervaporation. The membrane is made by solvent evaporation and from sulfonated polyethersulfonewith a heteropolyacid nanoparticle. polyethersulfone was sulfonated by Sulfonation reaction and sulfuric acid was fixed by FTIR sulfonation. Membrane structure was investigated using SEM, AFM and contact angles. And also investigated effect of feed composition, temperature, process time and nanoparticle percentage The best mode for 50 ppm feed, temperature 50 ° C, the time of the 6h process, and 3% w / w of the nanoparticle were obtained, with a coefficient of separation of 45.73 and a flux of 0/548kg.m-2.h-1.   

In this study we tried to synthesize a membrane with high capability in removing heavy metals. In this paper the method of synthesis of polymeric membranes based on polyethersulfone (PES) and modified by addition of schiff base alumoxane as a nano particale was presented and its potential application for removing copper ions from liquid phase were examined. The influences of schiff base alumoxane nanoparticles as innovative nanofiller on fabrication of polyethersulfone (PES) blended membranes were investigated in terms of hydrophilicity, permeation performance, membrane morphology and antifouling property. Alumoxane is containing extra hydroxyl groups on its surface. The hydrophilicity and pure water flux of the membranes were improved by incorporating of schiff base alumoxane nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images showed that the schiff base alumoxane embedded membranes possessed a typical asymmetric structure similar with the bare PES membrane. It means that, embedding of ions-Schiff base alumoxane did not change the finger-like structure of the membranes. After all the effect of   polyethersulfone (PES) blended membranes and modified membranes by addition of   schiff base alumoxane for removing heavy ion metals were tested and results shows that the membranes by addition of schiff base alumoxane is more efficient than the polyethersulfone (PES) blended membranes.

چكيدهدر اين پايان نامه از يك كاتاليست ناهمگن بازي برايتوليد بيوديزل استفاده شد و بهينه سازي صورت گرفت.براي تهيه كاتاليست   از   بوهميت به عنوان پايه استفاده شد و 10 فلز مختلف( كلسيم، منيزيم، روي، منگنز،كبالت،باريم،نيكل، استرانسيم، لانتانيوم، سريم) رويپايه قرارگرفت.10 كاتاليست سنتز شده تحت شرايط يكسان(6درصد وزني كاتاليست، نسبتمولي متانول به روغن 15:1، دماي 65 درجه سلسيوس و زمان 8 ساعت) تست شدند.از ميانآنها CaO/AlOOH داراي بالاترين بازده بود.براي بهينه كردن بازدهبيوديزل از روش سطح پاسخ با باكس بنكن استفاده شد.شرايط بهينه به دست آمده درواكنش تبادل استري شامل 75/3 درصد وزني كاتاليست،نسبت مولي متانول به روغن 33/8،102 دقيقه زمان انجام واكنش و دماي واكنش c°65   مي باشد.بازدهبيوديزل تحت شرايط بهينه % 2/99   به دستآمد.اين كاتاليست 4 بار قابليت بازيابي دارد و  بازده بيوديزل با كاتاليست بازيابي شده، بيشتر از 75 درصد است.واژه هاي كليدي :بيوديزل، تبادلاستري، بهينه سازي،كاتاليست ناهمگن بازي     

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مقايسه عددي بين عملكرد لرزه اي سدخاكي با هسته رسي(FCRD) و سد سنگريزه اي با رويه بتني (CFRD) با استفاده از نرم افزار FLAC3D

چكيدهدر اين پژوهش از دو نوع نانوذره مغناطيسي هتروپلي اسيد جهت ساخت غشاهاي ماتريس آميخته نانوذره مغناطيسي/پلي­اترسولفون به روش تغييرفاز- رسوب استفاده شده است. ابتدا غشاهايي با غلظت هاي متفاوت از نانوذره PW-SiO2@Fe3O4 ساخته شده و پس از تعيين غلظت بهينه نانوذره برابر با 0.1%   وزني با استفاده از آزمايش نفوذپذيري آب خالص، غشاهايي حاوي 0.1% وزني نانوذره PW-SiO2@Fe2O3 تهيه شده و حضور ميدان مغناطيسي، قدرت و جهت ميدان مغناطيسي در هنگام ريخته گري و تاثير آنها بر     جهت­گيري نانوذرات درون غشا و ديگر خواص غشاهاي نانو كامپوزيت بررسي گرديد. خواص غشاهاي ساخته شده نظير نفوذپذيري آب خالص، خاصيت ضد گرفتگي، محتواي آب و ميزان تخلخل مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفته و همچنين خواص سطحي نظير آبدوستي و زبري سطح به ترتيب با آزمايش سنجش زاويه تماس آب و آناليز AFM بررسي شدند. علاوه بر آن، ساختار غشاهاي ساخته شده به­وسيله تصاوير سطحي و عرضي SEM مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفتند. در ادامه عملكرد برخي از غشاها در پس­دهي يون كروم(VI) در محلول حاوي 100PPM از اين يون و با استفاده از عمليات PEUF بررسي شد و مشاهده گرديد كه غشايي كه حاوي 0.1% وزني نانوذره PW-SiO2@Fe2O3 بوده و در حضور ميدان مغناطيسي با بيشترين قدرت ساخته شده است بهترين عملكرد را در پس­دهي يون كروم (VI) به ميزان 94% داشته است. از ديگر نتايج اين پژوهش افزايش آبدوستي و زبري سطح غشاهاي نانوكامپوزيت با حضور نانوذرات و همچنين حضور ميدان مغناطيسي بود؛ به­نحوي كه از ميان غشاهاي حاوي نانوذره PW-SiO2@Fe3O4، غشا با بيشترين غلظت نانوذره داراي پايين ترين زاويه تماس آب و زبرترين سطح بود. همچنين از ميان غشاهايي كه در حضور ميدان مغناطيسي ساخته شدند، غشايي كه در حضور قوي­ترين ميدان مغناطيسي ساخته شد كمترين زاويه تماس و زبرترين سطح را دارا بود.

ساخت واصلاح غشا نانو كامپوزيتي براي جداسازي   محلول اتانول /آب بافرايند تراوش تبخيري

  جداسازي يكي از موارد مهم و پركاربرد در مهندسي شيمي مي باشد و غشاء مايع به عنوان يكي از پربازده ترين روش هاي جداسازي است كه در حدود 30 سال به طور جدي مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است و باتوجه به پيشرفت فراوان آن در دو دهه­ي اخير، در صنايع مختلف استفاده شده است. هزينه­ي كم، نگهداري آسان، مصرف كم انرژي، آسان بودن افزايش مقياس كار با توجه به جمع و جور بودن وسايل فرآيند، بهره برداري آسان و طيف گسترده­ي مناطق عملياتي و استفاده از اين تكنيك در فرايندهاي همزمان استخراج و جداسازي از جمله مزاياي غشاء مايع در مقايسه با ساير فرآيندهاي جداسازي مي باشد. در اين تحقيق، سنتز مايع يوني پليمري انجام شد كه نتايج FTIR و 1H NMR و 13C NMR نشان­دهنده سنتز بهتر مايع يوني مي­باشد. همچنين در اين تحقيق از روش رويه پاسخ جهت مدلسازي راندمان حذف فنل استفاده شده است. پارامترهاي موثر در اين تحقيق شامل غلظت پليمر، غلظت حامل، غلظت امولسيفاير، غلظت فاز داخلي و زمان فرآيند در محدوده آزمايش در نظر گرفته شد. در نتايج حاصل، حداكثر راندمان حذف فنل در مدت زمان 25 دقيقه، غلظت پليمر2%، غلظت حامل2/0، غلظت امولسيفاير3%، غلظت فاز داخليN3/0 در حدود 37/99% بدست آمد. در اين تحقيق مشاهده شد كه تغيير در غلظت پليمر، غلظت امولسيفاير، غلظت فاز داخلي و غلظت حامل تغيير چشمگيري در راندمان كلي حذف فنل ايجاد مي­كند. در اين تحقيق، مدلسازي كه براي فرآيند حذف فنل با استفاده از روش رويه پاسخ و همچنين در بهينه­سازي كه براي اين روش بدست آمده، تطابق خوبي با داده­هاي تجربي داشت.

  AbstractIn this study, Boehmite nanoparticles are made by hydrothermal method and then functionalized with (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) by an inert solvent method (ALOOH@APTES) then ALOOH@APTES functionalized with salicylaldehyde (salicyl Schiff - Base functionalized boehmite or   ). The Boehmite functionalized Nano particles were used as a new Nano filler for preparation of nanocomposite membranes based on Polyether sulfone by phase inversion to remove heavy metal ions. FTIR، XRD، FE-SEM، AFM and CA analyses have been done to investigate the structure of nanoparticles and their effect on membrane properties, whey filtration and feed filtration including single solutions of copper sulfate, nickel sulfate, zinc sulfate and Plumbum nitrate in ion-free water at 100 ppm concentration. The results showed that Boehmite functionalized Nano particles in polyether sulfone membrane increased flux and improved removal for the heavy metal ions including nickel, Plumbum, zinc and copper than bare PES. Nanoparticle’ s desire to bond each other on membrane surface By creating interconnected networks make traps for trapping metal ions. By increasing the percentage of Nano particles in the casting solution, agglomeration of Nano particles causes reducing flux and increasing the percentage of removal. The results of the purification showed that membrane with 1Wt. % of    with 93/4% copper removal, 97/85% Plumbum removal, 98/1% Zinc removal, 11/1 Kg/m2h flux and 90% FRR is the best membrane for Cu, Pb and zinc removal. This membranes ability to remove nickel is better than other structured membranes but it isn’t desirable economically.

  Investingation of the effect of thermodynamic and diffusion models on prediction accurately accurately of pervaporation separation performance

همانند سازي نرم افزاري تراوش جداسازي غشايي گازهابا غشاء پليمري

abstractIn this thesis, the effect of slope instability on the behavior of buried gas pipeline is investigated. Slope instability as one of the geotechnical hazards Has alwayas threatened lifelines. Slope instability is considered as the permanent ground displacement and damage from that is severe but limited to a small area. In The first part of the thesis, case study of instability of the slope adjacent the Ziviyeh earth dam is done. The instability is started by drilling of the toe slope and the pipe is affected. Actions Such as geometry modification of slope,instalation Drain and cantilever retaining wall,had been ineffective in reducing displacement of slope and finally the pipeline is moved to the upper level. Numerical Modeling of Finite Element Analysis to help the Abaqus software, shows the impact of the pipeline on the reduction of displacement in the state of saturation. Moving the Pipeline to the higher level reduced the displacement and stress of the pipeline and has provided it’s safety, also The retaining wall modeling has shown the inability of this stabilization method   In the second section, sensitivity analysis of pipe presence in soil slope by examining the parameters such as geometric position of the pipe in the slope, burial depth, diameter and type of soil is done. To evaluate the effect of soil strength parameters including internal friction angle and cohesion, soil contains clay sand and sensitive clay. Pipe stress and pipe displacement and slope movement is studied, presence of the pipe in slope Cause the increse of slope displacement in some case and in others reduced that. Pipe displacement also show different patterns in different scenariosKeywords: buried pipeline, lifeline, slope instability, finite element method, ABAQUS software

  Speed is one of the main causes of taking place of driving crashes and the increase of their severity and also the cause of more than thirty percent of traffic fatalities .Researches have shown that drivers choose their speed based on road geometry and environmental conditions and the design speed is not more than the speed chosen by a group of drivers. So it can be said, predicting the safety level of the highway, depends on the operating speed rather than design speed. In this study, the effect of the geometry features, Environmental conditions and speed limits on the operating speed in tangents and horizontal curves of suburban four-lane roads regarding the free-flow conditions was examined. Three four-lane suburban tracks in Lorestan province were considered as the physical range of this study and the vehicle speed in 201 pieces was recorded and their data were collected. statistical analysis showed that eighty five-percent speed in the former horizontal curve,   longitudinal slope of the road, side markings and speed limitations are factors affecting the operating speed in the tangents and eighty five-percent speed in the former tangent, horizontal curve radius, longitudinal slope of the road and speed limitations are factors affecting   the operating speed in the horizontal curve. The results indicate that only in 95 and 110 km/h speed limitations vehicle drivers in tangents and horizontal curves follow the law and in other speed limitations the operating speed differences reach up to 2 times more than the defined speed limitation. Another finding of this study is that vehicle drivers in the tangents got affected only by three post speed limits out of 8 and the rate of effectiveness for the 60 km/h speed limitation is equal to 6/373 and for 50km/h is 6/581 and for 40km/h is 8/831 respectively.   And also, vehicle drivers in the horizontal curves got affected only by two post speed limits out of 8 and the rate of effectiveness for the 60 km/h speed limitation is equal to 5/466and for 50km/h is 3/980 respectively.

carbon dioxide / methane separation using nanocomposite membranes and modified nanoparticles