This study was conducted with the aim of elucidating the relationship between gamification and customer engagement in online businesses and of proposing an integrated conceptual model in this domain. The central research question concerned the mechanisms and elements through which gamification can enhance the emotional, cognitive, and social dimensions of customer engagement within digital environments. The research employed an exploratory mixed-methods approach and was carried out in two qualitative and quantitative phases.    In the qualitative phase, qualitative data were collected through a systematic thematic analysis of the existing literature as well as semi?structured interviews with 12 academic and professional experts in the fields of management, entrepreneurship, psychology, economics, and education. Participants were selected through purposive sampling based on expertise, academic background, and relevant professional experience, and data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. The interview data were analyzed and categorized using open, axial, and selective coding. Based on the results of the qualitative analysis and themes extracted from the interviews, the dimensions and elements of gamification were identified, and the conceptual model of the study was developed.    Findings from this phase indicated that gamification in online businesses is not limited to commonly known mechanical elements such as points, badges, medals, leaderboards, levels, missions, and immediate feedback. Rather, a set of emerging, experience?based elements—directly derived from the qualitative data and semi?structured interviews—also affects various dimensions of customer engagement. These emerging elements included self?expression through identity representation and enhanced psychological ownership; the creation of pleasure as a positive emotional experience; purposeful and staged accomplishment of missions and levels; long?term motivation focused on sustained interaction; problem?solving ability through cognitive challenges; meaningful role?playing; the use of simulators for risk?free real?world experiences; implicit learning through indirect interaction; and the capability to combine physical and cognitive aspects simultaneously. These components collectively addressed the identity?related, emotional, cognitive, and social facets of user experience.    In the quantitative phase, the statistical population consisted of customers and users of online businesses, selected through convenience sampling. The sample size, determined using Cochran’s formula for infinite populations, was 387 participants, and data were collected via a researcher?developed questionnaire. Quantitative data analysis was conducted at both descriptive and inferential levels. Initially, descriptive statistics, demographic characteristics, tests of normality, and instrument reliability (via Cronbach’s alpha) were examined using    software, and the results confirmed adequate reliability and suitability of the data for more advanced analyses. Subsequently, to test the conceptual model and research hypotheses, structural equation modeling using the partial least squares approach was performed through SmartPLS software.   

   One of the main problems for countries with oil resources is the existence of Dutch disease, during which, with the abundance of oil revenues, on the one hand, it is faced with a decrease in the exchange rate and on the other hand, with a decrease in competitiveness. The combination of these factors causes the economy to be highly vulnerable to external fluctuations. In this regard, the present study uses Iranian economic statistics during the period 1992-2023 and applies the ARDL approach to assess the impact of Dutch disease on the Iranian economy, focusing on the dynamics of the exchange rate and export diversity. The results of the present study show that there is a kind of causality from oil exports to the exchange rate and export diversity, but ARDL estimates show that oil revenues have improved the value of the national currency in the short term, but in the long term this effect is not statistically significant. Also, oil revenues have reduced export diversity in both the short and long term and have significantly increased the possibility of the emergence of Dutch disease. Therefore, the existence of Dutch disease in the Iranian economy has been confirmed, but given the decrease in foreign income, n recent years, this phenomenon has become less. Industrialization in the economy has significantly reduced the impact of the emergence of Dutch disease, and this is due to the nature of the development of the industrial sector in the growth of technology and innovation, ultimately foreign investment in the Iranian economy has not had a significant effect on export diversification. Therefore, improving diplomacy to remove economic sanctions and using the capacity of foreign direct investment to strengthen export diversification and using oil revenues to improve infrastructure to encourage the entry of the private sector are the most important policies to avoid Dutch disease.

 Iran’s economy is among those in which energy consumption is heavily subsidized; as a result, domestic energy prices are low compared to neighboring countries. This has led to inefficient energy use, and international statistics classify Iran as a high energy?intensity economy. At the provincial level, there is also a considerable gap in energy intensity that cannot be fully explained by standard determinants such as industrialization, urbanization, GDP, and financial development; part of this gap is due to unexplained factors that conventional models cannot capture.Using provincial data for 2007–2020 and a decomposition?model approach, this study estimates the contribution of industrialization, GDP, urbanization, population, and financial development to energy intensity. The GMM estimation results show that industrialization, economic growth, and financial development have a negative and significant effect on energy intensity, whereas population and urbanization exert a positive and significant effect. Finally, the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition indicates that about 93% of the gap in energy intensity and 70% of total energy consumption can be explained by these factors, while the contribution of smuggling and improper consumption patterns is about 7% of the intensity gap and 30% of energy use. Accordingly, designing appropriate economic structures that reinforce the negative impact of the above factors on energy intensity is a key policy priority for Iran’s economy.

  The unemployment rate, as one of the macroeconomic indicators, has had a wide impact on various aspects of the social and economic life of societies. The happiness and psychological well-being of citizens are also among the variables that are affected by the increase in the unemployment rate. Scientific study and quantitative estimation of the impact of the increase in the unemployment rate on happiness are of particular importance, which are addressed in this research. In the research model, the happiness index is considered as the dependent variable and the unemployment rate as the independent variable. In addition, variables such as inflation, per capita income, economic growth rate, trade openness and exchange rate are also considered as control variables. The research method is descriptive-analytical and has an econometric approach. The quantile regression technique is used to examine the effect of independent and control variables on happiness. The data used will be collected from reputable national and international sources for the period 2005 to 2023.

   purpose: This study aimed to investigate the impact of creative drama on enhancing prosocial behavior, empathy, and self-regulation in preschool children.   Metod: The study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group. The statistical population included all preschool students enrolled in the 2024-2025 academic year. The sample consisted of 40 conveniently selected children (20 girls and 20 boys), randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group (20 children each). Both groups were pretested using three instruments: the Prosocial Scale from Goodman’s Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (1997), the Parent-Reported Empathy Quotient (EQ) by Auyeung et al. (2009), and the Self-Restraint Scale by Babadi & Meshkani (2010). The experimental group then participated in a one-month creative drama program (nine one-hour sessions) focused on enhancing prosocial behavior, empathy, and self-regulation, while the control group received no intervention. After the program, both groups were reassessed. Four weeks after the sessions, a follow-up test was administered to parents. The collected data on prosocial behavior, empathy, and self-regulation were analyzed using    software and ANCOVA.   Results: The ANCOVA results revealed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups. Children in the experimental group showed higher scores in prosocial behavior, empathy, and self-regulation after the creative drama intervention compared to the control group. Additionally, the data indicated that girls in both groups scored higher on average than boys, with female participants demonstrating greater improvement. The follow-up test confirmed the lasting effects of the intervention in the experimental group.   Conclusion: The findings suggest that creative drama positively influences prosocial behavior, empathy, and self-regulation in preschool children, enhancing their performance in these areas. In other words, creative drama proves to be an effective, engaging, and enjoyable educational tool for fostering these skills in children. Thus, it is recommended that creative drama be utilized in educational, clinical, and therapeutic settings as an indirect yet fun and interactive teaching technique to address challenges related to prosocial behavior, empathy, and self-regulation.   Keywords: Creative drama, prosocial behavior, empathy, self-regulation, preschool children

   Abstract:   Unemployment is one of the most significant socio-economic challenges facing developing economies, including Iran. A well-functioning labor market is essential for economic stability, social cohesion, and sustainable growth. Monetary policy and financial development are two crucial levers that policymakers can use to combat unemployment. These tools have been extensively studied in both developed and developing countries; however, their specific impacts in economies like Iran, with unique institutional and structural characteristics, require deeper exploration. Therefore, this study employs time series data from 2001 to 2022 to analyze how monetary policy instruments—including the money supply, interest rate, and exchange rate—along with a composite of three financial development indicators (Financial Development Efficiency Index, Financial Depth Index, and Structural Financial Development Index), affect the unemployment rate. Short-term dynamics will be assessed using a Vector Autoregression (VAR) model, while long-term relationships will be examined through a Structural Vector Error Correction Model (SVECM). The findings indicate that, in the short term, no clear causal relationship between monetary policy and unemployment is observed, and even unconventional reactions are present. However, in the long term, a significant equilibrium relationship stabilizes, whereby both expansionary monetary policy and financial development have a reducing effect on the unemployment rate. Financial development shows a weak impact in the short term but becomes the strongest factor reducing unemployment in the medium term, and its reducing effect persists into the long termveu, albeit with less intensity. Conversely, the interest rate has an unexpected negative effect on unemployment in the short term and a positive effect in the long term. Furthermore, currency depreciation reduces unemployment in the short term by boosting exports, but in the long term, as inflationary effects dominate, this relationship reverses. In conclusion, the results emphasize the necessity of adopting a long-term perspective in policymaking and aligning monetary policy with structural reforms in the labor market and financial system to achieve sustainable employment.    Key Words: Unemployment, Monetary Policies, Financial Development, Vector Autoregression (VAR), Structural Vector Error Correction Model (SVECM), Iran.

The present study was conducted in Kermanshah in 1404 with the aim of investigating the lived experience of teenage girls from parenting mothers with child-in-law experience. This study was applied in terms of its purpose and qualitative in terms of its implementation method, and was conducted using a phenomenological and descriptive approach. The statistical population of this study included all teenage girls in Kermanshah in 1404 who had the experience of parenting mothers with child-in-law experience. In this study, 17 teenage girls were selected according to theoretical saturation and purposive sampling. The method of accessing the research sample was through the researcher's visit to the first and second secondary schools in District 3 of Kermanshah province, and cooperation was requested from school principals who had access to the characteristics of teenage girls. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data, and a 7-step Claise method was used to analyze the data. After reviewing the data obtained from the research and coding, 134 conceptual codes, 43 subcategories, and 10 general categories were finally extracted from a total of 17 interviews. These 10 general categories included: mental health problems, self-actualization challenges, social deprivation, educational and training issues, harmful behaviors of the mother in parenting, future concerns, economic challenges, emotional problems, family challenges, and communication challenges with the mother. The results of the study showed that the mother's child marriage can affect various aspects of the lives of teenage girls in various ways. Family and marriage counselors should provide individuals with the necessary knowledge about the conditions of child marriage in premarital counseling. Therefore, it is essential to pay attention to this issue in married and family life.   Keywords: lived experience, teenage girls, mother's parenting, child marriage            

   In the contemporary world, fiscal decentralization has been considered as a solution to improve the efficiency, tra  arency, and financial sustainability of governments, especially in developing economies. This process, by transferring financial authority from the central government to local levels, can have significant effects on resource management and financial sustainability. However, the impact of fiscal decentralization on government financial sustainability in centralized economies such as Iran has been less comprehensively studied. This study aimed to analyze the effect of fiscal decentralization on government financial sustainability in 31 provinces of Iran during the period 1390-1402. Using the FMOLS econometric method and panel data, the effects of fiscal decentralization (FD), economic growth (GDP), inflation (INF), and unemployment (UN) variables on government financial sustainability (FS) were examined. The results showed that fiscal decentralization has a significant and negative effect on financial sustainability by reducing current expenditures and improves it. In contrast, economic growth, inflation, and unemployment weaken financial sustainability by increasing expenditures. These findings are consistent with the theories of fiscal decentralization and budget sustainability and emphasize the importance of strengthening the fiscal autonomy of provinces. By providing a framework based on provincial data, this study fills the gap in the research literature and offers suggestions for fiscal policymaking in Iran.

  One of

  Income inequality has always been regarded as one of the most significant political, social, and economic concerns worldwide. It is also one of the challenges that has drawn the attention of policymakers and economic authorities in Iran in recent decades. Therefore, identifying the factors influencing income distribution is crucial in policymaking. Accordingly, the present study seeks to empirically examine the relationship between fiscal policy (government expenditures, tax rates, and financial development) and income inequality (Gini coefficient) using the Markov-Switching approach, with quarterly data from 2001 to 2022. The results of the study indicate that the hypothesis of symmetry regarding the effects of financial development, government expenditures, and income taxes on income distribution in Iran during recessions and booms can be rejected. The impact of financial development, government expenditures, and income taxes—as indicators of fiscal policy—on income distribution is greater during booms than during recessions. These findings suggest that fiscal policy has asymmetric effects on income distribution in Iran.

Fair distribution of income is one of the obvious examples of social justice, and nowadays it is one of the main concerns of all countries, both developed and developing. Many researchers believe that the main reason for poverty in today's world is not the lack of income, but the unfair and unequal distribution of income. Dealing with income   inequality, which will eventually turn into economic and social inequality, is very important, and this will not be achieved unless the causes and factors affecting income   inequality are identified, evaluated and analyzed. In this regard, in this study, an attempt is made to investigate the effect of the cryptocurrency market on the income inequality of selected developing and developed countries using the panel data method during the period of 2019-2023.  

   Income inequality is one of the fundamental and enduring challenges of the Iranian economy, which has far-reaching effects on social dynamics, political stability, and economic growth. The increase in class gaps and the decrease in social justice are among the most important consequences of this phenomenon, which double the need to review economic policies. Accordingly, the present study was designed with the aim of examining in detail and empirically the asymmetric effects of monetary and fiscal policies on income inequality in Iran during the period 2011-2012. This study attempts to determine whether the response of income inequality to changes in macroeconomic variables - such as inflation, interest rates, taxes, and financial development - is the same in increasing and decreasing directions. To achieve this goal, seasonal data on the Iranian economy and the econometric model of the autoregressive model with asymmetric distribution lags (NARDL) have been used to analyze the difference in the effect of positive and negative shocks of these variables on income distribution more accurately.

The Iranian economy's heavy dependence on oil revenues has challenged financial sustainability, and the tax structure is a key tool to address this problem. This study examines the impact of components of the tax structure on Iran's financial sustainability during the period 1380-1402.    Time series data were collected from official sources and estimated using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method in two dynamic models. The first model confirms that wealth and import taxes reduce the budget deficit in the short and long run, but the norm and unemployment exacerbate the deficit in the long run. The second model shows an inverse relationship between tax rates and unemployment and the budget deficit in the long run, while economic growth and per capita income reduce it. These results are consistent with the theories of the Laffer curve, optimal taxation, and endogenous growth, and the error correction test confirmed the rapid adjustment of imbalances (50 to 209 percent in each period). This study emphasizes reforming the tax system by broadening the tax base and strengthening wealth and import taxes to reduce dependence on oil and ensure fiscal sustainability  

   In economic literature, financial development is considered one of the prerequisites for the economic growth and development of countries. Financial development significantly impacts economic reconstruction and contributes to long-term economic growth and the performance of relevant institutions. The development of financial markets is considered one of the necessities for the economic prosperity of a country. If financial markets are efficient, all elements of financial markets, including money and capital markets, will also have an efficiency and effectiveness index. Economic growth is known as the main engine of financial development. Increasing GDP and per capita income increase the demand for financial services. As the economy grows, companies and individuals have a greater need for financing; therefore, financial markets develop. Foreign direct investment also plays a key role in financial development as a transfer of capital, technology, managerial knowledge, and experience from developed countries to developing countries. In the most important stage, the effect of the explanatory variables on the dependent variable was analyzed using the generalized moments method, and the results are as follows: All coefficients have an appropriate level of significance, and the sign of the obtained coefficients is consistent with the expected sign of economic theories, and the detection coefficient is at an appropriate level. Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth, Gross Domestic Product (GNP), Financial Development, Generalized Method of Moments (GMM).

   بررسي كيفيت گزارشگري مالي از اهميت ويژه‌اي برخوردار است، زيرا اين امر نقش بسيار مهمي در تصميم‌گيري‌هاي مديريتي و سرمايه‌گذاري دارد. در اين راستا، ارزيابي دقيق و عميق كيفيت گزارش‌هاي مالي مي‌تواند به عنوان يك ابزار كارآمد براي تحليل و پيش‌بيني عملكرد شركت‌ها و ارزش‌گذاري آن‌ها عمل كند. از اين رو، اين تحقيق با هدف ارزيابي كيفيت گزارش‌هاي مالي بر اساس ويژگي‌هاي شركت و نقش آن‌ها در فرآيند گزارش‌دهي مالي و ارزش‌گذاري شركت‌ها انجام شده است. جامعه آماري پژوهش ، كليه شركت‌هاي پذيرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران در دوره زماني 1395 الي 1402 مي باشد كه پس از اعمال محدوديت‌هاي پژوهش، شركت ها به عنوان تعداد نمونه مورد مطالعه در اين پژوهش انتخاب مي شود. جهت تدوين مباني نظري موضوع پژوهش از روش كتابخانه‌اي و مطالعات اسنادي استفاده مي گردد. براي گردآوري اطلاعات مربوط به متغيرهاي پژوهش از صورت هاي مالي شركت هاي نمونه كه اطلاعات آن در سايت كدال و نيز نرم افزار رهاورد نوين درج شده استفاده شده است. پس از اندازه گيري متغيرهاي پژوهش، از تجزيه و تحليل رگرسيون چندگانه به كمك نرم افزار Eviews12 استفاده شد. نتايج نشان داد طولاني‌تر شدن چرخه عملياتي و نوسانات فروش منجر به كاهش كيفيت گزارشگري مالي و ارزش شركت مي‌شوند، در حالي كه اندازه بزرگ‌تر شركت با كيفيت و ارزش بالاتر ارتباط مثبت دارد. سن شركت و اهرم مالي تأثير معناداري بر كيفيت گزارشگري مالي و ارزش شركت نداشتند. اين يافته‌ها بر اهميت مديريت مناسب چرخه عملياتي و فروش و توجه به اندازه شركت در ارتقاي كيفيت گزارشگري مالي تأكيد دارند. كليدواژه:

  Today, trade openness is considered as one of the fundamental pillars in the process of economic globalization and the development of e-business. Reducing trade barriers and increasing international interactions not only provide the basis for the transfer of new technologies and increasing access to global markets, but also improve productivity, increase competitiveness, reduce transaction costs, and expand innovation opportunities. These factors, along with the expansion of digital infrastructure and the growth of e-commerce, can directly affect the improvement of social welfare indicators and the achievement of sustainable development. In this regard, the present study examines the impact of trade openness on the development of e-business in Iran and analyzes the relationships between key variables of the digital economy and international trade using the ARDL econometric model. The research findings showed that investment in digital infrastructure, improving the quality of communication services, and paying attention to the principles of sustainable development play a fundamental role in the growth of e-commerce in Iran. However, the results obtained indicate that trade openness in the current conditions of Iran has not had a significant effect on the expansion of e-commerce and the increase in the number of businesses with the electronic trust symbol (Einmod). This is due to several key factors: first, extensive sanctions and restrictions on trade and financial exchanges that have prevented Iran from taking advantage of the potential capacities of trade openness. second, the structural dependence of the economy on natural resources, especially oil and gas, and the fragility of the domestic economy against fluctuations in global energy prices. third, institutional and infrastructural weaknesses in areas such as tra  ortation, logistics, the banking system, and access to new technologies. At the same time, additional studies show that trade openness can indirectly and in the long term affect the development of e-commerce by facilitating technology transfer, increasing knowledge-based interactions, and creating competition in domestic markets. However, the realization of these effects requires the removal of structural barriers, institutional reforms, and improvement of international relations. Accordingly, the research results emphasize that policymakers, in addition to pursuing the expansion of trade interactions, should pay special attention to developing information technology infrastructure, strengthening the financial and banking system, and enhancing the competitive capabilities of domestic firms so that the positive effects of trade openness on e-commerce in Iran become apparent.

  رشد بي سابقه و اهميت جهاني بيت كوين و طلا علاقه به درك

Abstract Oil is one of the most crucial energy resources in the global economy, and its price fluctuations have significant impacts on national economies. This study examines the effect of oil price shocks on inflation in the MENA region (Middle East and North Africa) during the period 2010–2023 using the Panel Vector Autoregression (Panel VAR) model. For a more comprehensive analysis, the impact of oil price shocks was first estimated for all MENA countries, followed by a separate evaluation for oil-exporting and oil-importing countries. The results indicate that the effect of oil prices on inflation in oil-exporting and oil-importing countries has been dynamic and variable over time. In the initial phase, an increase in oil prices led to a decline in inflation in oil-exporting countries, which could be attributed to government management of oil revenues and price controls. In oil-importing countries, this relationship was initially indirect, possibly due to regulatory policies aimed at preventing the rise in production and consumption costs. However, in the subsequent phase, as oil prices continued to rise, the relationship between oil prices and inflation became direct. In oil-exporting countries, increased oil revenues resulted in higher liquidity, boosted domestic demand, and consequently led to inflation, a phenomenon that can be linked to Dutch disease. In oil-importing countries, the rise in production, tra  ortation, and import costs contributed to higher inflation rates. By the end of the study period, the impact of oil price shocks on inflation had moderated, likely due to economic adjustments to oil price fluctuations and the implementation of appropriate fiscal and monetary policies. The findings of this study emphasize that oil shocks have a significant effect on inflation in the MENA region; however, these effects have evolved over time and depend on each country's economic policies and structural conditions. These results can assist policymakers in adopting appropriate measures to mitigate the adverse effects of oil price volatility on inflation.

 In the present study, the aim is to examine the impact of variables on poverty in Middle Eastern countries, covering the period 2007-2020. Econometric methods are also used to examine the relationships between variables. The software used in this study is Eviews.

   On the one hand, the world is developing and the role of information and communication technology (ICT) and e-commerce is increasing day by day, and on the other hand, the environmental issue is an important issue at the global level. The aim of this study is to investigate the direct and indirect effects of information and communication technology on carbon dioxide emissions of large Asian emitters. This study uses panel econometrics to examine the relationship between information and communication technology and environmental quality in selected Asian countries over the period 1990-2022. The selected Asian countries are: China, India, Japan, Iran, Indonesia, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Kazakhstan, United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, Iraq, Philippines, Uzbekistan, Bangladesh, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, which respectively have the largest share in CO2 emissions in the world. In this study, the ICT indicators are: fixed telephone, mobile, Internet. The results of the cross-sectional dependence test indicate the existence of cross-sectional dependence between countries. In accordance with result of the result of unit root test, the cointegration test is used to examine the existence of a long-run relationship between the research variables. The results of this test indicate the existence of a long-run relationship between the model variables. Given the existence of   heterogeneity and autocorrelation, the FGLS estimator is used to estimate the model. According to the results obtained, renewable energy significantly reduces carbon dioxide and helps improve environmental quality. The N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve is confirmed in these countries. The results show that the direct effects of ICT indicators on carbon dioxide emissions are negative and significant, and the indirect effects from the trade channel are positive and significant. The net effect is negative and significant up to the threshold level of trade. At the threshold level, the net effect is zero and becomes positive after that. It is suggested to policymakers to consider information and communication technology and its benefits in formulating measures for sustainable development programs. It is also recommended that as economies move towards globalization and increased trade, the use of renewable energy instead of fossil energy is recommended.

One of the challenges that future humans face is the depletion of natural resources and environmental degradation. Given the importance of environmental issues, all countries are trying to minimize environmental damage by using appropriate methods while maintaining their economic goals, which is expected to be effective in this regard. In recent years, on the one hand, good governance has become a permanent issue in public sector management, and on the other hand, the process of economic growth and development of countries in recent decades has been such that environmental challenges have become one of the most important concerns of policymakers. In the present study, using data from selected Asian countries, which are among the largest producers of carbon dioxide in the world in terms of environment, the impact of governance in these countries on their environmental quality in the period 2001-2020 is examined. Using a threshold panel model, it is analyzed how good governance indicators affect carbon dioxide emissions-production. The indicators of good governance are: voice and accountability, government efficiency, rule of law, quality of regulations and supervision, political stability and control of corruption. Also, a composite index of good governance is constructed using principal component analysis and its effect on the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and production is examined. The cointegration test confirms the long-term relationship between the research variables. The results indicate that with the improvement of good governance indicators and exceeding the threshold level, the coefficients of production variables change in such a way that less carbon is emitted per unit of production. The greatest reduction in carbon dioxide emissions is seen in the rule of law index. In constructing the composite index of good governance, rule of law (45.7%), quality of regulations or supervision (44.02%), efficiency-government (43.94%), control of corruption (42.69%), political stability (36.58%), and voice and accountability (29.68%), respectively, play the greatest role in constructing the main component. Therefore, good governance is a solution for sustainable development, and solutions to improve institutional quality, especially with an emphasis on the rule of law and the quality of regulations and supervision, can be useful in improving environmental conditions and achieving sustainable development.   

   Today, one of the major global concerns is environmental issues. Climate change has widespread consequences for human society, including rising sea levels, the occurrence of extreme weather events, and disruptions to agriculture and biodiversity. Neglecting environmental changes affects human life in social and economic dimensions, potentially leading to a decline in welfare and quality of life. Financial development plays a key role in economic growth and development. By facilitating investments, increasing financial inclusion, and supporting economic stability, financial development contributes to economic growth. However, the question arises: What impact does financial development have on environmental quality? Does financial development lead to environmental degradation or facilitate its improvement? The aim of this study is to examine the impact of various financial development indicators on carbon dioxide emissions in Iran from 1981 to 2021. The reliability of the model's variables, considering structural breaks, indicates that all variables are either stationary at level or first difference. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), a composite index of financial development is constructed, with the bank deposit-to-GDP ratio playing the most significant role in forming the principal component. The estimation of linear and nonlinear ARDL models shows that renewable energy significantly reduces emissions and improves environmental quality, confirming the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in Iran. Both linear and nonlinear ARDL results indicate that financial development has a long-term impact on carbon dioxide emissions. A positive shock in financial development leads to a significant increase in carbon emissions, while a negative shock in financial development does not have a significant impact on carbon emissions. It is recommended that, alongside the improvement of financial development in Iran, the production and consumption of renewable energy should be increased to neutralize the negative environmental effects of financial development.    Keywords: Financial Development, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Renewable Energy, Iran, NARDL

   This research has identified and prioritized the factors affecting the development of IoT-based businesses. Given the rapid growth of IoT technologies and its impact on various industries, identifying and prioritizing these factors is essential to improve the performance and productivity of businesses. In this research, the existing literature on the Internet of Things and related businesses is first reviewed. Then, using analytical methods and statistical tools, the key factors affecting the development of these businesses are identified and prioritized. Initially, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with specialists and experts in the field of IoT in IT companies to identify the factors affecting the development of IoT businesses. After extracting the codes obtained from the interviews, the main concepts were identified, which included 6 factors: and to prioritize these factors, an AHP questionnaire was used, which was distributed among specialists and experts in the field of IoT. The results of the questionnaire were prioritized using Expert Choice software, which included the following factors in order: financial factor, technological factor, cultural factor, political factor, human factor, and managerial factor. The results of this study showed that factors such as investment in infrastructure and Internet network, as well as reducing product and cryptocurrency costs, are important components in the success of IoT-based businesses. Finally, this study provides suggestions for managers and decision-makers to improve and develop IoT-based businesses.

The trend of global economic dependence of countries due to the growth of cross-border trade, capital transfers, and economic globalization has been one of the most important phenomena of the last decade. This phenomenon, along with the many opportunities it has created, has caused many concerns, including employment and unemployment. In this study, the effect of foreign trade on employment in two groups of developed and developing countries for a specific period of time was examined through the combined data regression method. Based on the findings of the study, for developed countries, exports have a positive effect and imports have a negative effect on unemployment, and for developing countries, both exports and imports have become meaningless.

The market value of companies and stock prices can be significantly affected by various factors such as exchange rate changes, liquidity and inflation. The exchange rate has always influenced the behavior of active actors in the financial markets. On the other hand, the prosperity and development of the capital market in Iran can be one of the ways to attract and direct liquidity towards productive activities and achieve long-term and continuous economic growth. Based on this, the current research has investigated the effects of monetary policy uncertainty on Iran's stock returns using the auto-regression with extended intervals (ARDL) approach using annual time series data during the period 1370-1400. The research results show that the effect of monetary policy uncertainty, inflation and exchange rate on stock returns in the long term is significant.   

  Acquiring housing is one of the country's economic goals. One of the factors influencing housing prices is income distribution. With the improvement of income distribution, the price of housing decreases. Using the statistical evidence of Iran, the present study investigates the effect of income distribution policy on housing prices in the period of 1395-1400 in the provinces of Iran. In this regard, the panel data approach is used. The results obtained from this research show that income distribution has a positive and significant effect on housing prices. In other words, with the increase in income inequality, housing prices will also increase. Regarding housing demand, the results indicated a positive and significant effect of housing demand on housing prices.

Economic development is the aspiration of all nations, and a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for its realization is stable economic growth. Investment is also necessary for the realization of economic growth. Today, almost all development experts believe that the quality of governance plays a fundamental role in attracting capital, and on the other hand, the exchange rate is also one of the key variables affecting investment. Therefore, the present study seeks to examine the effect of the quality of governance and the exchange rate on investment in Iran during the period 1357 to 1401, considering the maximum available data and using the autoregression with extended lags (ARDL) method. The results of the study show that the quality of governance and the logarithm of GDP have a positive and significant effect on the logarithm of investment in the short and long term. However, the logarithm of the exchange rate and the nominal interest rate have a negative and significant effect on the logarithm of investment in the short and long term. Therefore, given the adverse effects of exchange rate fluctuations and uncertainty and good governance, in order to attract investment, it is necessary to avoid policies that exacerbate exchange rate fluctuations and to strive to improve governance.  

   One of the main problems of Iran's economy is the high inflation rate. Several factors are effective on the high inflation rate in Iran's economy, and their identification is of particular importance. In this research, the effect of commercial banks' debt and the government's budget deficit on inflation in Iran has been discussed. In this regard, the present study investigates the effect of commercial banks' debt and government budget deficit on the inflation rate in Iran's economy by using Iran's economic statistics during the period of 1385-1401 and applying the vector autoregression error correction method with distributional interval. The results of the estimates have shown that the debt of commercial banks to the central bank has a positive and significant effect on the inflation rate in the Iranian economy. This indicates the role and share of high-powered money on the high inflation rate of the Iranian economy. The results of the estimates have shown that the debt of commercial banks to the central bank has a positive and significant effect on the inflation rate in the Iranian economy. This indicates the role and share of high-powered money on the high inflation rate of the Iranian economy. Bank profitability variable also has a positive and significant effect on the inflation rate in Iran. Bank profitability variable also has a positive and significant effect on the inflation rate in Iran. Also, the estimation results show that non-current claims have a negative effect on the inflation rate in Iran. Also, the estimation results show that non-current claims have a negative effect on the inflation rate in Iran.

 In economic literature, financial development is considered as one of the necessities of economic growth and development of countries. Hence, paying attention to financial development and analyzing its effects on economic growth is of particular importance. Achieving the desired economic growth and development is impossible without the existence of efficient financial institutions and appropriate financial resources. On the other hand, today, the ability to achieve innovations by using creative human resources is known as the first step to turn knowledge into wealth. . Therefore, considering the key importance of innovation and institutional development in the economy of developing countries, the present study examines the impact of institutional development and innovation on financial development in 12 OPEC member countries during the period of 2010-2022 using the fully modified least squares method (FMOLS). ) pays. Based on the results obtained, the effect of institutional development and innovation on financial development in OPEC member countries during the period from 2010 to 2022 has been positive and significant.

  The role of energy poverty as one of the important factors in economic growth will provide the basis for economic development or lack of it. On the other hand, explaining the relationship between energy poverty and economic growth can play an important role in setting and formulating energy sector policies. From Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the relationship between energy poverty and economic growth in MENA member countries in the period from 2010 to 2022. The analysis of patterns is FMOLS, PVAR.According to the results obtained from the research, energy poverty has a one-way relationship with economic growth, and in the long term, it has a negative and significant effect on the economic growth of 14 MENA member countries in the period of 2010 to 2022.

      The present study aims to investigate the state of development and its obstacles in Lekstan. The theoretical approach of this research is based on the center-periphery approach, in this sense there are areas in the form of mother cities that have a high level of development and around them there are satellite cities that are not developed, to investigate the development status of its obstacles in Lekstan from the ethnographic research method and techniques Observation, interview and document review have been used to collect data. The results of the research indicate that according to the calculations based on the statistical yearbooks, Lakstan is at the level of deprived development in terms of physical, economic, cultural and social indicators. The most important obstacles to development in Lakstan are the settlement of nomads, land reforms and development programs. did Settlement of nomads in Lekstan was a deadly program accompanied by military repression. Ili structures fell apart and the nomadic way of life disappeared. This process caused a lot of material damage. Military interventions and war and flight for more than a decade destroyed the possibility of implementing modernization programs. The second factor was land reform. The dominance of small ownership and the mountainous nature of the region made it impossible to develop agriculture, and agricultural joint stock companies and cooperatives were not established. Capitalist relations and modernization processes such as road construction, educational and health infrastructures were carried out with a delay of several decades compared to other parts of the country and on a limited scale. Industries also did not grow. After the revolution, this situation continued for three decades and a large population migrated from Lekstan to small, medium, large and metropolitan cities. Since the mid-70s, road construction and rural development such as education and health facilities have been done with attention, but still this area does not have the economic potential to attract population and reverse migration.    Keywords: settlement of nomads, land reforms, development plans, development obstacles, migration, Lakestan

  The financial sector always plays a fundamental role in human development, on the other hand, the movement towards industrialization has increased the speed of human development. Therefore, the relationship between financial development and industrialization on human capital seems important and necessary. In this study, the impact of financial development and industrialization on human capital has been explained and considered by considering other variables affecting human development such as commercial freedom, government size and inflation. The time and place period used in this research is from 1357 to 1400 using the maximum available data for Iran. Based on this, the current research uses the autoregression method with extended breaks (ARDL) in time series to measure the effect of financial development and industrialization on human capital in Iran during the period (1357-1400). The research results show that financial development and industrialization have had a positive and significant effect on human development in Iran during the period (1357-1400). Economic growth and the size of the government have had a negative and significant effect on human development in Iran during the period (1357-1400) and commercial freedom has not had a significant effect.

  Abstract

   Abstract Extensive studies have investigated the role of institutional factors in the expansion of financial space and have shown that institutional factors play an essential role in increasing the government's income. Among the institutional variables, corruption has been one of the main indicators studied. Among the most important variables affected by corruption is taxes. Tax reforms are necessary to expand the tax base, increase the efficiency of government revenue and support development goals, which in turn strengthens the financial environment. But corruption can prevent these beneficial effects in the financial space. Corruption can prevent tax reforms or delay their implementation. Or by weakening the quality of public spending, eroding citizens' trust in the government and also eliminating any progress in policies that support tax compliance, it reduces fiscal space. The current research examines the effects of tax reforms and corruption control index on the business environment in MENA countries. Considering the non-linear effects using the panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) method, an attempt has been made to investigate the role of the corruption control index in modeling the impact of tax reforms on the business climate. In this research, the panel mild transition regression (PSTR) method has been used to investigate the effect of tax reforms by considering the fluctuations of the corruption control index. Time data related to the time period from 2000 to 2018 in MENA region countries were used and statistical analysis was done. The results of the research show that tax reforms have a positive and significant effect on the business environment. Also, the corruption control index plays a negative and significant role in determining the health of the business environment. Based on this, it seems that reducing tax corruption can help improve business conditions. By providing important and useful results, the current research will help the decision makers and policy makers of the region to formulate and implement more appropriate tax policies and also pay special attention to reducing corruption in this area.

  The limitation and scarcity of energy resources and the importance of energy in economic growth and development on the one hand and the impact of markets on economic growth and, consequently, the increase in energy consumption on the other hand, show the importance of studying the factors affecting energy demand and consumption. The development of financial markets deals with energy consumption in a group consisting of 53 developing countries and 47 developed countries. In this regard, using the method of analysis of fundamental factors and data from 2000 to 2022, capital market and banking indices are calculated and using the method of generalized moments (GMM). The stock market is examined in terms of energy demand, analysis and analysis of how different variables affect energy demand can help economic planners in the field of energy consumption management and achieving balanced development goals. In this research, the dynamic relationship between energy demand and stock market development in 53 developing countries and 47 developed countries during The period from 2000 to 2022 is examined using the generalized moments method (GMM), the model used is taken from the Sadroski (2010) article, which is as follows. In this regard, the energy demand (FD) and the stock market development index (P) are considered. The price of fuel (Y) will be a function of income (Energy). In this research, the panel data method will be used.

  On the one hand, one of the most important components of the country's upstream documents is productivity, and on the other hand, Iran's vulnerable economic structure to external shocks has increased the need to pay attention to the endogenous production structure that has the greatest effect on economic growth. Therefore, the main goal of the current research is to investigate the relationship between productivity and industry structure using statistical evidence of Iranian provinces for the period of 2010-2019 using the generalized moments approach. The results of estimating the industry structure using the index of the location coefficient show that Tehran province has industrial diversity and Bushehr province has the least industrial diversity, the causality results show that there is a kind of two-way causality between productivity and industrial structure, and based on the generalized moments approach, The productivity of the labor force has had a negative effect on the industrial consolidation, and in such a way that the productivity cannot be spread among the industrial sectors for whatever reason it has been created, also the industrial consolidation has had a negative effect on the productivity of the labor force, which indicates the absence of an endogenous structure. has it. Finally, human capital has caused the reduction of labor productivity and industrial consolidation, and financial development has not been able to create the endogenous structure of the industry. Therefore, focusing on creating an industry structure that is based on regional advantages is the most important proposed policy for this research. Keywords: industrial consolidation, labor productivity, generalized moments

  Economic growth is one of the important and

Forecasting the movement of stock market indices is one of the most important topics that is very important for investors, analysts and capital market experts. Due to the fact that the stock market is known as one of the most important financial markets in the world, forecasting stock market indices can be used as an important tool in the decisions of investors and analysts in the capital market. In the meantime, predicting the index of groups can help financial decision makers to make better decisions about the composition of their stock portfolio. There are many algorithms and methods for prediction. These algorithms are usually developed based on time series data analysis. For example, statistical and mathematical methods such as: linear regression, neural networks and machine learning algorithms can be used for prediction. The main goal of this thesis is to compare two artificial neural network models of multilayer perceptron (MLP) and autoregressive processes of cumulative moving average (ARIMA) to predict the indices of four selected stock market groups (automobiles and parts manufacturing, basic metals, pharmaceutical materials and products, and finished products). petroleum products). The time period of the data used in this thesis is from 01/01/1394 to 10/11/1401 on a daily basis. RMSE and MAPE evaluation criteria were used to compare the prediction accuracy of the models. The results showed that the MLP model has a better performance than the ARIMA model in predicting the two groups of automobiles and the manufacture of petroleum products and parts, and the ARIMA model performed better in the case of the two groups of pharmaceutical materials and products and basic metals.  

   Kuznets hypothesis is confirmed in both groups of countries. In both groups of countries, energy consumption and trade openness lead to a decrease in environmental quality, while good governance leads to an increase in environmental quality. ICT significantly leads to a decrease in environmental quality in developing countries. In developed countries, ICT has no significant impact on environmental quality, while access to the internet significantly improves environmental quality. Therefore, the effects of increasing carbon due to ICT development, such as direct and rebound effects, are greater in developing countries than the effects of reducing carbon due to ICT development, such as substitution effects. Considering the impact of ICT on economic growth and development, the use of renewable energy and energy consumption optimization is recommended in developing countries. Activating substitution effects (reducing outdoor activities using online tools) will also help improve environmental quality @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face {font-family:Calibri; panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swi   mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073697537 9 0 511 0;}@font-face {font-family:"B Zar"; panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4; mso-font-alt:Arial; mso-font-charset:178; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:8193 -2147483648 8 0 64 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; text-align:justify; text-justify:kashida; text-kashida:0%; text-indent:14.2pt; mso-pagination:none; direction:rtl; unicode-bidi:embed; font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"B Zar";}.MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:11.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"B Zar"; mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-ligatures:none;}.MsoPapDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; text-align:justify; direction:rtl; unicode-bidi:embed;}div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;}

AbstractBehavioral finance is one of the key topics in the field of finance and behavioral economics, which is particularly attractive for scientific and practical research. One of the determining factors of market movements is the sentiments of investors. In this context, it is important to study the role of behavioral biases in shaping investors' decisions and its impact on market efficiency. The current research seeks to find the effect of the most important behavioral biases, including the effect of tendency and herd behavior, considering the factor of risk perception on investors' decisions. The data of this research was collected through a questionnaire that was distributed among 384 stock market investors, also partial least square (PLS) method was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the effect of desire, herd behavior and risk perception have a positive and significant effect on investment decisions. Also, there is a negative and significant relationship between the effect of willingness and risk perception, finally it was found that herd behavior also has a significant effect on risk perception. In general, these results emphasize that behavioral and cognitive factors have an important impact on investment decisions and this point can be used in the analysis and prediction of financial and investment behaviors.   

  Abstract During the last three decades, the countries that are members of the Economic Cooperation and Development Organization have moved their production model towards the knowledge-based production model, especially the production of high-tech products, in order to increase the per capita income of their country. According to UNIDO data, in 2021, the largest share of Iran's industrial export structure is source-oriented, and the share of high-tech products is about half a percent, which has caused Iran's per capita income to be low compared to other countries in the region. The knowledge-based production method requires attention to the prerequisites for achieving this production model. South Korea is a successful example of the leading countries in the field of production and export of nanotechnology products. The set of actions of this country in its nanotechnology market includes the cultivation of human skills, the development of appropriate communication infrastructures, investment in research and development of high-tech products, attention to the importance of innovation, and the support of the South Korean government to small and medium-sized companies. In this research, following the introduction of the most important prerequisites for the realization of the knowledge-based production model, the most important variables affecting the growth of nanotechnology products in Iran, and also investigating the effect of each of the variables on the growth of nanotechnology products in Iran through the estimation of the GMM model over a period of time. 1390-1400 and introducing some policies for reforming production methods in Iran.According to the research findings, the cost of research and development, working manpower, capital stock and the degree of openness of the economy are the most important factors affecting the growth of nanotechnology products in Iran, as well as the importance of lifelong learning, the importance of innovation, information and communication infrastructures. Appropriate, change in management methods and government support are the most important prerequisites for the realization of this production method. In this regard, the most important strategic policies for increasing nanotechnology production, including science, technology, and innovation policies, as well as policies for direct support, indirect support, catalytic financial support, and policies for improving macro conditions and infrastructure development, have been introduced. Keywords: knowledge-based economy, nanotechnology, South Korea, strategic policies

  چكيده امروزه سرمايه اجتماعي نقش بسيار مهمتر از سرمايه فيزيكي و انساني در جوامع ايفا مي كند و شبكه هاي روابط جمعي و گروهي انسجام بخش ميان انسانها و سازمانهاست . از اين رو در غياب سرمايه اجتماعي، ساير سرمايه ها اثربخشي خود را از دست مي دهند و بدون سرمايه اجتماعي پيمودن راههاي توسعه و تكامل فرهنگي و اقتصادي ناهموار و دشوار مي شود و با تغيرات نرخ ارز در ارتباط است . لذا در مطالعه حاضر به بررسي تاثير تغييرات نرخ ارز بر سرمايه اجتماعي پرداخته شده است. تحقيق به لحاظ هدف از نوع مطالعات كاربردي و به لحاظ روش تحقيق از نوع مطالعات توصيفي – همبستگي مي باشد. از بين كليه شركتهاي پذيرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران با توجه به شرايط ورود به مطالعه در طي سالهاي 1376 تا 1396 تعداد 95 شركت به روش حذف سيستماتيك انتخاب شدند . نتايج نشان مي دهد كه تغييرات نرخ ارز بر سرمايه اجتماعي ساختاري، شناختي و رابطه اي در شركتهاي پذيرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران تاثير معني داري وجود دارد.

  چكيده : يكي از مهمترين موضوع هاي حسابداري كيفيت افشا و عوامل تأثيرگذار بر آن است. طبق مبناي نظري بهبود كيفيت افشا عاملي براي كاهش عدم تقارن اطلاعاتي و به­ تبع آن كاهش هزينه هاي نمايندگي ميان سهامداران و مديران مي­باشد. هدف اين پژوهش بررسي تأثير تخصص حسابرس بر رابطه بين پاداش مديران و كيفيت افشا در گزارشگري مالي است. با توجه به اهميت كيفيت افشا جامعه آماري اين پژوهش، كليه شركتهاي پذيرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران در طي سالهاي 1395-1399 است. در اين راستا پس از بررسي توصيفي اوليه متغيرهاي پژوهشي با كمك دو فرضيه، از مدل هاي رگرسيوني چند متغيره با داده هاي تركيبي استفاده شده است. باتوجه به اينكه افشاي به موقع و مربوط به ذينفعان در تصميم گيري هاي آنها مي­تواند كمك كند و همچنين در اين راستا كه پاداش مديران ارشد ميتواند مرتبط با افشا باشد يا خير، نتايج پژوهش حاضر ميتواند به قانون گذاران و استفاده كنندگان در مورد كيفيت افشا در گزارشگري مالي رهنمون دهد. نتايج حاصل از يافته‌هاي پژوهش حاكي از آن است كه بين پاداش مديران و كيفيت افشا رابطه‌ي مثبت و معنا دار وجود دارد و در اين ميان نقش تعديلي تخصص حسابرس بر رابطه‌ي بين پاداش مديران و كيفيت افشا تأثير معنا دار ندارد. كليدواژه­ها :   تخصص حسابرس ، پاداش مديران ، كيفيت افشا ·   چكيده : يكي از مهمترين موضوع هاي حسابداري كيفيت افشا و عوامل تأثيرگذار بر آن است. طبق مبناي نظري بهبود كيفيت افشا عاملي براي كاهش عدم تقارن اطلاعاتي و به­ تبع آن كاهش هزينه هاي نمايندگي ميان سهامداران و مديران مي­باشد. هدف اين پژوهش بررسي تأثير تخصص حسابرس بر رابطه بين پاداش مديران و كيفيت افشا در گزارشگري مالي است. با توجه به اهميت كيفيت افشا جامعه آماري اين پژوهش، كليه شركتهاي پذيرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران در طي سالهاي 1395-1399 است. در اين راستا پس از بررسي توصيفي اوليه متغيرهاي پژوهشي با كمك دو فرضيه، از مدل هاي رگرسيوني چند متغيره با داده هاي تركيبي استفاده شده است. باتوجه به اينكه افشاي به موقع و مربوط به ذينفعان در تصميم گيري هاي آنها مي­تواند كمك كند و همچنين در اين راستا كه پاداش مديران ارشد ميتواند مرتبط با افشا باشد يا خير، نتايج پژوهش حاضر ميتواند به قانون گذاران و استفاده كنندگان در مورد كيفيت افشا در گزارشگري مالي رهنمون دهد. نتايج حاصل از يافته‌هاي پژوهش حاكي از آن است كه بين پاداش مديران و كيفيت افشا رابطه‌ي مثبت و معنا دار وجود دارد و در اين ميان نقش تعديلي تخصص حسابرس بر رابطه‌ي بين پاداش مديران و كيفيت افشا تأثير معنا دار ندارد. كليدواژه­ها :   تخصص حسابرس ، پاداش مديران ، كيفيت افشا   

  urpose: The present research was conducted with the purpose of presenting the conceptual model of entrepreneurial university with a skill approach in Iraqi students of Razi University. Method: This research is exploratory in terms of its purpose and practical in terms of its use. The implementation method of this research is database. The statistical population of this research included experts, professors in the field of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs. The required data were collected using targeted sampling with the snowball method and semi-structured in-depth interviews with experts. Max Kyuda version 22 software was used for data analysis. . Based on the results of the research, the causal, contextual, intervening factors, main phenomenon and strategies and consequences were identified during three stages of open, central and selective coding using MAXQDA 2022 software. Findings: The findings showed that the obtained categories were categorized under 31 sub-categories and 12 main categories in 6 main categories, which causal factors include; Infrastructural factors and human factors, the central category including organizational factors and structural factors; The strategies mentioned monitoring and implementation and technology. Background conditions have been emphasized on organizational attitudes, beliefs and strategies, and include intervening conditions, legal factors, and political factors. Also, the consequences included financial and social factors. Results: Creating and expanding academic entrepreneurship requires simultaneous attention to all structural, content and contextual aspects. In addition to this, the implementation of the entrepreneurial university model requires the formulation of entrepreneurial policies and perspectives, conducting internal and external studies, the formulation of specific strategic and operational plans for each university, and the continuous implementation and evaluation of these plans.

  This study was

تورم و نوسانات آن بر اقتصاد هر كشور تأثير زيادي دارد كه در اين بين عدم توانايي سياست پولي براي كاهش نرخ تورم به دليل پايداري تورم، هنگامي كه انتظارات افراد به صورت عقلايي باشد، مسأله‎ي مهمي است. زماني كه مقامات پولي طبق صلاحديد خودشان عمل كنند، مي‎تواند يكي از عوامل مهم تورش تورمي باشد. بر همين اساس اهداف پژوهش حاضر به صورت بررسي پايداري تورم و امكان بازگشت تورم به ميانگين بلندمدت و همچنين بررسي اثر سياست‌هاي پولي بر تورم است.   

Central Asia is a vast land in the continent of Asia, which is usually considered to include the countries left over from the former Soviet Union, and includes the countries of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, as well as Afghanistan, which has geostrategic, geopolitical, geoeconomic and The geoculture of these countries at the regional level caused the attention and competition of regional and extra-regional powers to take advantage of the potentials of this region. In the meantime, the importance of this region for Iran and Israel as two actors with interests can be considered. The purpose of this research is to examine the reasons for the importance of Central Asia as a field for Iran and Israel's rivalry. This research was done with analytical-descriptive method. The information obtained from the research was obtained using the document-library approach. During this research, the role of Central Asia in Israel and Iran was investigated, and finally, its opportunities and challenges were examined in Iran.   

   Institutional investor Massive behavior and audit quality       Auditing with quality plays a great role in reducing information asymmetry and, as a result, reducing agency costs. In other words, by providing suitable conditions for providing quality information to users, auditors provide the necessary background to control the optimistic behavior of managers. Therefore, a strong regulatory mechanism prevents managers from using cash resources in low-return investments. The purpose of this investigation is the relationship between mass behavior of institutional investors and audit quality. The statistical research population of companies admitted to the Baghdad Stock Exchange and the studied sample includes 80 admitted companies during the years 2017 to 2021. The research method is descriptive and correlational in terms of the relationship between variables, and it is practical in terms of purpose. The regression method and panel data as well as the fixed effects model were used to process and test the hypotheses. The results of the hypothesis analysis showed that the collective behavior of institutional investors has a negative and significant relationship with the auditor's tenure, the collective behavior of institutional investors has a negative and significant relationship with the size of the auditing firm, and the collective behavior of institutional investors has a negative and significant relationship with the auditor's expertise in the industry. Keywords: collective behavior of institutional investors, auditor's expertise in the industry, auditor's tenure

  ميزان سرمايه گذاري شركت‌ها ميتواند ناشي از عوامل متعددي باشد. يكي از اين عوامل جريان وجوه نقد شركت و در واقع ميزان منابع مالي در اختيار براي تامين مالي پروژه‌هاي جديد است. اينكه تأمين مالي سرمايه گذاريهاي جديد در شركت از چه طريقي انجام شود؛ متأثر از تصميم‌هاي مديريت است ولي به‌طوركلي به نظر ميرسد كه هر چه جريانات وجوه‌نقدي شركت بالاتر باشد، ميزان سرمايه‌گذاريهايش افزايش يابد. هدف اين پژوهش بررسي رابطه خوش‌بيني مديريتي و حساسيت سرمايه‌گذاري جريان نقدي با نقش هزينه نمايندگي است. جامعه آماري پژوهش شركت‌هاي پذيرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران و نمونه مورد مطالعه، شامل 140 شركت پذيرفته شده طي سال‌هاي 1395 تا 1399 است. روش پژوهش توصيفي و از نظر ارتباط بين متغيرها تركيبي از علي-همبستگي است و از نظر هدف كاربردي است. براي پردازش و آزمون فرضيه¬ها از روش رگرسيوني و داده‌هاي تابلويي و همچنين مدل اثرات ثابت استفاده شده است. نتايج به‌دست آمده حاصل از تجزيه‌وتحليل فرضيه‌ها نشان داد كه خوش‌بيني مديريتي با حساسيت سرمايه‌گذاري جريان نقدي رابطه مثبت و معناداري دارد و هزينه‌هاي نمايندگي بر رابطه بين خوش‌بيني مديريتي و حساسيت سرمايه‌گذاري جريان نقدي تأثير مثبت و معناداري دارد. با توجه به نتايج پژوهش به مديران شركت‌ها پيشنهاد مي‌گردد كه به‌منظور كاهش هزينه نمايندگي، زمينه بهبود شفافيت اطلاعات و رقابتي شدن ارائه محصول خود را فراهم آورند و در صورت‌هاي مالي از خدمات حسابرسان متخصص براي اطمينان دادن به ادعاهاي خود استفاده كنند.

  Paying attention to economic growth as one of the goals of countries, especially developing countries, is of significant importance. One of the factors affecting sustainable economic growth is energy consumption. But on the other hand, sustainable economic growth can be a determining factor in energy consumption. The price of energy and the shock resulting from its fluctuations have always been interesting topics in macroeconomics, and there is considerable theoretical and empirical literature in this field. The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between oil and gas prices and sustainable economic growth in Iran. The data used in this research was collected seasonally and at the base price of 2010 in the period of 2000-2020 and analyzed through Excel and Eviews 9 software. The base model is the VAR model, which was used to investigate the causal relationship between two variables using the Granger causality and Toda-Yamumoto tests. The results showed that at the confidence level of 95%, it can be said that the first hypothesis of the research is accepted and there is a significant and positive relationship between oil price and economic growth in Iran. Also, at the confidence level of 95%, it can be said that the hypothesis of the research that sustainable economic growth is attractive to the price of oil and gas is accepted, and the amount of this elasticity is equal to 1.159.

In recent years, the most important issue that has been faced by the human society is the discussions related to the environmentt. Factors affecting the environment have caused pollution in the water and air, and these pollutions have caused global warming, which has caused many concerns for the world community. In this research, due to the importance of the environment, an attempt is made to examine energy efficiency. For this purpose, the effect of energy intensity variables (energy efficiency index), gross domestic product, energy consumption, degree of trade openness (trade liberalization), clean energy substitution on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions (environmental quality index) using the data method A panel was investigated during the period of 2000-2020. The results of the research show that the replacement of clean energy has a negative effect on the quality of the environment, and the variables of energy intensity, energy consumption, gross domestic product and the degree of trade openness have a positive and significant effect on the quality of the environment.   

   One of the goals of the green economy is to reduce the negative environmental effects caused by the use of natural resources in developing economies. This concept is related to the reduction of energy consumption, and more precisely, to the proper use of energy resources. For this reason, it seems that the changes in the use of fossil fuels in the last 25 years can be analyzed in countries with different levels of development. Examining the separation of economic growth from fossil fuels is a key task that few studies have addressed. This issue is also related to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, especially clean energy, as fossil fuels are still the main source of energy worldwide. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of economic freedom on the process of separating economic growth from fossil fuels. In the present study, the estimation method of the model is based on consolidated data. This integrated method uses time series data (2000-2020) and cross-sectional data of "developing countries (Iran, Brazil, India and China) and developed countries (USA, UK, Germany and France)".The software program used in this research is Eviwse9, Excel software program. The estimated models are presented in the form of multivariate linear regression models according to the research hypotheses. Based on the obtained results, the first hypothesis according to the results of the fixed effects model and the generalized least squares method, the economic freedom variable has a positive and significant relationship with the dependent variable (economic growth rate) and for one unit increase in Economic freedom variable, economic growth variable increases by 0.12 units. Therefore, at the 95% confidence level, economic freedom has a positive and significant effect on the process of separating economic growth from fossil fuels. For developed countries, the economic freedom variable has a positive and significant relationship with the dependent variable (economic growth rate) and for one unit increase in the economic freedom variable, the economic growth variable increases by 0.09 units. Therefore, at the 95% confidence level, economic freedom has a positive and significant effect on the process of separating economic growth from fossil fuels. Regarding the second hypothesis, in developed countries, the second hypothesis of the research was rejected, and in developing countries, except for a few specific years, The second hypothesis was rejected, that is, a positive relationship between economic growth and the amount of renewable fuel consumption was not observed.

  This research was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between parenting styles and depression symptoms with the mediator of psychological inflexibility in adolescents. The research method was correlational. A sample of 308 teenagers from Kermanshah schools was selected by cluster random method. The tools used were Coax depression questionnaires, Bamrind parenting methods, and avoidance and fusion. Data analysis was done with    version 27 and Amos version 24 software. The findings showed that the relationship between parenting styles and depression symptoms was significant, which was negative for the relationship between authoritarian style and depression symptoms, but positive for the relationship between authoritarian and permissive styles and depression symptoms, it also showed the relationship between authoritarian styles and Permissiveness was positive and significant with psychological inflexibility, but the relationship between authoritarian style and psychological inflexibility was not significant, also the relationship between psychological inflexibility and depressive symptoms was positive and significant, the indirect effect of authoritarian parenting style and permissive style on adolescent depression symptoms through significant psychological inflexibility but the authoritative style was only directly effective on the symptoms of depression, thus it can be said that this study shows the importance of positive parents and creating psychological flexibility in adolescents to prevent the risk of depression.

   توسعه اقتصادي مهم‌ترين آرمان كشورهاي توسعه نيافته است و زنان نه تنها به عنوان نيمي از جمعيت هدف توسعه، بلكه به عنوان تربيت‎‌كنندگان نسل‌هاي آينده، مربيان مهدكودك‌ها و نيمي از معلمان مقطع ابتدايي نقش بي بديلي در نهادينه كردن نگرش‌هاي توسعه‌اي دارند. بنابراين توانمندسـازي زنان يكي از مهم‌ترين الزامات تحقق توسعه است. بنابراين سوال اصلي پژوهش حاضر اين است كه قابليتهاي موردنياز زنان به منظور ايفاي نقش در فرايند توسعه چيست؟ و به چه ميزان محتواي كتب درسي آموزش پايه ويژه دختران براي توسعه اين قابليتها مناسب است؟   براي پاسخگويي به اين سوالات، پژوهش حاضر در مرحله اول با بهره­گيري از از روش اسنادي و مرور ادبيات جامع، فهرستي از قابليت­هاي اساسي براي پرورش دانش­آموزان در نظام­هاي آموزش پايه را شناسايي و به منظور بومي­سازي و انطباق آن با شرايط خاص توسعه­اي ايران، با به­كارگيري تكنيك دلفي مورد پيمايش 16 نفر خبرگان توسعه، آموزش و رواشناسي كه به شيوه نمونه‌گيري هدفمند انتخاب شدند، قرار گرفته است. نتايج حاصل از سه دور پيمايش دلفي و رسيدن به ضريب هماهنگي كندال برابر 7/0 و اجماع نظر 90 درصدي كه حاكي از اجماع نظر قوي بين خبرگان و اطمينان زياد نسبت به ترتيب عوامل است، 13 قابليت اساسي را پيشنهاد مي‌دهد كه به ترتيب اهميت عبارتند از: "تفكرانتقادي"، "خلاقيت و نوآوري"، "قانون مداري"، "حل مسئله"، "ارتباطات اجتماعي، همكاري و تعلق خاطر"، "خودمختاري"، "توانايي مباحثه"، "ادراك و صيانت از ديگر گونه­هاي حيات"، "انسجام اجتماعي"، "عقلانيت عملي"، بهره­گيري از عواطف"، "تصور روايتي" و "سلامت بدني".   در مرحلة دوم، براي تعيين وضع موجود نظام آموزش پايه از منظر توجه به قابليت­هاي اساسي براي اصلاحات نهادي موردنياز توسعه جهت توانمندسازي دانش­آموزان دختر، به تحليل محتواي كتاب درسي پاية هفتم پرداخته شده است. يافته­هاي اين بخش نشان داد كه در محتواي كتاب مورد بررسي، بجز توجه ناچيز به سه قابليت بهره­گيري از عواطف، ارتباطات اجتماعي و سلامت بدني به ساير قابليت­هاي نامبرده، يا توجه كافي صورت نگرفته و يا محتواي نظام­مند و مناسبي كه قادر به نهادينه­سازي قابليت­هاي مورد نظر در وجود دانش­آموزان(دختر) باشند، ارائه نشده است. يافته­هاي اين پژوهش نشاد داد كه از منظر توجه به قابليت­هاي مورد نياز براي اصلاحات نهادي بسترساز توسعه، وضع موجود نظام آموزش پايه ايران، نگرش­ها و حالت­هايي را تشويق مي­كند كه با اهداف برنامة درسي همخواني چنداني نداشته است و فاصلة معناداري تا رسيدن به وضع مطلوب آموزشي وجود دارد.

  The development and penetration of social networks and the increasing number of users of these networks have created a very suitable environment for launching and introducing new businesses, considering that after nutrition, which is the need for food (water, food, fruit, etc.) ), clothing is the second priority of family consumption, clothing is one of the basic human needs, it can be considered as one of the most suitable fields for creating a new business and entrepreneurship in the context of social networks. In this research, the effective components for starting and improving this type of business have been discussed. After reviewing the theoretical foundations and previous studies through the quantitative method and distributing 384 questionnaires among the respondents and analyzing the results using pls software, the research findings indicated that all the hypotheses have a significant effect and are confirmed. The variables of trust level, payment method and shipping method, product characteristics, taffeta buying, improving the supply and increasing the Internet penetration rate with the desire to buy customers have a positive effect and the lack of a single standard in sizing, it is not clear whether the negative effects on the customer's desire They are related to the purchase of clothes from social networks in the context of business. Therefore, those who are trying to start a business and entrepreneurship in this field should consider these factors and try to strengthen the positive effects and reduce the negative effects. The development and penetration of social networks and the increasing number of users of these networks have created a very suitable environment for launching and introducing new businesses, considering that after nutrition, which is the need for food (water, food, fruit, etc), clothing is the second priority of family consumption, clothing is one of the basic human needs, it can be considered as one of the most suitable fields for creating a new business and entrepreneurship in the context of social networks. In this research, the effective components for starting and improving this type of business have been discussed.

      AbstractGovernments apply monetary andfinancial policy during different periods based on the existing economicconditions. Therefore, according to the adopted monetary instruments, theeffectiveness of monetary policies is different. The important point is theimpact of monetary policies on other components of the economy. In the currentresearch, the relationship and impact of monetary policies on the exchange ratein Iranian economy during the years 1978 to 2021 based on time series data,using Eviews software and using cointiqrate techniques in econometrics,especially its dynamic auto regressive distributed the lag   model (ARDL) with distributionalinterruptions and error correction model are studied and investigated. Theresults of the regression model showed that the variables of interest rate,inflation rate, gross domestic product and the volume of money in circulationhad a significant effect on the exchange rate in Iran and were able to predictthe exchange rate during the period of time in Iran. These variables or eachother have been able to predict 95% of the variance of the exchange rate inIran. The long-term relationship estimation test also showed that allindependent variables had a significant effect on exchange rate fluctuations inIran.Keywords: Monetary Policies, Exchange Rate, Auto RegressiveDistributed The Lag (ARDL), Erorr Correction Model.

  Improving the quality of the environment is one of the most important goals for improving well-being and reducing the negative side effects of economic growth. Economic growth has caused an increase in the emission of pollutants due to two inevitable and inefficient effects. In order to reduce the inefficient effect, the present study is based on using the statistical evidence of Iran's provinces for the period of 2018-2019 and applying the econometric approach of panel data to investigate the effect of financial development on carbon dioxide emissions. The results of the estimates show that energy intensity and GDP have increased carbon dioxide emissions, but the square of GDP has decreased carbon dioxide emissions, thus confirming Kuznets' environmental hypothesis. Finally, financial development has had a negative and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions, and it indicates the importance of financial development as one of the most important factors in reducing the ineffective share of carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, directing credits towards innovative and technological sectors in the field of energy consumption, improving urban structures to take advantage of scale effects, increasing and improving production technology are the most important proposed policies to reduce pollutant emissions. Keywords: environmental degradation, financial development, panel data approach.

   Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the role of the public library in the social and economic development of society, from the perspective of users of public libraries. Methodology: The present study is applied-developmental and descriptive-survey. The statistical population of the present study is all members of Kermanshah public libraries (26933 people by the end of December 1398). According to the Cochran's formula, 379 people were selected as the sample. The sampling method used in this study was simple random. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The reliability of the questionnaires was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and was equal to 0.83, which indicates that the questionnaire has a good reliability. Then, to analyze the data and test the research questions from descriptive indicators (frequency distribution table, mean and standard deviation), T-sample test, independent t-test and two-way analysis of variance in    software S was used Findings: The results show that there is a significant difference between the average social and economic development of the community with the average value and the average obtained is larger. In other words, public libraries play an important role in the social and economic development of society. Conclusion:   The results of data analysis showed that public libraries have an effective role in social and economic development and have the greatest impact on the welfare index, purchasing power parity, social justice, quality of life and per capita income, respectively. In different genders and different levels of education, there is no significant difference between the average respondents' opinions about the role of public libraries on the social and economic development of society, but 10 married respondents acknowledge the role of public libraries more than single people. Keywords: Economic Development, Social Development, Public Library, Public Library Users, Kermanshah

  In today's world, when it comes to economic problems, the lack of physical capital is often cited as one of its biggest problems, and there is no mention of social capital. At the same time, the need for social capital is felt more than any other capital in the face of recession or inflation, which requires confidence-building. Accordingly, the present study has estimated the role of social capital in supporting national production during the years 1370 to 1399 using the ARDL approach. In this regard, the results have shown that in the short and long term, social capital has a positive and significant effect on the share of the industrial production sector in gross national income

  Ensuring social justice and eliminatingpoverty and deprivation by creating a balance in the distribution of income andwealth among members of society is considered and emphasized in theconstitution. In the meantime, it is important to explain the relationship between moneylaundering and income distribution with economic growth. Therefore, in thisstudy, the relationship between money laundering and income distribution witheconomic growth in Iran has been investigated. In this regard, data from moneylaundering (drug discoveries), Gini coefficient as an indicator of incomedistribution and economic growth during the period 1986-2019, which was obtainedfrom the Central Bank and Statistics Center of Iran, to use the model toestimate Has been, In order to estimate the model in the presentstudy, ARDL method was used. The results of short-term estimates indicate apositive and significant relationship between the control variables of exportsof goods and services, capital and economic growth, also between the variablesof money laundering (drug discovery) and income distribution with economicgrowth, but statistically significant It does not have. According to the results of long-term model estimation, there is asignificant negative relationship between independent variables, moneylaundering and income distribution with long-term economic growth, so that witha one percent increase in money laundering and income distribution inequality,economic growth by respectively -2/504 and -6/977 are reduced. On the other hand, the findings indicate that there is a positiveand significant relationship between other independent variables (exports ofgoods and services and capital) with the dependent variable of economic growth,so that a one percent increase in capital and exports of goods and services,respectively. There is an increase of 4.283 and 13.945 percent in economicgrowth.

   Investigating the Functional Effect of Local Government on Employment and Investment (Case Study: Kermanshah Provincial Planning and Development Council)    Abstract The Planning and Development Council of the province is the highest decision-making and supervisory body in the dimensions of economic and social development, which should be in order to coordinate and monitor the management and development of comprehensive and sustainable investment in the province, pursue territorial justice, strengthen decentralization, increase the province's authority. And strengthen the role and position of the provinces in leading and managing endogenous and extroverted regional development and achieving the goals of the resistance economy, etc. The importance and position of the council in the development of the province as the engine of development is clear to all managers and experts; Therefore, the meetings and approvals of the council should be in such a way that it pursues the development goals of the province, and specialized working groups, as the powerful arms of the council, should perform their role well in the form of the tasks specified in the executive regulations. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the functional effect of local government on employment and investment (case study: Kermanshah Planning and Development Council). The data used in this research are two parts. The first part includes reviewing the approvals of the meetings of the council and the economic, employment and investment working group under the council during the years 2016-2017, and the second part contains a questionnaire (researcher-made) of experts, experts and managers (council and working group). Findings showed that there is a significant relationship between local government and employment and investment. In other words, the council can create employment, improve the investment and business environment and vice versa. The results extracted from the perspective of experts and managers who are members of the council and the working group show that the local government has not been able to function effectively in the field of employment and investment. Therefore, it is necessary for local government decision-makers to emphasize the observance of the provisions of the executive regulations of the council without compromising, holding, managing and taking more responsibility within the powers of meeting members, synergy and participation of all members in order to achieve the goals of the legislature to solve problems. Provide employment and investment. As well as alignment with local government sub-groups (including Economic, Employment and Investment Working Group) to make decisions within the framework of upstream laws and regulations and in accordance with the provisions of the Executive Regulations of the Provincial Planning and Development Council in accordance with the duties and powers of the Economic Working Group. Employ employment and investment. In this regard, activating the supervisory role of the State Budget and Planning Organization on the activities of the council and working groups in order to implement the approvals of these institutions with upstream documents and provide feedback to optimize the actions and approvals of local government is necessary. Keywords: Local Government (Provincial Planning and Development Council - Economic, Employment and Investment Working Group), Institution, Planning, Decision Making, Decision Making, Supervision, Kermanshah Province

  Knowledge-based economy is one of the most attractive economic topics in the last two decades due to its rapid transformation, rapid return on investment and tremendous impact on growth. The importance of this issue is the position that knowledge-based economy has in the growth, development and dynamism of the country's economy, because in the current competitive environment, product growth and stabilization of economic fluctuations, is one of the most important macroeconomic goals of any country.More specifically, the purpose of this study is to "examine the role of democracy and democracy in achieving the growth and development of knowledge-based." Due to the nature of the subject, the type of this research is developmental and applied and in terms of scope is case and in terms of method is among the descriptive-analytical researches. In the model studied in this research, following the framework of Eric and Levy, the relationship between the institutional variable of democracy and the growth of knowledge-based development is examined using the endogenous growth model. In this study, in addition to the democracy index (average 4-year trend of electoral parties), civil free ideas and the degree of openness of the economy and sanctions are also used as control variables in the model, because they can be a factor influencing export growth and development. Recognize High Tech (alternative variable) knowledge-based.The statistical population of the study is selected countries of Mena (oil and gas producing countries in the Middle East and North Africa).Data collection tools: In compiling this research, first the concepts and theoretical foundations related to library resources, specialized journals of Internet scientific databases, articles and reputable Internet journals will be extracted. Then, using time series panel data (dynamic panel) during the period (2019-2000), the desired information will be extracted and obtained from the WDI World Database (2019) for the countries of the Mena region.Analysis tools: In this study, the data obtained using Minitab statistical software were classified and the dimensions and channels of influence of democracy and democracy; Knowledge-based economic growth and development will be extracted using the dynamic panel model in Eviews software version 9. In this study, the results obtained from the model parameters in the countries of the Mena region are as expected. Therefore, حاكي of تاييد پژ پژ and ست نشاn gives the meaning of بين موكر س س ي ي ي ي ي ي ي ي ي ش.. ابق ابق نت ايج ايج از از از از.......................... در.......... در در در در در در در در در در در در در در در در در By reviewing the policies and laws related to the 4-year trend of electoral parties with the development of exports of knowledge-based products and services, it can be seen that there are different policies and laws in most of the subject areas related to the development of exports in this sector. Therefore, it seems that most of the existing challenges are due to the non-implementation of 4-year-old party laws.

   Entrepreneurship is an economic activity, because a new business is started and managed with the intention of creating value and financial profit and through the optimal use of limited resources. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the entrepreneurship of rural women in Nahavand. This research is based on the purpose of applied research and is based on the nature and method of descriptive research. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire and the statistical population of the study consists of women entrepreneurs in rural areas of Nahavand city, in which a total of 110 people, as a sample, were surveyed. Its validity was confirmed by the supervisor, consultant and relevant experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which indicates the desired reliability. To analyze the data obtained using Smart PLS software version 3, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were performed and also found There is a direct relationship between individual factors, family factors, economic factors, socio-cultural factors and entrepreneurship of rural women, based on the results of path analysis, the impact of individual factors (0.556); Family factors (0.125); Economic factors (0.398); Socio-cultural factors (0.349), which shows the impact of all identified factors on entrepreneurship of rural women. Finally, individual and economic criteria had the greatest impact on entrepreneurship of rural women. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Women, Rural Women, Nahavand County

  رشد اقتصادي همواره يكي از مهم ترين اهداف برنامه ريزان و سياست مداران در كشورهاي جهان بوده است. اصولا كشورهاي كمتر توسعه يافته و يا در حال توسعه، فرايند ترقي خود را با هدف قرار دادن سطح بالاتري از رشداقتصادي، دنبال مي كنند؛ چرا كه رشد اقتصادي منابع مادي لازم براي تحقق اهداف كلان اقتصادي و رفاه عمومي را فراهم مي كند. يكي از مهم ترين اين اهداف بهبود سلامت عمومي و ايجاد محيط زيستي سالم براي جامعه است. اما اين كه در مسير رشد اقتصادي، سلامت عمومي و كيفيت محيط زيست بهبود مي يابد، شواهد روشني وجود ندارد.تمامي مطالعات انجام شده قبل تردر رابطه با رابطه رشد اقتصادي و محيط زيست، متغير انتشار دي اكسيد كربن را به عنوان شاخص محيط زيست درنظر گرفته اند. اما در اين تحقيق علاوه بر كربن دي اكسيد از متغير هاي ديگري همچونمساحت جنگل ها و درآمد حاصل از منابع طبيعي نيز براي نشان دادن متغير محيط زيست استفاده شده است.دراين مطالعه سه مدل تخمين زده مي شود. در مدل اول انتشار كربن دي اكسيد، در مدل دوممساحت جنگل ها و در مدل سوم درآمد حاصل از منابع طبيعي متغيرهاي وابسته هستندبا توجه به اين موضوع كه تاثير رشد و توسعه اقتصادي بر محيط زيست ممكن است با يك يا چند دوره تاخير همراه باشد، بايد مدلي به كار گرفته شود كه وقفه هاي لازم را اعمال كند. لذا در اين تحقيق به منظور بررسي اثر رشد اقتصادي بر محيط زيست از مدل ARDL و ECM استفاده شده است. به اين ترتيب با توجه به اين موضوع كه داده ها سري زماني هستند، ابتدا مانايي متغيرهاي توضيحي و وابسته مورد بررسي قرار مي گيرد. تفسير مدل اولدر كوتاه مدت وهمچنين بلند مدت درآمد سرانه بر روي محيط زيست اثر معني دار دارد. به اين معنا كه در كوتاه مدت 1% افزايش در درآمد سرانه 00005/0 %   و در بلند مدت00019/0 % انتشار كربن دي اكسيد را كاهش مي دهد. پس مي توان گفت كه افزايش درآمد سرانه افراد جامعه بر محيط زيست اثر مطلوبي دارد، و اين افزايش درآمد علاوه بر افزايش رفاه جامعه، كارايي محيط زيست را هم هرچند در مقياس اندك، افزايش خواهد داد. افزايش جمعيت شهرنشين در كشور نيز، در كوتاه مدت و بلند مدت اثر معنا دار بر محيط زيست دارد، اما در كوتاه مدت اين 1% افزايش در جمعيت شهرنشين باعث049/0% كاهش در انتشار كربن دي اكسيد ميشود، ولي در بلند مدت افزايش يك درصد جمعيت شهري در كشور باعث افزايش   028/0%   در انتشار كربن دي اكسيد مي شود.سرمايه گذاري مستقيم خارجي در كشور در بلند مدت اثر معني دار بر محيط زيست ندارد، اما در كوتاه مدت درازاي 1% افزايش در سرمايه گذاري مستقيم خارجي، 0092/0 % انتشار كربن در اكسيد كاهش پيدا مي كند. در مجموع مي توان گفت كه رشد اقتصادي در كوتاه مدت تاثير مطلوبي بر محيط زيست دارد، اما در بلند مدت با افزايش جمعيت شهرنشين انتشار كربن دي اكسيد افزايش يافته و اين امر سبب آسيب رساندن به محيط زيست مي شود. و مي توان چنين استنباط كرد كه در هر سال 16 % از عدم تعادل يك دوره در مدل در دوره بعد تعديل مي شود. به عبارت ديگر سياست هاي زيست محيطي در قالب كنترل دي اكسيد كربن حدود 5/6 سال طول مي كشد تا اثر كامل خود را بر اقتصاد ايران آشكار سازد. بنابراين تعديل به سمت تعادل هر چند با سرعت كم صورت مي گيرد اما بعد از چند سال دوباره به تعادل باز مي گرديم. تفسير مدل دومدرآمد سرانه در كوتاه مدت و بلند مدت بر مساحت جنگل ها اثر معنيدار دارد، به اين ترتيب كه در كوتاه مدت به ازاي يك درصد افزايش در درآمد سرانه مقدار 000047/0 درصد ميزان مساحت جنگل ها افزايش پيدا مي كند. در بلند مدت با افزايش يك درصدي درآمد سرانه مقدار   00035/0 درصد مساحت جنگل ها افزايش پيدا مي كند. اين موضوع به آن معني است كه افزايش در درآمد سرانه افراد جامعه باعث ايجاد اثر مثبت بر مساحت جنگل ها و كارايي محيط زيست خواهد شد. كه ميزان اين اثر مطلوب در بلند مدت بيشتر از مقدار آن در كوتاه مدت است.افزايش جمعيت شهري اثر معني داري چه در كوتاه مدت و چه در بلند مدت، بر روي مساحتجنگل ها ندارد. و اين يعني كه افزايش يا كاهش در جمعيت شهري كشور تاثيري بر مساحت جنگل ها نداردو اين موضوع به لحاظ نظري و منطقي قابل درك است.

   Abstract Despite the emergence of electronic banking technologies in the country's banking system and the benefits of its usage, the acceptance of this type of technology by customers has suffered from some kind of backwardness and has not grown as expected. In this regard, this study seeks to identify the factors that determine the motivation for accepting Internet banking. The data of this dissertation is related to the status of customers' use and motivation of Internet banking services. The collected information was done by distributing a questionnaire from 1397 to 1400 in Kermanshah. Also, the statistical population is customers between 20-49 years of banks in the city of Kermanshah. The method of sampling was simple random in banks and was a questionnaire. According to the research findings, the social characteristics of websites, online services, and average internet-device access positively affect trust. These factors make up 32% of the variance of Internet banking trust. The social characteristics of websites, compatibility with lifestyle, online services, average internet/device access, and trust, positively affect the ease of use and account for 48% of the variance of ease of using internet banking. The social characteristics of websites, online services, and average Internet/device access positively affect lifestyle adaptation, accounting for 58% of the variance of Internet banking lifestyle adaptation. The social characteristics of websites and online services positively affect the average Internet access/device, and these factors constitute 35% of the average Internet access / Internet banking device.

Abstract: Iran is a country with rich oil and gas reserves. Existence of different conditions in the provinces of the country in terms of income and geography and implementation of the same energy policies for all provinces does not lead to good results and in some provinces causes energy waste.   In this study, we tried to find the correlation and causal relationship between energy consumption (kerosene, gasoline, gas oil, furnace oil, electricity, natural gas and total energy) and GDP for Iran as a panel and provinces separately. Review.   Also, divisions based on average per capita income, average energy intensity and average temperature of provincial centers and five regions have been done for the provinces of Iran, and for each of these divisions there is a correlation and causal relationship to The face is examined separately. The results of correlation analysis show that the correlation pattern between energy consumption and GDP is different in different classifications, for different energy carriers and at different time scales. In examining the causal results of Dummietser and Herlin in the short term, the results are different, but for the medium and long term, in most cases, there is a bilateral causal relationship. Examining this relationship will help to formulate the policies of the country's energy sector. In this study, the data of all provinces of the country in 25 provinces during 30 years (1367-1397) have been studied

Abstract Psychological distress is associated with an increased risk of death from all causes. In addition, it is often included in diagnostic criteria for many mental illnesses as an indicator of dysfunction and severity of symptoms; therefore, it plays a major role in the identification of psychological disorders. This descriptive-correlational study aimed to predict psychological distress in university students based on their adverse childhood experiences and with regard to the mediating role of multidimensional perfectionism and meaning in life. The study population consisted of all undergraduate students of Razi University in the academic year of 2020-2021, among whom 258 individuals (162 female and 96 male students) were selected using multistage cluster randomized sampling. The data were collected using Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), Tehran Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (TMPS), Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), and Adverse Childhood Experience  (ACEs) Questionnaire. The data were analyzed in    25 and Amos 22. Based on the results, ACEs had significant positive relationships with psychological distress and its components. The structural equation modeling results confirmed the mediating role of variables of multidimensional perfectionism and meaning in life in the relationship between ACEs and psychological distress. Therefore, suitable training and therapeutic interventions can reduce psychological distress in university students with ACEs. Keywords: Adverse childhood experiences, psychological distress, multidimensional perfectionism, meaning in life

The current study aimed to investigate the challenges of the rural tourism and provide solutions for strengthening it in Eivan county. The research framework is quantitative and it uses descriptive survey approach. The study population contains tourists, villagers, and experts in the tourism field. By using the Krejcie - Morgan table, the sample size was 364. For the expert and villager groups, a simple random sampling method was used, and for the tourist group, an available random sampling approach was employed. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a number of tourism professors and rural experts. Reliability of the questionnaire constructs was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. The data obtained from the distribution of questionnaires was analyzed by using   25 software. Rural tourism challenges in this county were ranked using the weighted coefficient of variation. The most important weaknesses were the lack of government planning and investment, inadequate accommodation and welfare equipment, and the lack of publicity from the authorities regarding the existing tourist attractions. The local mountains and their high peaks for sports and recreation such as mountaineering and hiking, and the beautiful and unique landscapes along with green space and gardens in these areas, near the central city of Eivan, were identified as the most important strengths.   The most important rural tourism opportunities in this region are approval of supporting laws for the tourism industry, the existence of certain credit lines for the development of it, the government officials support for development of this industry using the employment-generation strategy, and increasing the motivation among the people of neighboring cities for travel and recreation in the study area. Increasing the desire and motivation of tourists to travel to other nearby recreational areas, improving the facilities and services among competing recreational areas, and the lack of the licenses and facilities by the government to expand tourism in these areas were identified as the most important threats to rural tourism in Eivan city. According to the results, solutions were proposed to strengthen rural tourism in Eivan county.   

Abstract One of the main axes of the country's economic structure in the field of trade is the development of exports. In Iran, in order to get rid of the single-product economy, non-oil exports have been emphasized as an important strategy for growth and development in upstream documents, including the policies of the resistance economy and the vision document of the Islamic Republic of Iran (on the horizon 1404). Most of the non-oil exports belong to the agricultural sector, through which the country's foreign exchange earnings are provided. A high share of water consumption (equivalent to 70%) belongs to the agricultural sector, which lack of proper management and planning for optimal consumption in this sector leads to a decrease in groundwater and endangers the sustainability of water resources.   Due to the drought and water crisis in the country as well as Kermanshah province and the decrease in rainfall in the province compared to last year, the proper use of water and its consumption management is considered essential. In this situation, the development of agricultural exports must be in line with the conditions and advantages of the province, because the export of water products not only seriously damages water resources but also causes a significant share of water to leave the country. thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the export products of the agricultural sector from the perspective of the water economy. The descriptive-analytical research method, using economic analysis of water value and cost-benefit analysis, examined the major exports of agricultural products from the province's borders. Tomatoes, cucumbers, potatoes and watermelons were evaluated as water products on the province in the period 1397-1390. According to the results of this study, an average of 141 liters of water is consumed per kilogram of tomatoes, 186 liters of potatoes, 165 liters of watermelon and 246 liters of cucumber. Also, the highest amount of exports during the years 1390-1397   is related to tomato products with a total of 830.2 thousand tons and the total exported water consumption of this product is 365 million cubic meters. The amount of export of potatoes with a total of 498 thousand tons, which is equivalent to 95 million cubic meters, is the estimated water consumption of this product. Watermelon and cucumber products have been exported with a total of 380 thousand tons and 250 thousand tons with water consumption of 68 million and 55 million cubic meters, respectively. Finally, based on the cost-benefit assessment method, the export of cucumber and tomato products with an average benefit ratio of 1.15 and 1.23 is somewhat cost-effective in some years, and two watermelon products with a ratio of 0.64 and potatoes with a 0.98 ratio are not cost-effective.

سرمايه يك عامل كليدي در رشد وتوسعه اقتصادي محسوب مي شود اما امروزه فرار سرمايه يكي از مشكلات اساسي كشورهاي در حال توسعه است. فرار سرمايه مي تواند ناشي از عوامل مختلفي مانند اقتصادي،سياسي و اجتماعي باشد در پژوهش حاضر به بررسي عوامل اقتصادي تاثير گذار بر فرار سرمايه با استفاده از داده هاي سالانه طي بازه 1358تا1395 پرداخته مي شود در سال هاي مورد بررسي سال 1390 داراي بيشترين ميزان فرار سرمايه از كشور است در اين پژوهش به بررسي عوامل اقتصادي نظير نرخ ارز، تورم، رشد اقتصادي، ماليات، ريسك مركب و كسري بودجه بر ميزان فرار سرمايه پرداخته مي شود. مدل اين پژوهش با استفاده از روش  GMM , ARDL برآورد مي شود. نتايج اين پژوهش طبق روش GMM نشان مي دهد كه رشد اقتصادي، كسري بودجه، تورم و نرخ ارز تاثيري مثبت، ريسك مركب تاثيري منفي ، نرخ بهره و ماليات فاقد اثر معنا داري بر فرار سرمايه است. طبق روش ARDL در بلندمدت اثر متغيرهاي رشد اقتصادي، كسري بودجه دولت، ريسك مركب، تورم و نرخ ارز همانند روش GMM است . اما اثر ماليات و نرخ بهره بر فرار سرمايه در بلند مدت مشخص نيست. در كوتاه مدت تنها سه عامل رشد اقتصادي، كسري بودجه و ريسك اقتصادي اثري معناداري بر فرار سرمايه دارند در بين همه عوامل ذكر شده رشد اقتصادي بيشترين تاثير بر فرار سرمايه را دارد.

   امروزه برابري جنسيتي در ابعاد گوناگون اجتماعي و اقتصادي نه تنها به عنوان ضرورت اخلاقي بلكه به عنوان راهي به سوي آباداني و پيشرفت ملت‌ها اهميت ويزه‌اي دارد. شواهد نشان مي‌دهد كه عليرغم قانون‌گذاري‌هاي مبني بر برابري جنسيتي بر حسب برابري فرصت‌هاي شغلي و سطح پرداخت، باز هم نمودهايي از تبعيض جنسيتي عليه زنان و گاهاً مردان در محيط كار مشاهده مي‌شود. هدف از اين پژوهش بررسي رابطه بين شكاف جنسيتي و بيكاري در ايران بود. بر اين اساس از طريق مرور ادبيات نظري و پيشينه تحقيق مدل مفهومي و فرضيه‌هاي تحقيق ارائه شدند. سپس داده‌هاي مورد نياز از سالنامه آماري مركز آمار ايران و گزارش منطقه‌اي مركز آمار جمع‌آوري شد. در نهايت فرضيه‌ها و مدل مفهومي پژوهش با استفاده از روش مدلسازي معادله ساختاري و بر پايه داده‌هاي گردآوري شده مورد آزمون قرار گرفت. يافته‌هاي پژوهش حاضر نشان مي‌دهد كه عواملي مثل نرخ مشاركت نيروي كار، توليد ناخالص داخلي، سهم فارغ‌التحصيلان از نيروي كار، سهم ارزش افزوده صنعت و سهم ارزش افزوده كشاورزي بر روي بيكاري تأثير مي‌گذارند. و نتايج به دست آمده نشان داد كه بين شكاف جنسيتي و بيكاري در ايران رابطه مثبت و معناداري وجود دارد.   

يكي از مهم­ترين عوامل اثرگذار بر درآمد افراد، رشد اقتصادي است. ارتباط بين رشد اقتصادي و شهرنشيني از موضوعات مهم اقتصاد شهري است. كه توجه اقتصاددانان به ويژه اقتصاددانان توسعه را به خود جلب كرده است و در ميان سرمايه انساني به عنوان كانال ارتباطي نقش مهمي در اين مي­تواند داشته باشد. هدف اين پژوهش اثر شهرنشيني بر رشد اقتصادي از كانال سرمايه انساني در استان­هاي ايران براي بازه زماني 1395-1385 است. مدل تخمين زده با استفاده از نرم­افزار استاتا، مدل پانل و داراي اثرات تصادفي بوده، و با روش   سيستمي تخمين زده شده است، نتايج بيانگر اين است كه شهرنشيني بر سرمايه انساني داري اثر مثبت است و همچنين توليد ناخالص داخلي سرانه واقعي تابعي از توليد دوره گذشته است، و همچنين با افزايش نرخ شهرنشيني، توليد ناخالص داخلي سرانه افزايش مي­يابد.

The need of the society for food supply is increasing due to the high population growth, with the main share being the agricultural sector, especially the livestock sector. But given that the protein industry, especially in the poultry sector, is still being traditionally managed, it has not been able to keep pace with community needs. And it seems to be one of the important factors in the fabrication part of the industry, so this article, taken from a similar research, looks at this from the point of view of industry experts and after The issue is addressed in the production and supply chain in the poultry sector, while referring to a complete, independent, upstream and downstream supply chain of financing methods including consortiums, bank credentials, Crowd Funding and banks.

   وجود تقاضاي گسترده براي تحصيل در جامعه ايران، به عرضه وسيع و بدون قاعده و برنامه­ريزي آموزش­هاي دانشگاهي منجر شده است. آمارها نشان مي­دهد كه ميليون­ها جوان در مراكز آموزش­هاي عالي مشغول به تحصيلند و آموزش­هايي مي­بينند كه لزوما متناسب با مشاغل موجود براي آنان نمي­باشد. به عبارت ديگر يكي از مسائل اجتماعي جامعه ايران ناهمخواني بين تحصيل و شغل است.

   يكي از شاخص‌هاي مهم براي ارزيابي مصرف انرژي، شاخص شدت انرژي است. بنابراين بررسي شدت انرژي و عوامل مؤثر بر آن و شناسايي راه‌هاي كاهش شدت انرژي، داراي اهميت است. هدف اين مطالعه بررسي تاثير سرريزهاي سرمايه گذاري مستقيم خارجي بر همگرايي شدت انرژي در استان هاي كشور ايران طي دوره 1389 تا 1394 است. به منظور بررسي وجود   همبستگي فضايي   از آزمون هاي LMو Moran I استفاده شده است. شواهد براي مطالعه حاضر نشان مي‌دهد كه اثرات وابستگي فضايي شدت انرژي بين استان‌هاي ايران وجود دارد و همچنين نوعي همگرايي مطلق و شرطي شدت انرژي با سرعت تعديل نسبتا پايين بين استان‌هاي كشور وجود دارد. به اين صورت كه سرعت كاهش شدت انرژي در يك استان خاص، سرعت كاهش شدت انرژي در استان‌هاي همسايه را تحت تاثير قرار خواهد داد و كاهش شدت انرژي در استان‌هاي همسايه باعث كاهش شدت انرژي در استان خاص مي‌شود. همچنين با افزايش سرمايه گذاري مستقيم خارجي ميزان شدت انرژي كاهش مي يابد   و افزايش سرمايه گذاري مستقيم خارجي در يك استان خاص باعث همگرايي شدت انرژي و اثر سرريز آن به صورت بالقوه باعث همگرايي شدت انرژي در استان‌هاي كشور مي‌شود. اين نتايج لزوم توجه بيشتر به جذب تكنولوژي هاي جديد توليد در سرمايه گذاري ها   را بيان مي كند.   

AbstractThis research, except for exploratory (qualitative-quantitative) mixed methods research in the field of theory, was designed to design a comprehensive model of academic entrepreneurship ecosystem with open innovation focus and adaptation rate of Razi University to this model. In the qualitative part of the research, content analysis method and grounded theory method were used to analyze the findings.Participants were 15 academic experts and professors with experience in commercialization or writing in the field, selected through snowball sampling. Data gathering tools were in-depth qualitative interviews with open-ended questions and method of data analysis through open, axial and selective coding.Finally, to arrive at a comprehensive model of 15 themes in the academic entrepreneurship ecosystem and in the categories of causal conditions (inter-university funding, extracurricular communication), contextual conditions (external financial contexts, internal educational contexts, macro education system, cultural factors) Macro, intercultural, human capital), intervening conditions (internal support institutions, external support institutions, motivational factors, internal policy, macro policy making), interactions (intra- and extracurricular networking) and outcome (acceptance of third academic mission) And finally the model of the researcher Was presented. In the other part, the barriers to open innovation were identified through in-depth interviews and seven content-based approaches to content analysis.In the quantitative section, the statistical population consisted of faculty members with five years of experience in Razi University, who were selected using proportional stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and extracted from the qualitative section. In the quantitative section, the ranking of the factors of importance at Razi University was performed by Friedman test, and the status of each component was assessed through descriptive findings. That the university is in a better position than the rest in terms of cultural context, educational context, and human resources. Finally, according to the results of the research, the researcher made suggestions regarding the academic entrepreneurship ecosystem and improvement of academic entrepreneurship conditions at Razi University.

Identifying and prioritizing the weighty ability of firms in the age of knowledge based economy

   در دهه­هاي اخير، بسياري از دولت­هاي ملي مسئوليت­هاي برخي از وظايف دولت را به دولت­هاي محلي ومنطقه­اي واگذار كرده­اند. هم منطق و هم روش­هاي اين تفويض اختيارات بسته به شرايط محلي از كشوري به كشور ديگر متفاوت است. در اين پژوهش نقش دولت­هاي محلي در نابرابري درآمد در استان­هاي ايران طي سال­هاي 1395-1385 مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. در اين راستا اثر متغيرهاي مالي دولت محلي همچون نسبت سرمايه­گذاري دولتي به توليد ناخالص داخلي، شاخص­هاي تمركززدايي مالي و نسبت درآمد مالياتي به درآمد عمومي استان­ها بر نابرابري درآمد را با استفاده از روش حداقل مربعات   برآورد كرديم. نتايج برآورد نشان داد كه متغيرهاي تمركززدايي درآمدي و سرمايه­گذاري دولتي رابطه­ي مثبت ومعنادار، اما متغيرهاي تمركززدايي هزينه­اي و ماليات­هاي محلي رابطه­ي عكس   با نابرابري درآمد داشته است. از آن­جايي كه اثر تمركززدايي هزينه­اي بر نابرابري درآمد بسيار بارزتر بوده است در مجموع مي­توان گفت دولت­هاي محلي نقش   بسزايي در بهبود بخشيدن توزيع درآمد داشته­اند.

باتوجه بهاولويت تأمين غذاي سالم براي جامعه، برطرف ساختن هر نوع محروميت در زمينه تغذيه كهدر سند   چشم­انداز جمهوري اسلامي ايران در افق1404 هجري شمسي، آورده شده است و عبارتند از؛تعهد سياسي و عزم كلي دولت در سياست­گذاري­هاي سطح ملي براي كاهش گرسنگي و سوء تغذيهو دستيابي به امنيت غذايي پايدار اعلام شده است. تجاري­سازيمحصولات پاك (ارگانيك) بخش كشاورزي از اولويت­هاي مهم محسوب مي­شود. هدف پژوهشحاضر طراحي مدلي براي تجاري­سازي محصولات پاك (ارگانيك) بخش كشاورزي استانكرمانشاه بوده است. پژوهش حاضر از   نوعپژوهش­هاي كيفي است با رويكرد نظرية داده بنياد انجام گرفته است. ميدان پژوهش ،اساتيد فعال در زمينه محصولات ارگانيك در دانشكده كشاورزي دانشگاه رازي و همچنينفروشگاه­هاي محصولات ارگانيك سطح شهر و كارشناسان سازمان­هاي مرتبط با موضوع پژوهش(معاونت سلامت غذا سازمان جهاد كشاورزي و انجمن ارگانيك كرمانشاه) بوده­انند. دراين راستا، از نمونه گيري هدفمند در ابندا و در ادامه از روش گلوله برفي استفادهشد. شمار مشاركت­كنندگان در پژئهش با استفاده از شاخص اشباع نظري به 19 نفر رسيد. داده­هابه روش مصاحبه عميق، مشاهده مستقيم و اسناد كتابخانه­اي و اينترني گردآوري شد.نتايج پژوهش نشان­دهندة 27 مقوله اصلي است كه به صورتپارادايمي ترسيم شده است. در هسته مدل پارادايمي توليد و تجاري­سازي محصولاتارگانيك قرار دارد.

  AbstractThe Investigation of Relationship between Financial Corruption Index and Unemployment in European and Asian Selected Countries, including iran: a System GMM ApproachUnemployment and corruption are too close in most countries especially in developing countries. Government corruption has been seen as increasing unemployment and poverty in countries which are already struggling with economic growth. In addition, chronic poor countries, caused by uneven social inequality and incomes and economic incentives, create natural growth areas for corruption. The main goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between the index of financial corruption and unemployment in selected European and Asian countries including iran in the time period over 2003-2016 by using the dynamic panel data approach and the system generalized method moments (System GMM). Empirical results from model estimation indicated a positive and bilateral relationship between financial corruption and unemployment in these countries. Therefore, with the increase in the index of financial corruption (reducing the index of corruption control) in these two groups of countries, it provides a boost to unemployment. Moreover, the increase in unemployment could also lead to an increase in the index of financial corruption (reducing the index of corruption control) in the countries under investigation.Keywords: Unemployment, Financial Corruption, dynamic panel data, System GMM

AbstractOne of the main obstacles in the development process is the disturbance of regional equilibrium and balance. The unbalance in the spatial structure is the main phenomena in most of the countries especially in the developing countries are faced with it. Irrational and unfair allocation of resources and facilities, regardless of the capabilities and limitations of each region has created the regional inequalities. Eliminating or reducing regional inequalities requires identifying the position, capabilities of each of these areas in comparison to each other and ultimately making accurate planning based on the knowledge available for each of these areas. For this purpose in this study, 19 different indicators have been used to determine the level of development of the provinces of Iran and identify the factors affecting regional inequalities as well. These indicators are >Keywords: Development, Regional Inequalities, Iranian Provinces, Euclidean Topsis, Panel Data Model.

  Abstract:Purpose: The aim of this study was determining the use of electronic and print resources and its effective factors among students of Razi university and Islamic Azad university of Kermanshah.Methodology: The research method was descriptive survey and data gathering tool is a questionnaire. The population of the study is students studying at all grades at Razi university and Islamic Azad university of Kermanshah in the academic year 2017-2018. The research sample was estimated using the Cochran sample size formula of 380 people, and was used volume-proportional random sampling method. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by masters. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbachs alpha coefficient was used and its reliability was equal to 0.80. The    software ver. 21 was used to analyze data.Findings: Among students in both universities, 63.2% preferred electronic resources to print sources. The databases and the research reports had the highest usage and compact discs (CD) and newspapers had the lowest usage among electronic and print sources. The usage rate of the electronic resources and print resources was too much and modest, respectively. The databases and the printed books had the highest, and compact discs and patent permits, had the lowest responsiveness to information needs. The satisfaction level of information needs of both universities was moderate by electronic resources and print resources. The most skill of using related to the Internet and search facilities in it, and the least rate related to the compact discs. Access to information in the shortest time, the most important incentive factor, and destructive effects on the eyes and brain, was the most important deterrent the use of electronic resources. Correct and valid information, the most important incentive factor, and time-consuming process of search and lending, was the most important deterrent the use of print resources. There was a significant difference between the average use of electronic and print resources based on demographic factors (gender, age, income level, educational level) only in different educational levels. There was no significant difference between universities and colleges regarding to the use of electronic and printed resources.Conclusion: The results show, although using electronic resources, is more than print resources, due to their benefits, but print sources still are being used significantly. and that means that electronic resources can not replace of the print sources completely, but electronic and print resources used by students as complement each other. Due to the importance of both templates of information resources for students, authorities should pay attention to reinforcement of Library collection.Keywords: Usage, Electronic Resources, Print Resources, Students, Effective Factors, Razi University, Azad University, Kermanshah

  One of the economic realities for each country is the existence of business cycles in GDP, as the fluctuation in the economy decreases, confidence toward future will increase, and the number of policy changes will decrease. Allocation of credits to different economic sectors is one of the factors influencing changes in real variables in the economy; the study examine the effect of credit on business cycle by using the data in macro-level over 1991-2015 and applying the vector autoregressive and ARDL bound. Evidence suggests that changes in business cycle is in same direction with credit, as well as the results of Granger causality, suggesting there is a two-way relationship between the credits and the business cycle. Also, the result of ARDL bound indicate that credits exacerbate the business cycle in the economy, analysis of variance analysis also shows that the share of credits in explaining the variation of business cycle is 45 percent. But the share of business cycle in explaining the variance of the forecast credit error is 25%. reducing volatility in the markets without value added such as the foreign exchange market and the desirable direction of financial resources towards high-growth economic sectors is one of the optimal policies for the Iranian economy.    

  Employment in the modern society of Iran plays an important role in the development of the country and the achievement of the desired level of employment has always been one of the main goals of the government. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of banking facilities on the employment level of the major economic sectors in the provinces. The time interval used in this study was from 1380 to 1393, and for analyzing the data, the GMM generalized moments method was used. The results show that during the study period, for the total state of the provinces, the effect of the bank lending variable on the employment of agricultural sectors and services is negative, but in the industrial sector this effect is positive. The effect of the value added variable on employment in the agricultural sector is negative, but it is positive in the sectors of industry and services. Also, the results for the division show that the effect of the variable of banking facilities on employment in both groups is high and low unemployment in the agricultural sector is negative and equal. This effect in the industry sector is positive for both groups, but this effect is higher in the group with higher unemployment than in the lower unemployment group. In the services sector, the results also showed that the effect of the bank lending variables on employment in the group was higher with the unemployment rate and was lower in the unemployed group

In this study, we try to investigate the effects of oil and currency price shocks on housing price changes using seasonal data over a 16-year period from 1377 to 1392. For this purpose, the statistical community consists of data on housing prices, OPEC crude oil prices in dollars and, the dollar exchange rate against the Rial as a representative of the foreign exchange market and, the SVAR model is also used to estimate and validate the data which is able to investigate the shocks of different markets And, unlike the VAR method, applying the limitations based on theoretical and economic principles the model is closer to the real world. In this study, we used a generalized Dickey-Fuller method to examine the variance of the desired variables. After assuring the reliability of the model variables, Johansen method has been used to estimate and find the existence or non-existence of a long-run relationship. In the final stage and after determining the limitations of the model, the model is estimated by the SVAR method.Research findings show that oil price impacts in the long run have a positive effect on housing, and this effect is negative in the medium term. But impulse and exchange rate shocks meanwhile have a positive and significant effect on the mortality rate that, in the long run, has had a negative effect on housing prices. The remarkable point is that housing prices will be restored in the event of a shock in the oil and currency rate after 9 periods, and in the absence of further impacts. Other results are that the most important predictor of the price of housing among the variables studied is currency movement  

     Every economic activity requires energy consumption. Despite the fact that energy is considered as one of the factors of production and stimulus of economic growth, on the other hand it causes the emission of environmental pollutants. Iran is one of the examples of the growth pattern of natural resources, especially fossil fuels. Considering the end of the oil and gas resources of the country, from now on, there should be alternative sources of thought. One way of doing this is to using renewable energies instead of fossil fuels. The development and expansion of renewable energies contributes to the achievement of the countrys economic, social and environmental development goals and is one of the key factors in achieving sustainable development in any country. From the point of view of energy economy, it is logical to create diversification in energy sources and utilize a basket of different fuels. Also, production-related pollution is expected to decrease as well by increasing the use of renewable energy. In this research, the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Iran during the period of   1981-2014   is investigated using ARDL bounds and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The results of short-run estimation indicate a positive and significant relationship between capital, labor force and economic growth. There is a positive relationship between renewable energy per capita consumption and economic growth, but it is not statistically significant. In the estimation model, the coefficient of error correction sentence (ECT(t-1)) is 0.47, that is, In the current period, 0.47 is Modified for the imbalance of the previous period. According to the results of estimation of long-run model, there is a positive and significant relationship between model variables including economic growth and renewable energy consumption per capita. The results of the vector error correction model are used to investigate the causal relationship between the model variables. show that there is no causal relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in the long run, and there is only one-way relationship between labor force and economic growth. But in the short run, there is a One way relationship between economic growth and renewable energy use, as well as a One way relationship between labor force and economic growth, renewable energy consumption and capital. Investigating the short-run dynamics of the pattern using instantaneous response functions showed that the shock eventually vanishes and often affects the response variable positively. Therefore, in the long run, shocks from independent variables, such as renewable energy consumption per capita, will be balanced against economic growth.  

  The achievement of economic growth and development is among the demands and goals of all nations. Achieving economic growth requires the creation of certain mechanisms in the political, economic, cultural and social fields. Powerful financial markets are among these mechanisms in the economic arena; One of the most important factors influencing the development of financial markets and their efficiency is the diversification of financial instruments. Due to the international financial limitations which has bee   imposed on Iran i   the past and recent years and Lack of Resources domestic banks as the most important Limitations financing in Iranian industries, which is one of the Islamic bonds suitable alternatives to be considered for Riba- based bonds. These bonds to be released mainly to for finance the government, businesses and organizations to government the most   innovations in The field of discussio   Paid and Islamic finance has been acquired   in recent decades. One of the innovations that can be said to compete with other similar tools in the conventional financial system and the release of Islamic bonds is Called Sukuk . In recent years, many developed countries, Muslims and non-Muslims in the Islamic countries are interested in developing sukuk as the best option for financial productivity beyond conventional finance. This study examines the relationship between macroeconomic variables and the rate of issuance of sukuk paper   These economic variables include GDP, CPI, PPI, budget deficit, and other macroeconomic variables.   The impact of sukuk issuance on changes in the key variables of Irans economy in total is based on ARDL models; The ARDL method relates short-term fluctuations of variables to long-term equilibrium values. These models are in fact a kind of partial modification models that measure the long-term equilibrium with a long-term relationship, effective forces in the short run, and the speed of approaching the long-term equilibrium value. And the results show that the changes of macro variables listed in the short and long term have a significant effect on the changes in the issuance of sukuk papers.  

  Industry sector is one of the most important economic sectors through high level of backward and forward linkage has a significant role in reducing unemployment and increasing economic growth by increasing the productivity. Considering the importance of employment and productivity, the study investigates the effect of technology and knowledge on the employment rate and productivity by using the data of industrial manufactories with 10 more employees in the provinces level over )2004-2013(, and the application of panel data model. The results of the study show that knowledge and technology have a positive and significant effect on labor productivity in industrial manufactories. The effect of technology on employment is negative and significant, because technological improvement is considered as a substitute for labor for an almost constant level of industrial value added and therefore reduces employment. But the R&D expenditure does not have a significant effect on employment. Value added of industry is one of the most important factors affecting employment. Improving the quality of manufacturing sector products to attract foreign markets, improving the quality of research and development spending to create innovation in the industry, can improve the impact of knowledge and technology on employment and productivity

  Commercialization of research outcomes is an important step in innovation system which ensures the resistance and continuation of research and according to this issue , in addition to providing prominent economical values for organizations ,it accelerates knowledge based economy in society. Universities are faced with increasing amount of new research commercialization and decreasing in older activities such as teaching and researches. Development in university research commercialization has opened a new way to privatization of scientific shares and scientific development. Razi university is one of the most authorized universities in Iran, which publishes many articles in different fields in scientific journals in a year. Mechanic engineering group in technical engineering collage is one of the active group in this field in university. So it is essential to do more efforts about commercialization of research outcomes in this group. The purpose of this research is designing a model for commercialization of research outcomes in chemistry engineering group.This research has qualitative approach and has used grounded theory method for model extraction. Sample data were extracted by studying documents, literature and interview with 13 universities professors. Data analysis was done in 3 steps including: open coding step, axial coding step and selective coding step. Model elements include, background factors, interloper factors, axial phenomenon guidelines and commercialization outcome that were extracted. According to   result for commercializatio   of research outcomes in mechanic engineering group some bases should be provided such as: mechanic engineering group awareness about industrial units needs and problems, industrial units awareness about professors ,s research and education background, providing financial infrastructure, revising in professor evaluation system, team working sprit and risk taking and privatization , keeping moral ownership, providing scientific lessons and practical discussions and accordance with industry requirement in mechanic engineering group and supervision in research budget allocation. Commercialization constraints in this group include: the difference between professor attitude and view point and workmen, lack of clarifying in industrial units problems and needs definitions, week background of professors in workmen view, financial problems and lack of experimental facilities in university, the lack of purposeful scientific visits of students and professors, and neglecting training units and lack of group work. So, demand based research and market analysis, university management positive view in commercialization, encouraging and work group and group cooperation with chemistry engineering group, mediator between industrial units and mechanic engineering group, changing in problem and needs of industrial units to research preferences in units according to industry are among cases that facilitate commercialization way in chemistry engineering group. Finally we propose a practical suggestion for improving commercialization in university especially in chemistry engineering group.

Smuggling is always a problem for all economic period for the development of a healthy economy. Therefore, It is vital to fight and prevent smuggling. In Iran, every year a large amount of foreign goods smuggled entered and the group of valuable commodities such as gasoline is smuggled out of the country. In the meantime, Kermanshah province -with a common border with Iraq- has important role to deal with the phenomenon of smuggling in the country. Therefore, in this thesis investigates the smuggling and pores that hidden from experts and managers that fight with smuggling of experts, are. In this thesis, data collected from questionnaires and they analyzed by    software. The fundamental point in the questionnaire that is designed to be Fuzzy. Fuzzy logic or Fuzzy theory is a kind of logic that replace conclusions methods in the human brain. The results show that between executive and regulatory factors, economic, security and political and social and cultural as well as an increase in smuggling in the region is essential. The results show that between executive factors and regulatory factors, economic, security and political and social and cultural as well as an increase in smuggling in the province, has a essential role. In the first step to fight and prevent the smuggling of goods, should be coordination between the concerned authorities. This coordination can be cost-effective in fighting with smuggling and make progress. Other factors such as changes in regulations, creating appropriate economic structure, create the right culture and fight   with smugglers through police force will be the next step.

  CEO in implementing business applications have the ability to choose different management strategies; each of these methods will lead to different cash flows. The performance of management, needs to choose the optimal strategies that lead to the highest expected value of the company. But sometimes managers for various reasons, the enterprise value-creating strategies, to seek solutions that improve short-term performance, rather than focusing on long-term goals and create the most value expected by choosing the best solution. We study the impact of the stock liquidity and the CEO tenure on managerial short- termism in companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange. Our sample consists of about 55 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2011-2016. We use panel data to test the hypotheses. We found firms with liquid stocks engage in less managerial short-termism; but did not find a significant impact of institutional shareholders on stock liquidity-managerial short-termism. As we expect, observed a significant negative impact of CEO tenure on managerial short-termism. Moreover, institutional shareholders intensifies the relationship between CEO tenure and managerial short-termism. So it can be expected that with increasing stock liquidity, managers spend more money in their research and development expenditure. According to the research findings, expected the managers with more tenure increase R&D investments.

در اين مطالعه به بررسي تاثير ساختار بازار بر بهره وري و دستمزد نيروي كار با استفاده از روش گشتاور تعميم يافته پرداخته شده است. نتايج مطالعه حاكي از تاثير مثبت و معنادار تاثير ساختار بازار بر بهره وري و دستمزد نيروي كار است.

It is obvious that interest rate challenge as an important economic phenomenon has divided economists into different cam   and also answer to question that, what are interest rate nature and its formation and determination, has known as an important subject. In one view , interest rate is a monetary phenomenon that could be determine by money demand and supply, and in other view, it is a real phenomenon that could be determine by average prefer to saving and capital marginal productivity. Interest rate has retribution rule in economic growth promotion and there is an abundant struggle to regulate it into desirable level as a suitable policy in last decades.I  hy  hy; this research,to examine the relationship betwee  the interest rate and  macro  variable  ,  the impact of  these variable  o  economic growth to  a selection of  high - income  countrie  and low - income  hasexpressed  . For this purpose, we use SYS-GMM method during 2000-2014 periods.   The results shows that in low-income countries, there is a significant and positive relationship between real interest rate, inflation and investment with economic growth, and also openness, saving and economic participation rate has negative effects on economic growth. The results for high-income countries shows that inflation, investment, saving and economic participation rates has positive relationship with economic growth but real interest rate and economic openness has negative effect on economic growth.     

  Nowadays, labor productivity, as one of the most important factors affecting economic growth and development, especially in developing countries, has been emphasized by many economists. Due to the relative abundance of labor compared to other factors of production in developing countries like the Islamic Republic of Iran, investigating the factors influencing it is considered as one of the most important research priorities in such countries. The term of contracts signed with the labor can affect the quality of his work and ultimately affect labor productivity. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to examine the impact of type of labor contracts on labor productivity. Therefore, to investigate this issue, the model was introduced firstly. Then, Auto-regression with distributed lag (ARDL) method was used to estimate this model during 1986-2014. The results show that labor temporary contracts have negative effect on labor productivity both in the short-term and long-term and permanent contracts have positive effect on labor productivity both in the short-term and long-term. Human development variables, capital intensity, trade openness and governance indicators have positive effect on labor productivity in the long-term, but the variable of proportion of higher education employees to total employees has negative effect on labor productivity in the long-term.

  Inflation is continuing, disproportioned and irregular increasing in general level of monetary prices of products and services. The ample increase of consumption, growing the population of the developing countries, the shortage of raw materials and energy and so on, can be causes of inflation. For this reason, there is this belief that with doing the monetary policies and actions and performing the traditional solutions alone, we cant deal with inflation correctly and find a remedy way for it. But it is essential that its roots will be known and a way being offer with considering all factors. In this research, the relationship between inflation and economic added value and market added value and market total output was study. In order to study this subject, the sample contains 89 accepted companies on the Tehran stock Exchange in the time interval 1386-1394 years was investigated. This research is classified as a descriptive research and its method to test statistical hypotheses is analysis data in the form of compounds. The obtained results of the research indicate that in confidential level 88% with help “the remove of redundant variables” test and estimation of regression model, there is a significant positive relationship between inflation and economic value added and there is a negative and significant correlation between inflation and market added value and total stocks output. Given to the results of this research that shows a negative relationship between inflation and the total stock output and the market added value, it is suggested that investors during analysis of investment projects in securities and financial assets pay special attention to the relationships between these variables, because considering these important factors lead to the choice of the optimal investment portfolios with lower risk and higher returns.

  With regard to the existence of adverse effects of increase in the price of imported goods on domestic price index and thus its impact on inflation, it is necessity to consider the internal and external determining factors in the economic policy.Considering the relationship betweeninflation and trade exchanges, economists believe that global communication reduces the role of external factors in the process of increasing inflation and the role of the internal factors. In this article, we investigate the transfer of international inflation among the countries, including Iran, the United Arab Emirates, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Turkey with the use of VAR models and the specified data.In this regard, the reliability of the variables is examined using Dickey Fuller test, and then reaction functions and shocks effects were examined using vector auto-regression (VAR) model. Based on immediate functions in the VAR model for the years 1194-2015, we found that unexpected changes in inflation of China had negative effects on inflation in other countries, but as China changes effects are short-term and related to consumed goods, its effects are less evident. Similarly, the shock to other countries has statistically significant economic impact. The results show the internal inflation is affected by variable of imported inflation. We concluded that among the countries surveyed, the UAE imposed the highest imported inflation on Iran. It is due the fact UAE acts as commercial broker between Iran and other countries.

Electrical energy is one of the major carriers in the country’s economic growth and development, so it is necessary, as well as other sources of energy used properly. The household sector in Iran for a significan proportion of the power consumption, hence the comprehensive planning and effective policies in order to save electricity consumption, improve life   indicator   households and increasing public welfare is very important. In this study carried out by the description of government policies in the field of optimization domestic consumption of electricity, analysis and administrative problems identified the reasons for the deficiency of the policies. Timeframe research executive years second program until the middle of the fifth development program (1995-2013). The study also in order to collect data   and   information required to use the technique documentary studies and benefiting from quality content analysis method of bottlenecks and problems of the executed policies and analysis. The investigation of used shows that some problems such as lack of domestic electricity tariff reform with an increase in the cost of all, the lack of systematic oversight on how the standardization of household electrical equipment and lack of attention to standards and criteria industrialized countries in this context, the failure of the concept of building national regulations, numerous shortcomings in the system of building engineering and orientation of wrong policy system for stable culture caused despite numerous policy and planning, significant success in the field of domestic electricity consumption is not achieved. The final results of the study also showed that in order to adopt effective policies in future plans, special emphasis policy-makers on employing requirements such as the gradual elimination of the subsidies paid to the high consumption subscribers and attention to incremental-cascade system in electricity tariff reform, supporting the creation of reference laboratories in order to compulsory standards of energy consumption and investment and technological communications with developed countries and pioneer in standardization, the transfer up to date information and expertise from the engineering system organization to electricity engineers with holding training courses on a regular basis and periodically, and reform norms and electricity consumption patterns in the framework of cultural engineering will be very important.