Thisstudy aims to explore the use of postmodern ekphrasis through intermediality in creating a dynamic narrative for representing the mind of the postmodern subject in Mark Z. Danielewski’s House of Leaves. Using pastiche and collage, drawn from painting, to blend styles and genres to exhibit the complexity of the postmodern world, on the one hand, and employing specific postmodern narrative techniques with visual elements to create multi-layered narratives, on the other hand, are the main concerns in Danielewski’s postmodernist fiction. Abstract    This study aims to explore the use of postmodern ekphrasis through intermediality in creating a dynamic narrative for representing the mind of the postmodern subject in Mark Z. Danielewski’s House of Leaves. Using pastiche and collage, drawn from painting, to blend styles and genres to exhibit the complexity of the postmodern world, on the one hand, and employing specific postmodern narrative techniques with visual elements to create multi-layered narratives, on the other hand, are the main concerns in Danielewski’s postmodernist fiction. In this regard, Danielewski has employed such postmodern narrative techniques as metafiction, paratextuality, hypertextuality, intertextuality, experimental typography, and ergodic writing to demand active reader engagement. These techniques, connected to contemporary ekphrasis, bridge language forms and visual forms to challenge traditional conventions by embodying postmodern fragmentation. In this sense, in light of William J. T. Mitchell’s theory, ekphrasis is not merely a verbal representation of visual art; it functions more dynamically and more engagingly as it mingles words and images to interact. On this point, House of Leaves demonstrates a visual version of postmodern fragmentation and the fragile nature of truth by employing intermediality to create a multi-layered narrative to engage readers in a fragmented, chaotic experience, mirroring the traumatized and disturbed state of mind of the postmodern subject. Considering ekphrasis within a postmodern framework, House of Leaves remarkably reveals how postmodern narrative techniques blend words and images, leading to a dynamic interplay and active participation of readers to comprehend the complexity of the narrative truth. Keywords: Mark Z. Danielewski, House of Leaves, Ekphrasis, Postmodernism, intermediality

   This thesis explores Black women’s identity crisis in predominantly white societies in Toni Morrison’s God help the Child. Under Critical Race Theory (CRT), and drawing on Kimberlé Crenshaw’s concept of “intersectionality,” that helps with understanding the ways that multiple forms of inequality merge to give rise to systemic racism, this study highlights how race and gender intersect to create unique forms of oppression against Black women in Morrison’s challenging novel. So far as the legacy of slavery, colonialism, and systemic racism continue to impact Black women on all social, political, cultural and psychological grounds, their imposed invisibility and marginalization due to under-representation is fundamentally rooted in Frantz Fanon’s arguments in Black Skin, White Masks, which examines the psychological effects of colonialism and racism on Black people. The internalization of white societal norms and the resulting identity conflicts highlight systemic racism against which the Black struggle to maintain their self-integrity. In this context, Fanon’s theories are applied to present a deeply psychoanalytic reading of the novel, where the protagonist grapples with internalized racism and intergenerational trauma stemming from her Black roots. Morrison underscores the profound psychological scars left by racial discrimination and the consistent attempts made by the Black woman for a sense of the self against “embodied Blackness” which stands for the lived experience of Black individuals in connection with their physical bodies and how they are perceived within societal structures. By integrating CRT and Fanon’s psychoanalytic framework, this paper advocates for a deeper understanding of the structural and personal dimensions of racism, emphasizing the need for societal transformation to address systemic inequities and support the empowerment of marginalized communities.

   One of the main questions of our time is how power structures react during times of crisis and what politics governments choose to manage these situations. This study explores how people can survive in extraordinary conditions when they are stuck between life and death in a post-apocalyptic society without hope. Using Giorgio Agamben’s theoretical framework in State of Exception, this study attempts to explore the concept of thanatopolitics as one of the main themes in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road, through new lenses to examine the problem of human survival in dystopian settings. This thesis aims to illustrate the novel’s paradoxical concepts of life and death, how humanity becomes fragile in harsh situations, and how survival turns into “bare life” as governance of death is ruling. In the novel, the father and son’s journey is the portrayal of the Agambian state of exception, where survival is the ultimate goal of people at all costs, even by killing each other and taking others’ belongings because humanity is at its minimum level. The father’s selfishness is reflected in his decisio   he puts their safety above other people’s lives by refusing to help them in challenging conditions as his own survival and his son’s, in particular are his ultimate aim. This study thus follows an interdisciplinary approach to shed a new light on the problem of life and death, as explored by McCarthy in a post-apocalyptic world.

This study attempts to analyze Charles Dickens’s David Copperfield in light of Raymond Williams’s social realism and his concept “structure of feeling”. Although social realism emerged as an official literary doctrine in the early 20th century, Dickens shows proto-social realist concerns, especially in his critique of the problems of the labor class in the 19th century and his reflection of the lived experiences of people. When the issues of social realism are traced in literature, the daily struggles of the working-class people are foregrounded concerning their struggles with social and economic problems. By critiquing socio-political structures and legal injustice, social realism calls for social change and reform. Through the representation of the social ills of the nineteenth-century English society and y calling for a series of social reformation, Dickens published David Copperfield to unveil socio-economic problems that affected the everyday lives of people. Therefore, under Raymond Williams’s theory, this thesis attempts to analyze the exploration in David Copperfield of the lived experiences of the time and how Dickens used social criticism to show his protest against the British industrial capitalism. As such, this thesis contributes not only to Dickensian studies but also to discussions on the evolution of social realism.  

This thesis is a critical reading of Paul Auster’s Sunset Park in light of the power politics of Giorgio Agamben’s philosophy, as articulated through such terms as homo sacer, “bare life” and “state of exception”. Auster’s novel is about a few homeless men and women in New York who go through much suffering because of housing issues in the first decade of the 21st century, a problem that highlights governmental policies against the majority of people who cannot afford buying houses. In light of Agamben’s concepts above, using an interdisciplinary approach in philosophy and literature, this study is an attempt to analyze how Auster’s characters in Sunset Park go through a gradual decline in their human status from ordinary citizens to the Agambenian homo sacer, or social outlaws or scapegoats in the context of the novel, whose lives through homele  ess are reduced to the least standards of living, as “bare life” in Agamben’s philosophy, in a society that is run by prejudiced laws. Through an Agambenian reading of the novel, this study will contribute to Auster’s studies considering his socio-political concerns in his realistic novels that address contemporary issues in the United States.   

This work is the culmination of a journey that would not have been possible without the unwavering support, guidance, and i  iration of many remarkable individuals. At its heart, it is a testament to the love, dedication, and wisdom I have been blessed to receive throughout my life. First and foremost, my deepest gratitude goes to my beloved parents, whose sacrifices and unconditional love have been the cornerstone of all my achievements. Their steadfast belief in the transformative power of knowledge and their tireless efforts to prioritize education within our family have shaped the person I am today. They have taught me the value of perseverance, humility, and curiosity, and for that, I am forever indebted. I would also like to express my heartfelt appreciation to my supervisor, Dr. Ali Taghizadeh, a man of exceptional diligence and precision. His unwavering commitment to academic excellence, paired with his ability to nurture intellectual growth, has been instrumental in transforming me into the researcher I aspired to become. His guidance, patience, and constructive criticism have left an indelible mark on my journey, and for that, I am profoundly grateful. To my teacher, Dr. Naser Maleki, whose wisdom and passion for teaching i  ired me to think critically and embrace practical solutions—I owe a debt of gratitude for the invaluable lessons imparted. His ability to illuminate complex ideas and challenge us to push the boundaries of conventional thinking has been a source of immense motivation and growth. I am equally grateful to Dr. Mohammad Javad Haj’jari, whose unwavering dedication to his students was nothing short of extraordinary. Whether it was resolving our questions or helping us navigate the challenges of academic life, his support and kindness have been a constant source of comfort and encouragement. To each of these remarkable individuals, I extend my sincerest thanks. Their contributions have not only enriched this work but have also profoundly shaped my personal and intellectual growth. This thesis stands as a reflection of their efforts, guidance, and belief in me.   

  The issue of space has always been a concern for both scholars and philosophers. In this respect, Deleuze, in his collaborative book with Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, delves into this issue, attempting to persuade the contemporary thinkers to rethink old concepts through new lenses and perspectives. Accordingly, in relation to space, they introduce the concepts of “smooth” and “striated” space. Their book, being rhizomatic and interconnected, makes these concepts closely related to one another, as smooth space is depicted as the space of nomadism and rhizome, where nomads traverse and live. Their ideas have captured the interest of a number of contemporary theorists, including Rosi Braidotti, who expands the Deleuzoguattarian nomad into the “nomadic subject” in her studies. This thesis attempts to weave these concepts together, linking them to survival in a post-apocalyptic environment. In view of this, Paul Auster’s In the Country of Last Things, with its post-apocalyptic cityscape, provides a groundwork for applying the Deleuzoguattarian concept of “nomadism.” Such an application seeks to investigate the interconnected relationship between space and identity. To achieve this, a meticulous analysis of the character dynamics and the portrayal of the unstable urban landscape as smooth space is conducted to demonstrate how subjectivity and environment influence one another and how a nomadic subject can secure his/her survival amidst disarray and chaos. This interdisciplinary study creates an opportunity to enrich the use of philosophical concepts in literary interpretation, along with offering readers the chance to think and act nomadically in this ever-changing space we live in.

   تغيير و دگرگوني جزء صفات دائمي رودخانه­ها است كه در طول زمان باعث ايجاد چشم­اندازهاي متفاوتي مي­شود. استفاده انسان از رودخانه و نوع دخالت آن، مي­تواند موجب تغييراتي در كانال رود و حاشيه آن گردد. پاسخ رود به دخالت­هاي انساني در جاهاي مختلف كره زمين به شكل چشم­گيري متفاوت و تحت تأثير عواملي چون جايگاه محيطي، فشار جمعيتي (امروز و گذشته) و سطح توسعه اقتصادي - صنعتي است. رودخانه الوند به عنوان يكي از رودخانه­هاي مهم سرپل­ذهاب از اين تغييرات مستثني نبوده است. آب اين رودخانه به منظور كشاورزي و...   مورداستفاده قرار مي­گيرد. اين پژوهش به ارزيابي كيفيت هيدرومورفولوژيكي رودخانه الوند حدفاصل (قبل از ورود رودخانه به محدوده شهري، روستاي بريموند)، و (خارج از محدوده شهري سرپل ذهاب تا قبل از روستاي قره­بلاغ)، مي­پردازد. در اين راستا با استفاده از مشاهدات ميداني، تصاوير گوگل ارث و بر اساس شاخص هيدرومورفولوژيكي IHG،   7 بازه در محدوده موردمطالعه تعيين گرديد.   شاخص IHG تعداد 9 پارامتر را در سه گروه (كيفيت عملكرد رودخانه‌، مورفولوژي آبراهه، پوشش‌گياهي كناررود) ارزيابي مي‌كند. مقدار هر پارامتر بين 1 تا 10، متناسب با وضعيت طبيعي و عملكرد حوضه رودخانه قرار دارد. براساس نتايج، بازه هاي شماره 1، 6 و 7 داراي وضعيت خوب (اين بازه­ها خارج از محدوده شهري قرار دارند)، بازه­هاي شماره 2 و 5 داراي وضعيت متوسط(اين بازه­ها در ابتدا و انتهاي محيط شهري قرار داشته)، و بازه­هاي شماره 3 و 4 به دليل دخالت هاي انساني (از جمله تغيير در الگوي مورفولوژي، ايجاد سازه­هاي مهندسي در بستر رودخانه، قطع پيوستگي آبراهه اصلي، ساخت و ساز در سيلابدشت و تغيير كاربري محدوده سيلابدشت رودخانه به كاربري مسكوني و زراعي)، از كيفيت خيلي ضعيف برخوردار هستند. اين دو بازه كاملا تحت تاثير شرايط و محيط انساني قرار دارد. كيفيت هيدروژئومورفولوژي بازه شهري رودخانه به دليل گسترش فضاي شهري و سكونتگاهي، كانال سازي در بستر رودخانه كاملا تغييرات چشمگيري نسبت به بالادست و پايين دست خود داشته و مي­توان گفت كه بيشترين تغييرات در بازه­هاي شهري وجود داشته است.   نتايج بيانگر اين است كه شاخص (IHG) ابزار مناسبي براي ارزيابي كيفيت هيدروژئومورفولوژيكي رودخانه است.    كليد واژگان: كيفيت هيدرومورفولوژيكي، محيط شهري، رودخانه الوند، شاخص IHG، سرپل­ذهاب

Abstract Flood is one of the most common and damaging natural disasters, which causes a lot of human and material losses. The development of cellar aquaculture activity on the banks of the river can have a major role and impact on economic development. The salmon breeding and breeding farm in the lands of the Gamasab river in Gamasab village has been built by private sectors using the water flow of this source. Salmon farming in Hamedan province has attracted the attention of consumers and it can be safely said that it has a lot of demand even in big cities. Numerous floods in Nahavand city and Gamasiyab district have caused a lot of damage to the buildings and facilities of fish farming farms. Is. As a result of the floods of April 2018, the destruction of riverbeds and the high volume of sediment in the riverbeds have challenged the lives of these small creatures, and the damage caused to 80% of the fish farms that have been destroyed or damaged is hundreds of billions of Tomans. The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the damage caused by flood on fish farmers and to provide solutions to reduce it in Gamasiab village, central part of Nahavand city. The research method is quantitative, applied and survey. The simple random sampling method in fisheries units of Gamasiab district was 241 native people, 31 villagers, 200 workers, and 10 managers. The reliability of the research was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha of 0.863 and the validity was confirmed by experts in geography and social sciences. Research findings show that in the economic sector, a lot of damage has been done to the pools and the rural economy has been affected by the flood. From the social and cultural point of view, the villages have been involved in migration and evacuation of the villages. Of course, on the other hand, participation and cooperation between villagers has increased. In the factor analysis, it was found that 10 components are effective in flood management. In the regression part, the quality factors of local management, finance, participation in flood management are effective. Also, the results of the Kruskal-Wallis test, gender, age, education status, marital status, income status and housing status have significant differences among fish ponds. Also, the flood has led to the destruction of the village's environment. Key words: floods, losses, damages, farms, fish breeding, salmon   

   شناسايي سطح‌كلي تاب آوري فرامحلي سكونتگاه هاي روستايي نسبت به خشكسالي به منظورحكمراني خوب روستاها از اهميت و جايگاه خاصي برخوردار است،چراكه با شناسايي و رتبه بندي تاب آوري فرامحلي روستاها،اتخاذاستراتژي هاي مديريتي متناسب براي كاهش آسيب هاي ناشي از خشكسالي ميسر مي گردد.هدف كلي اين تحقيق ارزيابي تاب آوري فرامحلي سكونتگاه هاي روستايي بخش شاهو شهرستان روانسر در مواجهه با خشكسالي است.تحقيق كمي حاضر به لحاظ ماهيت از نوع كاربردي و از لحاظ روش بررسي از نوع توصيفي-تحليلي است كه به دنبال اولويت بندي تاب آوري فرامحلي بخش شاهو شهرستان روانسر نسبت به خشكسالي با بهره گيري از تكنيك تاپسيس است و سه گام اساسي دارد.داده هاي جمع آوري شده با استفاده از نرم افزار  ، تحليل شدند جامعه اماري تحقيق شامل دو دهستان قوري قلعه و منصور آقايي كه داراي 9 روستا مي باشد با استفاده از فرمول كوكران حجم نمونه 285 نفر تعيين گرديد. براي امتيازدهي و سطح معناداري ابعاد و شاخص­ها از آزمون T تك نمونه­اي و براي ضريب همبستگي و ارتباط معناداري تاب آوري فرامحلي و خشكسالي سكونتگاه هاي روستايي از ضريب همبستگي اسپيرمن وكاي اسكوئر استفاده شده است .نتايج تحقيق نشان مي دهد كه در بين شاخص‌هاي تاب‌آوري فرامحلي سكونتگاه‌هاي روستايي در برابر خشكسالي، بالاترين ميانگين نمرات شاخص‌ها مربوط به روستاي بزگوره مي­باشد و كمترين آن مربوط به روستاي قلعه‌گاه است. همچنين روستاهاي اين دهستان در سه سطح مطلوب، متوسط و نامطلوب رتبه­بندي شدند‌كه روستاي بزگوره شرايط مطلوب­تري نسبت به بقيه روستاها دارند و مابقيه چندان شرايط مساعدي ندارند. كليد واژه: تاب‌آوري فرامحلي،خشكسالي، سكونتگاه هاي روستايي، دهستان هاي قوري قلعه و منصورآقايي شهرستان روانسر

   The present thesis is concerned with the influence of Brecht’s “Epic Theatre” theory on the selected works of two English dramatist. Its main purpose is to critically analyze the effect of Brecht’s “Epic Theatre” theory on the work of two modern English dramatists: John Arden (1930-2012) and Edward Bond (1934- ). To achieve this purpose, this thesis will read Brecht’s The Three Penny Opera (1928) and The Private Life of the Master Race (1938) to analyze his influence on Arden’s The Island of the Mighty trilogy and Bond’s Saved and The Fool. A dimension of Brecht’s influence is that he has promoted the development of 20th-century drama. Also, his “epic theatre” is a new genre in political drama that provides a constructive criticism of life in this period. However, what distinguishes Brecht’s theater is Alienation Effect. Brecht’s theatrical technique is a method for detachment, one that leads to the separation of the audience from the character, which causes the former feel that he is other than the latter. Consequently, the researcher studies John Arden’s The Island of the Mighty and Edward Bond’s Saved and The Fool to trace how elements of Brecht’s Epic Theatre theory are manifested in the selected plays. The elements that the researcher needs to investigate include as family disintegration, individual alienation, and social violence. Moreover, the principles of moral training which mirror Brecht’s stylistics can be focus of this study. Key words: Epic theatre, Bertolt Brecht, English drama, Alienation Effect, Edward Bond, John Arden

   The present research is a stylistic study. It takes to analyze comparatively the prose style of J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye (1951) and Helene Cixous’s Inside (1969), in light of Cixous’s theory of “Feminine Writing”. So, this research tries to do a double task, because it will attempt to explode the borderlines of language and literature, which means that more than one time it will come and go between the former and the latter. The researcher focuses on how the stylistic features of language operate in Inside and The Catcher in the Rye. So the analysis of the feminine use of language in the former in comparison with the masculine application of it in the latter is the main job of this research. It is thus that Cixous theorizes that the women’s language and their act of writing are the best spaces (means) of their new existence against the traditionally linear patriarchal discourse. Inside and The Catcher in the Rye are the works of a female and a male author respectively. So, language takes different functions in them, and the main concern of this thesis is to provide a critical analysis of feminine versus masculine roles of language in these novels. Notwithstanding, analyzing these literary texts in light of a feminine theory of writing, the present thesis intends to provide the readers with a chance to read fiction from a feminine perspective. And the main characters of Cixous and Salinger are different in gender, because one of them is a male while the other one is a female.   Keywords: Ecriture Feminine, Medusa, Phallocentrism, Logocentrism, Stylistics, Writing the body

   Abstract:   efore the formation of the Safavids, the province of Kermanshahs was called Kurdistan together with the states of Lorestan and Kurdistan. In this province, independent and scattered tribes and clans lived in every corner and they had fortifications and castles for their protection. Ilat were elected by the people of the same ilat and in fact, they were ruled by an al-Tawaifi monarchical government. After the establishment of the Safavid kingdom in Iran, Shah Ismail decided to create a unified country and remove the rule of the al-Tawaifi monarchs. The Safavids express that the land of the Kermanshahs and especially the Kalhor region on the border between Iran and the Ottomans was extremely important for the Safavids. Kermanshah finds a special place from a political, military (confrontation with the Ottomans), communication (Atbat Gate) and economic point of view. Ardalan and Lorestan governorates will be taken by the Safavids themselves, so Shah Ismail chooses his greatest commanders to rule that region for a strong confrontation with the Ottomans. This method of selection will last for a hundred years It is continued by his successors. During this period, the Kalhor clan is dissatisfied with this choice and there are rebellions that are suppressed by the Safavid troops. The history of Kermanshah during the Safavid and Afshariyya periods is divided into three different periods, from the period of Shah Ismail to Shah Abbas can be called the period of establishment and consolidation of Safavid rule in Kermanshah. The second period from Shah Abbas to the end of Shah Suleiman's reign is the peak and flourishing period of Kermanshah, and the thir In the first period, due to the military and communication importance of Kermanshah, Qezelbash emirs were sent from the court of Isfahan to administer Kermanshah. and became the powerful foundations of the Safavids. Due to the important political and military services they performed for the Safavid dynasty, the elites of the Zanganeh family received large lands as royalties and gained a lot of power, and at times they were also in charge of the government in 1047 AH. Safi Shahrukh Khan chooses Zanganeh to be the ruler of Kermanshah, and this period is the beginning of the revival and development of Kermanshah's urbanization and independence from Ali Shekar's territory. The Zanganeh family has held this position and position in the city of Kermanshah for a hundred years until the end of the Safavid rule over Iran. The state of Kermanshah reached a high level of growth and progress during the reign of Sheikh Ali Khan. Undoubtedly, the reign of Sheikh Ali Khan is the brightest historical period of Kermanshah in the Safavid era. He tries to revive the historical place of Kermanshah

   Abstract In the 19th century, due to its geopolitical position and its location on the borders of the two Ottoman and Qajar governments, Sulaymaniyah has always undergone many political changes. In such a way that many times with political interference and numerous attacks by the Ottomans and Qajar, they also violated its political sovereignty and by dismissing and installing its rulers, they caused the disorder in the situation in this region. The result of these political irregularities; The decrease in the security level of the citizens was the political, cultural, economic and civil backwardness of this land. During the rule of the Ardalan and Baban families over this region, they were forced to compromise and maintain the balance of power between the two neighboring Ottoman and Qajar governments in order to maintain their existence. This research investigates the political, social and economic life of the city of Sulaymaniyah in the 19th century by using historical research method with descriptive qualitative approach and Analytical and using the method of library resources and with the tool of collecting historical data, >With the emergence of Baban, the city of Sulaymaniyah was built as a political capital. From an economic point of view, due to the geographical and climatic location of Sulaymaniyah, it was possible to expand agricultural production, horticulture, animal husbandry, industries and professions, as well as trade. Also, from the social point of view, following the attention of the rulers of this land to science, it led to the growth of schools and the promotion of science and knowledge. As a result of paying attention to the Kurdish language and the literary promotion of the Sorani Kurdish dialect, poets such as Nali, Salem and Kurdi appeared. Keywords: Ardalan Emirate, Mirneshin Baban, Sulaymaniyah political history, Sulaymaniyah city.

مطابق دين مبين اسلام، طلاق حق زوج است و زوجه در اين امر اختياري ندارد، ليكن اين امر قابل توكيل به غير و از جمله شخص زوجه است. مشهور فقها قائل به جواز توكيل در طلاق هستند، اما در خصوص وكالت زوجه در طلاق خودش، اختلاف نظر دارند. عده اي از ايشان قائل به ممنوعيت توكيل وي در طلاق هستند, ليكن مشهور فقها معتقدند كه وكالت وي در طلاق خودش جايز است. مقنن نيز به تبعيت از قول مشهور فقها، در ماده 1138 قانون مدني به طور كلي وكالت در طلاق را پذيرفته و در ماده 1119 قانون مزبور، وكالت زوجه در طلاق را جايز دانسته و مقرر كرده كه زوجين مي‌توانند هر شرطي را كه مخالف مقتضاي عقد نكاح نباشد در ضمن آن يا عقد لازم ديگر درج نمايند. بر اين اساس زوج مي تواند وكالت زوجه در طلاق را ضمن عقد نكاح يا هر عقد لازم ديگري و يا حتي به صورت قراردادي مستقل شرط كند. زوجين مي‌توانند وكالت زوجه در طلاق را به به صورت مطلق، شرط نمايند يا اينكه به طور مقيد ومشروط به تحقق اموري قرار دهند. در صورتي كه شرط توكيل زوجه در طلاق به صورت مطلق باشد، زوجه هر زماني كه بخواهد، بدون نياز به اثبات امر خاصي مي‌تواند، به نيابت از زوج خود را مطلقه نمايد. اين شرط صحيح و معتبر است، اگرچه بعضي از حقوقدانان معتقدند كه تفاوتي با حق مستقل زوجه در طلاق ندارد و مغاير مصلحت نظام خانواده است. در صورتي كه وكالت مقيد زوجه در طلاق نيز شرط شود، زوجه بايد تحقق امور مشروط را اثبات نمايد. بند هاي دوازده گانه قسمت ب سند نكاحيه نيز از اين قسم بوده و زوجه در صورتي مي‌تواند خود را مطلقه نمايد كه وقوع آن را اثبات كند. در اين پژوهش ضمن تبيين اين شروط دوازده گانه، رويه قضايي حاكم بر محاكم خانواده، نظريات مشورتي و آراي وحدت رويه در اين خصوص نيز تحليل مي‌شود و كوشش مي‌شود كه نقد هاي وارده بر آن ها نيز بيان گردد و ايرادات آن ها برطرف شود. رأي وحدت رويه 716 نيز كه در اين زمينه صادر شده است، شرط وكالت زوجه در طلاق به علت نكاح مجدد زوج را در شرايط نشوز زوجه محقق نمي‌داند و از اين رو انتقاداتي بر آن وارد است، چرا كه تمكين يا عدم تمكين زوجه در تحقق يا عدم تحقق اين شرط تأثيري ندارد و ميان تمكين و انتفاي وكالت ارتباطي وجود ندارد. اين در حالي است كه رويه قضايي پيش از صدور رأي وحدت رويه 716، نشوز زوجه و به تبع آن اذن دادگاه بر نكاح مجدد زوج را مانع اعمال وكالت زوجه در امر طلاق نمي‌دانست و صرفاً رضايت زوجه به نكاح مجدد، به تصريح مفاد شرط دوازدهم، مانع تحقق آن مي‌گشت. از اين رو، در اين پژوهش ضمن تبيين وضعيت حقوقي شرط وكالت در طلاق، به ويژه وكالت زوجه در طلاق خودش از منظر فقها و حقوقدانان، مباني استدلالي رويه قضايي محاكم، پيش از صدور رأي وحدت رويه 716 و استدلالات ديوان عالي كشور در صدور آن، بررسي مي‌شود. اين پژوهش از نظر نوع، كاربردي بوده و تحليلي توصيفي است و با استفاده از روش كتابخانه اي و بهره گيري از منابع فقهي و حقوقي و با تكيه بر رويه قضايي محاكم نگاشته شده است.   

According to American exceptionalism ideology, United States of America, because of its unique historical context and social and political structures, is assumed superior than other nations of the world. This line of thought has led Americans to believe that they possess the best sets of values and culture. Because of their presupposed supremacy, Americans believe that they have a special mission to lead humanity toward peace and salvation. American literature, as an integral part of American culture, has been more or less under the influence of American exceptionalism ideology. Vonnegut’s Cat’s Cradle and Cormac McCarthy’s The Road as a well-known American post-modern fiction are no exception. The satiric style and critical viewpoint of Cat’s Cradle toward the established American values and religion make it a good text for the study of American exceptionalism ideology. On the other hand, McCarthy’s The Road illustrates a destroyed America which is quite different from the one that we know today, therefore it is worthwhile to study the narrative to see if American exceptionalism ideology still persists in post-America. This research aims to study three features of American exceptionalism which are most prominent in American fiction in the narrative of these novels. These features include: American hero, American journey, and American mission.  

  The way an individual presents himself to others depends upon the society in which he lives.Urban life in twenty first century has formed its residents into complex individuals whoseidentity and destiny is closely tied to the society’s influences. My thesis approaches ZadieSmith’ NW through the lens of Baudrillard’s theory of hyperreality, in order to demonstratethe presence of hyperreality in the setting of the story as well as in each of the characters’behavior. As the border between reality and simulation grows faint, hyperreality advents. Onthe other hand, what the society expects of each individual is to adjust herself with the normsoffered by it, and the modern urban society of northwest London demands no less from itsresidents. In the case of the characters of NW, what is lost amid their efforts to present a moreacceptable self for the society is their true identities. Finding the reasons why and how thesociety affects and forms its individuals is another important aspect in studying hyperreality.Thereby in this research first the Baudrillardian concepts of hyperreality and simulation aswell as his social theories about media and technology and their relation to one another areelucidated. After that, the social influences that Baudrillard finds significant and those thatSmith has depicted as influential are compared to determine whether hyperreality is a validelement of influence on the characters of NW.Keywords: identity, Zadie Smith, urban life, hyperreality, sociology, Baudrillard

             The Zonation of Regions on Rockfall Hazards in the North of Kermanshah City.

Assessing Vulenerabilty of Karstic Aquifers in Kermanshah Plain and Bistoon-parao Mass Using COP Model  

This thesis uses Friedrich Nietzsches philosophy and in particular the notions of Slave Morality and Master Morality, to analyze the characters of Look Back in Anger (2002) by John Osborne and Death of a Salesman (1998) by Arthur Miller. For this purpose, Nietzsches related theories will be briefly presented, and then those theories will be used as touchstones in the analyses of the plays. Morality and moral values are the fundamental aspects of life, and the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche is one of the few thinkers who have challenged these issues in its global dimensions. Nietzsche has carried out a genealogy in two main aspects of morality. One of them is the state of being slave to those moralities which are based on pre-established laws, while the other is about taking control of ones own life through formulating sets of values which resist impositions. Nietzsche (1998) believes that Christianity, through promoting modesty, has systematically destroyed aristocratic values. This has led to the birth of "Resentment" among ordinary people, whom he identifies as "the herd". According to Nietzsche, following pre-written values in vain can nevertheless makes us slaves, and only through Will to Power, one can reach master morality. Nietzsche (2002), however, identifies people with master morality as ‘noble’ and pious, describing them the ones who have devised their own values, while they do not see any need for other peoples approval. He adds that that the nobles believe that they prescribe values to things and, therefore, they are ‘value makers’. That can, therefore, enjoy self-reliance, gaiety, and self-valorization. But the ones with Slave Morality are weak, and are always jealous of the power, and the excellence of the noble. Indeed, in their value system, they are dependent upon others.Understanding Master Morality, Slave Morality, Will to Power and the nobles   independence of will are essential for recognizing the dramatizations of these, and their effects on the characters of Look Back in Anger and Death of a Salesman. Accordingly this thesis considers Willy Loman as an actual low man who cannot bear changes and constantly feels bad toward his upper classes. >Keywords: Nietzsche, John Osborne, Arthur Miller, Look back in Anger, Death of a Salesman