Weirs are among the most important hydraulic structures in water engineering, playing a key role in flow control and measurement, water level regulation, and ensuring hydraulic safety in open channels and hydraulic systems. Among various types of weirs, sharp-crested weirs have always attracted significant attention due to their simple construction, acceptable accuracy in discharge measurement, and wide application in open channels. However, channel width limitations and the increasing demand for higher discharge capacity have made the optimization of the geometric configuration of these weirs increasingly important. One effective approach in this regard is the use of inclined sharp-crested weirs combined with transverse crest slope modification, which can increase the effective crest length and improve hydraulic performance. In this study, the hydraulic performance of an inclined sharp-crested weir with a non-uniform transverse slope was numerically investigated. The main objective of the research was to evaluate the effects of the weir inclination angle and non-uniform transverse slope on flow patterns, velocity and pressure distributions, free-surface behavior, and the discharge coefficient. To achieve this goal, three-dimensional free-surface flow simulations were carried out using the FLOW-3D HYDRO software (version 2023R2). The RNG k–? turbulence model was employed to close the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations, as it provides suitable accuracy for simulating three-dimensional turbulent flows, regions with high velocity gradients, and flow separation zones. The computational domain consisted of a three-dimensional model of the sharp-crested weir with different inclination angles and transverse slope configurations. Appropriate boundary conditions for inlet, outlet, walls, and the free surface were defined based on experimental conditions. Prior to the main simulations, a grid sensitivity analysis was performed to select an optimal mesh that ensured sufficient accuracy while maintaining reasonable computational cost. To validate the numerical model, simulation results were compared with available experimental data. Four different weir configurations with varying geometric and angular conditions were simulated. The comparison of upstream water depth between numerical and experimental results showed that the relative error was less than 2% in all cases, confirming the reliability and accuracy of the numerical model. The simulation results indicate that applying a non-uniform transverse slope to the crest of an inclined sharp-crested weir significantly affects flow behavior. Increasing the inclination angle enhances the effective crest length and increases discharge capacity, although a slight reduction in the discharge coefficient was observed in some cases. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that a variable transverse slope can lead to a more uniform flow distribution across the channel width, reduce secondary flows, and improve free-surface stability. Overall, the combined use of an inclined crest and a non-uniform transverse slope can be considered an effective approach for improving the hydraulic performance of sharp-crested weirs in hydraulic structure design.  

This study presents a comparative evaluation of the effluent quality of the wastewater treatment plant in Ivan, Iran, over two consecutive years (2020 and 2021), employing the Effluent Water Quality Index (EWQI) based on the standards of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Iranian National Standards. The EWQI was calculated using a dedicated code developed in the Python programming environment, and the obtained results served as the basis for quality assessment and analysis. Findings indicated that, according to the EPA and WHO criteria, the effluent quality in 2020 consistently remained within the “good” range, whereas in 2021, a substantial improvement in the second half of the year elevated the quality to the “excellent” level. In contrast, the Iranian National Standards, owing to their broader permissible ranges for chemical parameters and heavy metals, >Keywords: Entropy Weighted Water Quality Index (EWQI), wastewater treatment plant, EPA standards, WHO guidelines, Iran   

   Today, the issue of climate change and fluctuations and the anomalies resulting from it is one of the most important global issues. Detecting changes in precipitation and temperature is used as the primary evidence of climate change in many regions of the world. Therefore, in this research, by examining the changes in the rainfall of Kermanshah province in different time scales of the year, season and month, it was done to determine the cause of flooding in the part of the streets leading to Nobahar Blvd. Surface water collection networks are responsible for directing and transferring surface water caused by rainfall and daily use, but nowadays, due to the expansion of urbanization and the significant increase in impervious surfaces, this possibility has already become difficult and effective for them. With these transmission networks, Nobahar Boulevard faces many problems during rainfall and runoff. It is possible to help improve the conditions and satisfaction of the people of Kermanshah. And the unpleasant face of waterlogged streets, which causes people's dissatisfaction and also causes pollution to be removed from the city.

Abstract Research Aim: Tailings dams are built in the mining industry to manage and store the residual waste materials, known as tailings, that remain after the extraction and beneficiation of metallic and non-metallic ores. Tailings often contain toxic materials. This research involves the simulation of a localized tailings dam breach with a water pond, the investigation of the hydraulic characteristics of the flow, and the comparison of a tailings dam breach with and without lateral slopes. It also investigates the impact of different water surface elevations, locations, and breach widths on the flood and the volume of eroded sediment in a tailings dam's local failure. Research method: In this research, the two-dimensional HEC-RAS software, which utilizes shallow water equations, was used for the numerical simulation of laboratory tailings dam failure cases. For the validation of the simulation results against the laboratory data, the Mean Absolute Relative Error (MARE) and the coefficient of determination (R²) were employed. Findings: This research was conducted to investigate the pattern of bed scour, the amount of sediment transport, changes in the hydraulic quantities of the flow, and information about the floods resulting from local failures under different water surface elevations, locations, and breach widths. Conclusion: The Wu as the sediment transport function was most compatible with the experimental results. In the case of local failure far from the abutment, the shear stress and the Froude number were maximized after the localized dam breach in the downstream flow, which decreased over time with the reduction of the water surface elevation and began to increase at the edge of the scoured area. The side slope increased the scour by a factor of 1.3. Unlike the breach location and the lateral slope, the breach width and the water surface elevation significantly impacted the hydrograph pattern of the outflow resulting from the tailings dam failure. Ultimately, HEC-RAS was able to perform the simulation with relatively high accuracy, which could serve as an alternative to costly and time-consuming experiments. Keywords: Tailings dam, Dam break, Scour, Numerical simulation, HEC-RAS 2D

   مهمترين قدم در راه آبرساني ساختمان­ها، تامين آب سالم و بهداشتي است. بيماري­هاي ناشي از آشاميدن آب آلوده بسيار خطرناك مي­باشند. كنترل كيفيت آب از نظر املاح محلول، رنگ، بو ومزه و باكتري­هاي موجود از لحاظ بهداشتي واجد اهميت حياتي است. مخازن عموما به منظور ذخيره آب پاك، ذخيره براي توزيع، گندزدايي، تامين فشار، جمع آوري، پمپاژ و يا تركيبي از اين موارد طراحي مي­گردد. مشكلات كيفيت آب در تاسيسات ذخيره­سازي را مي­توان بعنوان مشكلات ميكروبيولوژيكي، شيميايي و يا فيزيكي طبقه­بندي كرد. سن بيش از حد آب در بسياري از تاسيسات ذخيره­سازي احتمالا مهمترين عامل مرتبط با كاهش كيفيت آب است. انباشته شدن رسوب در مخازن مشكلات بالقوه در كيفيت آب وافزايش تقاضاي ضدعفوني كننده، رشد ميكروبي، كدورت آب و پوسيدگي كلر را به دنبال دارد. جهت بررسي بي­خطر بودن آب ذخيره بايد تحقيقاتي صورت گيرد. بسياري از ساختمان­ها داراي مخازن ذخيره آب در زيرزمين يا پشت بام هستند تنها در صورتيكه مخزن به درستي طراحي و نصب شده باشد و در شرايط خوبي نگهداري شود استفاده از آن بي­خطر خواهد بود.   در اين تحقيق با روش مشاهده و بازديد ميداني سعي شده است الزامات مربوط به مخزن ساختمان مورد مطالعه قرار گيرد. نتايج نشان داد كه بسياري از الزامات مربوط به اين مخازن در منطقه مورد مطالعه رعايت نشده است.

As the first need of human life, water is the most important element in nature and has always occupied human thought. The control and optimal use of water has been a manifestation of civilization since the distant past. The creation of old dams and dams and bridges in our country shows the importance of this issue in the country. Rivers are the main source of water for humans and other creatures. In order to control the water resulting from rainfall on the banks of the rivers, especially in the lower regions of the country, he created canals to transfer water to different agricultural, urban and rural areas for industrial, drinking and agricultural purposes. Keep in mind that this itself causes water wastage and land pollution around the canal, to prevent water wastage and land pollution adjacent to the earthen canals, the covering of the canals should be considered, which in this case should be considered. be placed Both economically and in terms of water wastage. From the point of view of the ruling regime, he paid attention to the current. For this purpose, it is possible to mention the application of modeling of hydraulic structures in water transmission channels with the help of HEC-RAS software.   

Purpose: Tailings dams that are built in mines and processing plants are hydraulic structures for collecting and storing waste materials in the form of effluents and waste materials from the concentration process in processing plants and minerals. The discharge of sewage and waste materials stored in the dam due to the leakage or failure of the dam creates an important environmental environment in the region, and its entry into surface water, underground and soil causes irreparable damage to the environment and human life. . comes with Due to the inefficiency of tailings dams, less attention is paid to their proper design and construction, which breaks 2.5 times more than water dams. Waste materials in dams may have a longitudinal slope or both longitudinal and transverse slopes. In this project, an attempt has been made to investigate the effects of the longitudinal slope and the combined lateral and longitudinal slope of the bed on the volume of output material and the shape of the eroded bed. Methodology: Due to the fact that the way waste material is placed in the reservoir of the dam may have an effect on the appearance of the eroded bed and the volume of material removed due to failure. A laboratory study should be done in this case. In this research, in order to investigate the effect of longitudinal slope and combined lateral and longitudinal slope of the bed on the volume of output material and the shape of the eroded bed at the end of the experiment, scans of the topography of the eroded bed were prepared. According to bed topography scans, the volume of output material and the shape of scour hole have been investigated. Findings: When the slope of the bed in tailings is only a longitudinal slope, the volume of removed material has decreased by 8.3% compared to the largest volume of material removed in the case of both longitudinal and transverse slope. Also, the development of the eroded cavity along the width of the reservoir or the dam body during the longitudinal slope of the tailings material is about 12 times the width of the failure. While this amount is about 5 to 6 times in both longitudinal and transverse slopes. Result: When tailings have only a longitudinal slope, the development of the scour hole is across the reservoir or the main body of the dam. When the tailings have a slope of both length and width, the development of the shale hole is along the length of the tank, and there is no significant change in the volume of the external material due to the failure of the bed slope change.   

Research Aim: Tailings dams play a critical role in the mining industry, responsible for safely collecting and disposing of tailings while also conserving water and protecting the environment. However, the practice of constructing these structures using the tailings themselves, coupled with inadequate design and supervision, has resulted in a high number of tailings dam failures. This research aims to investigate the potential impact of tailings dam failures in terms of tailings output. The goal is to use this information to prevent future losses and protect against the negative consequences of tailings dam failures. Research method: This research focuses on the specific scenario of tailings dam failure near the support, where a nearby pond is present and the tailings are not prone to liquefaction. In order to conduct a thorough investigation, a large-scale pond was used to ensure that the results are not influenced by the dimensions of the dam reservoir. Additionally, a valve was incorporated into the laboratory model to simulate local failure scenarios. The tests were carried out at varying water levels and repeated three times to ensure the validity of the results. Findings: In this research, the bed erosion pattern and sediment transfer rate were studied in relation to the impact of increasing water levels in the tailings dam reservoir during a local failure near the abutment. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that over time, as water and sediment are released from the dam reservoir, a pit forms in the sedimentary bed. This pit eventually develops into a submerged hydraulic jump. Additionally, it was observed that the length of the scour hole along the direction of the dam body is roughly twice that of the scour hole's length in the direction perpendicular to the dam body.   

Tailings dams are structures builtto store waste from mining operations as well as mineral extraction operationsfrom ore. Tailings dams are completed over time and raised according to thevolume of tailings produced. The purpose of building these structures is tostore waste materials in order to prevent environmental pollution. In thisresearch, the amount of mineral tailings transferred due to a local gap farfrom the support in tailings dams with water in the reservoir is investigatedin a laboratory manner. It should be noted that three different water levelswere considered in this study. In order to validate the failure of the dam was repeatedthree times in each water level. According to the laboratory results, it wasobserved that three types of flow patterns can be seen in these failures. Thedimensions of the scour hole caused by the failure of the dam in the directionof the failure are 2 to 5 times that of the direction perpendicular to thefailure. It also found that with the increase of the water level, the volume ofthe discharging materials increases.

   Cultural landscapes in cities are essentially identity-creating and can contribute to the formation of hangouts and public spaces. The proximity of Taq-e Bostan cultural landscape to Razi University has provided an opportunity to create an area with cultural identity. The present dissertation intends to design a cultural axis using these two cultural poles to improve the quality and identity of this area of Kermanshah. This has been done using the culture-led regeneration approach and the creation of cultural centers, social and cultural interaction spaces and event-oriented. The method of doing the dissertation is logical reasoning using the cultural discourse system. From the study and application of the concepts of landscape, culture, regeneration, global and Iranian history in the implementation of similar examples and their harmonization with urban design policies and standards, patterns for design have been obtained. The use of semantic systems in the cultural landscape, its expansion to the axis through the use of architectural elements in it, homogeneous materials and the strengthening of cultural activities in the axis give rise to the connection of two poles and increase the physical cultural context in this urban complex. In general, cultural activities along with cultural landscapes lead to the formation of a behavioral camp and the development of cultural identity in the urban environment. Culture-led regeneration on the principle of cultural activities is a good policy for adjacent collections of landscapes and cultural resources. The continuity of physical patterns and semantic system used in cultural landscapes to other parts of the city i  ire a mental connection between the cultural landscape and the urban landscape and creates a single identity for the city landscape.    Keywords: Identity, Culture, Cultural landscape, Culture-led regeneration, Taq-e Bostan, Razi University

  The

The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear stress distribution on the bed of a trapezoidal channel, which is one of the most widely used open duct channels. The flow structure in open ducts is directly affected by how the shear stress is distributed in a humid environment. The equilibrium of uniform currents is due to the shear stress on the wet environment of the channel and in the direction of the flow path. On the other hand, the non-uniform distribution of this stress on the bed and the wall of open ducts causes corrosion of the bed at one point and sedimentation at other points. In this study, laboratory data from a highly accurate article by Tominaga et al. Were used as an indicator for validating a computer model developed with Flow3D software, which obtained a correlation coefficient of 0.92 between the values The laboratory confirmed the accuracy of the numerical model by plotting the shear stress values ??of the channel bed resulting from the software implementation. In the next step, trapezoidal channels with different geometric dimensions were analyzed and for 88 different states, shear stress distribution, flow pattern, velocity field, fluid level, and secondary flow pattern were examined and plotted based on geometric characteristics. Dimensional cross-section and shear stress, the effect of channel dimensions on shear stress distribution were investigated. Responses showed that dimensionless shear stress has a limited range, and the shear stress distribution follows a relatively constant pattern. Finally, certain diagrams and tables were obtained for hydraulic designers to achieve the correct understanding and amount of shear stress and its distribution in the trapezoidal channel bed under similar conditions, by spending the least amount of time.  

   Hydraulic jump is one of the complex issues of hydraulic science. It is also very important to reduce the energy downstream of hydraulic structures, for which the supercritical current upstream must be converted to the subcritical current downstream. To reduce energy, a phenomenon called hydraulic jump occurs, which is associated with excessive energy consumption. In general, hydraulic jump is divided into two categories: free and submerged. Whenever the downstream water jumps are greater than the secondary depth, the hydraulic jump occurs submerged. This study was conducted to numerically study the three-dimensional vortex flow in the case of a severely submerged hydraulic jump in the case of a sudden opening downstream. In the present study, the question is what part of the channel width should be where the energy dissipation occurs in the submerged hydraulic jump, so by moving the sudden opening from the center of the channel to other coordinates of the channel width and examining the effective parameters in Hydraulic jumps such as horizontal velocity profiles, vertical velocity profiles, pressure, energy dissipation and viscosity by cross-section in the channel have investigated the effect of this displacement on the energy dissipation of hydraulic jumps. In order to numerically study the submerged hydraulic jump, a three-dimensional code developed by (Mahmoudi Nia et al,1391). In accordance with the laboratory model of Zari and Badour (2007) was used. In the next step, numerical modeling validation is performed with laboratory results, and then the parameters that are not addressed in the article Zari and Badour (2007) are studied, and finally by changing the sudden opening from the center of the channel to other coordinates, the rate of change It has been evaluated in hydraulic jump performance. In general, after examining the effective parameters in submersible hydraulic jump and flow patterns, it was concluded that if there is a sudden opening in the center of the channel, due to its centrality and distance from the walls, vortices appear at the beginning of the jump and then at the end. We saw a slow flow pattern jump, but when a sudden opening is located near the walls, we will not see a slow flow pattern due to the impact of the flow pattern hitting the wall and the resulting vortex at the end of the jump.                Keyword: Numerical Simulation, submerged Hydraulic Jump, Vortex Flow, Turbulence Profile, 3D Flow Pattern

Abstract Objective: Compound channels are the hydraulic cross section of rivers. The entry of municipal, industrial and agricultural wastewater, industrial waste, thermal pollution and nuclear power plants as a stream with different densities into the riverbed is a very important issue and has a great impact on human life and the environment. Investigating how this dense stream propagates through the compound channel helps control pollution in riverbeds and preserve the environment. Research Methodology: In this research, in order to simulate the density flow in a compound channel based on Navier-Stokes equations, the Reynolds stress turbulence model (RSM) has been performed using the open-source software OpenFoam. Assuming a density difference The gap between the two fluids is considered to be Bozinsk. Compound channels with shallow, medium and deep floodplains as well as narrow, medium and wide floodplain have been studied. Results: The accuracy of the model in simulating the experimental model of the initial velocity flow in the compound channel and the dense flow in the rectangular channel is shown. Numerical model is capable of simulating experimental models and the results are in good agreement. Conclusion: Numerical simulation of dense flow with compound channel with different depth and width of floodplain has been done. Studies show that floodplains with greater width and depth have more participation in flow transmission and with increasing depth and width of plain floods, more instability is seen in plain floods. It is low. Also, in a wide floodplain, the dense flow behaves similarly to the main channel.   

Abstract: Today, the use of satellite imagery in predicting flow rate In situs stations is of considerable importance. In the present study, a new technique based on artificial intelligence models for predicting satellite signals (S) is presented, which with the introduction of a new indicator called PS, the problem of imitation of input data is greatly solved. Accordingly, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) model in combination with the two-objective evolutionary optimization algorithm (NSGA-II) for predicting S data is introduced and the proposed model in the present study is named IM. Also in the present paper, the actual values ??of the flow rate at local stations of different rivers are calculated by the soil moisture model and compared with the flow rate values ??obtained from satellite signals. Simultaneous decrease of MSE and PS indices in the proposed IM model has been the subject of the present study, which has been neglected in conventional OM methods in predicting time series. In addition, a typical MLP model is presented in the research to evaluate and compare IM performance. Forecasts have been made for six rivers: White, Red, Missouri, Connecticut, Willamette, and PeeDee. Keyword: Satellite signals, River discharge, Multi-objective optimization, Flood forecasting, Soil moisture method  

در اين پايان نامه يك مدل جهت تامين انرژي مورد نياز يك خانه هوشمند، شامل انرژي الكتريكي و انرژي حرارتي ارائه شده است. خانه مورد نظر متشكل از واحدهاي توليدكننده انرژي ميكروتوربين، بويلر و توربين بادي مي باشد. ميكروتوربين مورد استفاده در اين خانه داراي قابليت توليد هم زمان برق و حرارت (CHP) است. هم چنين ذخيره كننده هاي الكتريكي و حرارتي جهت مديريت بهتر انرژي در نظر گرفته شده است. لازم به ذكر است خانه هوشمند مورد نظر داراي تبادل دو طرفه با شبكه توزيع انرژي الكتريكي مي­باشد. سوخت مصرفي ميكروتوربين و بويلر گاز طبيعي و وظيفه بويلر تامين كردن كمبود انرژي حرارتي لازم جهت تامين بار حرارتي خانه مي باشد. مدل ارائه شده به برنامه­ريزي انرژي الكتريكي و حرارتي خروجي واحدها و مقدار انرژي مبادله با شبكه بالادستي با هدف كاهش هزينه هاي تامين انرژي خانه و با ارضاي قيود مورد نظر از جمله قيد ميزان آلودگي مي­باشد. خانه مورد نظر با قابليت اجراي برنامه پاسخگويي بار با هدف مسطح نمودن پروفيل انرژي الكتريكي مصرفي خانه و كاهش هزينه هاي تامين انرژي در نظر گرفته شده است. نتايج شبيه سازي نشان داد كه مدل ارائه شده جهت تامين انرژي الكتريكي و حرارتي مورد نياز خانه، توانايي كمينه نمودن هزينه تامين انرژي الكتريكي و حرارتي خانه با در نظر قيد ميزان آلودگي و برنامه پاسخگويي بار را دارد. در اين پايان نامه، جهت كمينه نمودن مقيد هزينه تامين انرژي خانه، از الگوريتم بهينه سازي ازدحام ذرات (PSO) استفاده شده است.

  Abstract Investigating and studying the flow characteristics at the confluence of the rivers has been one of the topics discussed in the last decade, where the region is known as the one with high turbulence and three-dimensional motion. Due to changes in the amount and direction of velocity, flow rate and sediment discharge, phenomena such as bed erosion and bank erosion occur. The sepration zone immediately forms a junction down stream and causes flow contraction. which this leads to an increase in velocity and thus to bed erosion. In addition, the resulting vortex flow creates problems for shipping. Therefore, numerous field and laboratory studies have been done to investigate the pattern of flow and sediment conditions at the confluence. These studies have investigated the effects of various parameters such as the discharge ratio, Froude number, and the angle of junction on the hydraulic conditions of the flow. However, no significant studies have been done to reduce the velocity and decrease the dimensions of the separation zone at the open channels junction. The present study aims at investigating the effect of nonsubmerged guide walls on the separation region and velocity variations. Firstly, a numerical model was written utilizing the flow3d software, which, according to the previous studies, was verified. Then, the effects of the guide walls on the junction flow pattern were investigated. In addition, the effect of the guide walls on decreasing dimensions or removing the separation zone as well as the velocity reduction at the open channel junctio   were investigated. The results showed that the application of the guide wall decreases the velocity at the open channel junction. Also, in models where the wall was spaced b/2 (b is the width of channels) from the inner wall of the main channel, the separation zone was not omitted, but its length was reduced. And in models with wall b/4 spaced from the inner wall of the main channel, the separation zone was removed.

Abstract  In recent yerars, new structures have emerged in the field of electromagnetism and microwave, which are known as Metamaterial. These structures are not present in nature and these are artificially created, and have interesting properties such as negative electrical and magnetic permeability coefficients, resulting in a negative or near-zero refractive index. However, the Metamaterial have high losses, difficulty building and bulky structures. Therefore, a different category of these two-dimensional materials, which are known to be Metasurface, are noticed more. As an example of the use of these artificial structures, it is possible to improve the radiation characteristics of antennas in the presence of a Metasurface Given the refractive index of the material with the electrical and magnetic parameters, we know that if one of the electrical or magnetic coefficients is zero at a specified frequency, it will result in zero refractive index of material and, therefore, will result in the direction of the emission waves from the material , Is closer to the normal vector of the surface, which is used to improve the efficiency and antenna gain. in addition, the proper design of the Metasurface can increase the bandwidth or minimize the antenna. In this thesis, the design and simulation of the optimal Metasurfase to increase the gain and directivity of the antenna in the microwave and terahertz band are discussed.

development of hydrologic models for flow routing in multiple-branches systems

Climate change and increased harvesting of water resources cause environmental problems and major changes in lakes and wetlands. In recent years, this has caused many lakes to face a complete drought. The Bakhtegan and Tash Lakes is one of the most important environmental assets and the second largest lake in the country is almost dried up. In this study, to determine the process of drying the lake, using the LandSat satellite images and image processing by ILWIS and ArcMap software, the time series of water surface of the Bakhtegan Lake were prepared monthly for a thirty year period. Then, the equation was extracted between the annual average area of the lake and the annual discharge of the Khor River at the site of the Paul Khan Hydrometric Station. According to the fifth report (AR5) of the IPCC, in order to assess the effects of climate change the Outputs of the General Climate Model (GCM) on the three the sub catchment of Droudezan, Sivand and Hasanabad (Korr), have been downscaled. Among the selected models, after review, the BCC-CSM 1.1 model was used as the preferred model in each of the three sub catchment for downscaling in order to produce more appropriate results. The results of downscaling in accordance AR5 in the form of the average of four scenarios indicate a decline in precipitation by 2050 compared to the long-term average for the Droodzene sub catchment of 23 mm, Sivand   ub catchment 12-mm and Hassan Abad (Khor) sub catchment is 10 mm. During this period, the average long-term temperature is increased for the Droudezn sub catchment is 1.05 degrees Celsius, Sivand sub catchment 1.06 degrees Celsius and Hassan Abad 0.6 degrees Celsius. In order to apply the effects of climate change on the amount of runoff entering the lake, the water resource planning model of Bakhtegan watershed was created and calibrated in WEAP software. By modifying the discharge, for conformed to the climate change conditions (rainfall reduction), predicted the annual forecast of the runoff Khor River in the Pul Khan site by 2050, and finally, using the governing equation between the annual average area of the lake and the annual yield of the Khor River, The area of the lake in the period from 2020 to 2050 is projected to be annual average. By the year 2050, the average annual of the lake will be 20% of the past area. The largest predicted area of the lake is related to the Rcp60 scenario in 2038 with a value of 568 square kilometers (equivalent to 40 percent of the lake area), and the least is the Rcp85 scenario in 2038 with a value of 77 square kilometers (equivalent to 7 percent of the lake area).Water resources management is very important in preventing environmental crises and losing national resources. Climate change or any other risk can be controlled by correct recognition of the phenomenon, and short-term and long-term planning, control adverse consequences and minimize losses. The results of this research can be used to manage and plan water resources in the Bakhtegan Basin, in allocating the water necessary to maintain the Lake Bakhtegan and Tashk as a national capital.

  Pipelines are one of the most important engineering structures and systems. These systems are very significant from the economic and strategic point of views, and are widely used all over the world. Therefore, they must be investigated more accurately. Since the length of the pipelines is very long and may exceed several hundred kilometers, a more precise study of the flow patterns such as velocity, pressure, friction as well as feasible deformation may lead to a more economical and accurate design of mentioned systems. Although investigation of the related equations is complicated, costly, and time consuming, these difficulties may be overcome using engineering software. In this article, a robust analytical software of fluid mechanics Ansis Fluent 15 is employed to verify validity and accuracy of turbulence models k-omega, k-epsilon, and Reynolds stress. The results obtained in this study have good agreement with those reported in the literature.

  در تونل هاي آبگيري سدها از دريچه هايي با مدخل ورودي بيضي گون جهت كاهش افت و احتمال وقوع كاويتاسيون استفاده مي شود اين دريچه به وسيله شبكه آشغالگيري كه در ابتداي دهانه نصب مي گردد جهت جلوگيري از ورود آشغال هاي بزرگ كه امكان آسيب رساندن به سيستم انتقال از جمله دريچه ها، شيرها و توربين را دارد محافظت شود. طراحي مدخل و شبكه آشغالگير مناسب نيازمند شناخت جريان در اطراف شبكه آشغالگير و اطراف مدخل بيضي گون مي باشد، همچنين ضروري است بررسي گردد كه شبكه آشغالگير و دريچه آبگيري   بر مشخصات جريان تا چه طولي از تونل، پنستاك، دريچه ها و خروجي تونل تاثيرگذار بوده و مقدار اين اثرگذاري در طرح بهينه اقتصادي، ايمني و عمر سازه مورد بررسي قرارگيرد. در اين پژوهش به بررسي مقدار اثر تغيير دماي جريان و مقدار هواي سيال در جريان دوفازي ماندگار و دائمي در حالت هاي مختلف بازشدگي دريچه كشويي به عنوان پارامترهاي متغير سيال پرداخته شد كه نتايج آن نشان داد كه اثر تغيير دما و غلظت هوا برفشار جريان اثري بسيار جزئي و بر خصوصيات سرعت اثري تقريبا جزئي دارد. اثر تغيير زبري ديواره ميله هاي شبكه آشغالگير، ديواره تونل، تغيير قطر ميله هاي شبكه آشغالگير، اثر انسداد شبكه آشغالگير به وسيله تنه هاي درخت و تغيير شرايط ورودي و خروجي سرعت و فشار جريان در     بازشدگي هاي مختلف دريچه كشويي از پارامترهاي مهم به عنوان پارامترهاي متغير مقادير اوليه و شرايط مرزي است كه تحليل شدند. مي توان نتيجه گرفت اثر تغييرات جزئي در شرايط مرزي و مقادير اوليه بسيار بيشتر از اثر تغييرات قابل ملاحظه ي محدود در مشخصات سيال خواهد بود. از نتايج ديگر اين پژوهش مي توان به تحليل رفتار سه بعدي جريان در اطراف     ميله هاي شبكه آشغالگير و دريچه كشويي اشاره كرد كه در حالت انسداد يا بسته بودن بيش از يك حد مشخص ( سرعت و فشار اعمالي) موجب پس زدن جريان، آشفتگي ها و نوسانات شديد و در بعضي حالات عدم پايداري و همگرايي معادلات خواهد گشت.

synthesis and Characterization of core-shell nanoparticles(YSZ@Ni nanoparticles)

  AbstractIn this research, we study the effects of climate change on climatic variables of precipitation and temperature in the upcoming period and the effect of predicted changes on Chaghchmal plain groundwater levels in the next two 20-year periods. For this purpose and in order to simulate the aquifer, the GMS subterranean water model has been used. During the calibration period for the 18 month period (March 2009 to September 2008), the error rates for the two Mangram and non-stable models are MEX and MAE respectively. Also, verification The model was also carried out during the 18 month period (September 2011- April 2010) and the amount of RMSE and MAE indicators were obtained respectively. Also, to study the effect of climate change on the fluctuations of groundwater level of the region in the upcoming period, six AOGCM models under three scenarios A2, A1B and B1 and two probability levels of 90 and 50%, and with regard to the uncertainty of the general circulation models, prediction of climatic variables And temperature were paid. The LARS_WG model and the proportional method were used for mapping and localization of climate parameters. The predicted climatic variables for scenarios A2, A1B and B1 and two probabilities of 90% and 50% respectively, changes for the mean long-term temperature of 0.65 +, 0.653 +, 0.653 +, -0.04 and +0.6 ° C, and the long-term average changes The precipitation was -0.15.2.06 -, + 2.25, -30.2 and -0.095 percent during the period of 2011-2030, and the same for long-term changes in temperature +2, + 2.2.1.55 +, + 0.98 and +2.3 ° C, and average long-term variations of rainfall -17, -23.7, -18.3, -46 and -13.8% during the statistical period of 2065-2046. Ultimately, fluctuations due to climate change on aquifer levels were identified under scenarios. Based on the results, groundwater level under the scenarios A2, A1B and B1 and two probabilistic levels of 90 and 50 percent for the periods 2011-2030 and 2046-2046 compared to the period 1996-2015 averaged between -1.55 to -1.83 meters Drop showed In view of these changes in order to adapt and reduce the negative effects of climate change on the region, using the proper management of water resources and taking into account all aspects of agriculture, drinking, industrial and environmental uses, the effects of climate change on the water resources of the region Castells, in order to keep these resources as good aspossible.   Key word: Groundwater balance, Climate change, AOGCM general circulation model, Climate scenarios, Uncertainty, GMS model, LARS_WG model.

بررسي عددي روش هاي مختلف استهلاك انرژي جريان پايين دست شيب شكن هاي واقع در كانال هاي باز

بررسي عددي مشخصات جريان در امتداد سرريز جانبي، دركانال همگرا شونده

Aerosols are very small solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in a gas phase. It is very important to study aerosols evolution and its relevant processes including coagulation, deposition, condensation, and source reinforcement. It seems even more essential in issues such as nuclear reactor containments contamination and its environmental effects. On the other hand, Analytical solution of the governing aerosol evolution equations is not possible except in some limited cases. In this research direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is employed to develop a numerical computer code which simulates coagulation and deposition processes in multicomponent aerosols with different densities. The coagulation and deposition processes are simulated based on Brownian motions and diffusion of particles, respectively. The effects of gravity are considered for both processes as well. Sectional method, which is the common technique in simulation of aerosols evolution, is used to validate the ability of our DSMC code in modeling coagulation and deposition processes. The comparison results in a well agreement between two methods. Furthermore, the evolution of nuclear aerosol of Uranium dioxide enriched with water particles is investigated using the validated DSMC code. The Uranium dioxide particles, ranged from 0.01 to 0.04 micrometers in diameter, are distributed in a cubic repository of one meter edge length. Then water particles are added to the aerosol and the evolution of Uranium dioxide particles including mass distribution variations as well as deposition and coagulation of suspended particles are studied. The water particles, which have the same size in each study, are ranged from 0.012 to 0.551 micrometers in diameter. It is observed that increasing the water particles diameter results in decrease of uranium dioxide particles deposition; such that for water particles with mean diameter 0.55 micrometers, the uranium dioxide particles are mainly suspended. On the other hand, due to coagulation of small particles over the time, remaining suspended particles have much larger diameters (70 times greater than initial size in average). These features can be beneficial in many ways such as tra  orting and deposition controlling of aerosols as well as using larger hole filters (less flow restriction) in case of air purification of nuclear repositories. Finally, taking a closer look at the deposition process, an estimated relation is used to improve the simulation of the coagulation. We call this method modified deposition rate DSMC in contrast to common DSMC. This modification results in more realistic simulation with completely different results compared to common DSMC. Another disadvantage of the prevalent DSMC is using estimated deposition rates in modeling diffusional deposition which does not take advantage of the prominent feature of the DSMC method that is particle tracking. However, simulating diffusional deposition by means of estimated deposition rates fail to use the ability of DSMC method in particle tracking. Therefore, a new scheme for simulation of diffusional deposition is proposed which is based on movement and position of particles and hence more accurate. The results of this method are close to modified deposition rate DSMC.

پيش بيني سيل با استفاده از تلفيق تصاوير ماهواره اي و مدل بارش-رواناب در مناطق فاقد آمار

  پيش بيني بار معلق رسوبات رودخانه قره سو با استفاده از محاسبات نرم

بررسي تاثير پيش پردازش داده هاي هيدرولوژيكي بر نتايج انواع مدل هاي   پيش بيني سري هاي زماني   هيدرولوژيكي

چكيدهدر اين پژوهش از دو نوع نانوذره مغناطيسي هتروپلي اسيد جهت ساخت غشاهاي ماتريس آميخته نانوذره مغناطيسي/پلي­اترسولفون به روش تغييرفاز- رسوب استفاده شده است. ابتدا غشاهايي با غلظت هاي متفاوت از نانوذره PW-SiO2@Fe3O4 ساخته شده و پس از تعيين غلظت بهينه نانوذره برابر با 0.1%   وزني با استفاده از آزمايش نفوذپذيري آب خالص، غشاهايي حاوي 0.1% وزني نانوذره PW-SiO2@Fe2O3 تهيه شده و حضور ميدان مغناطيسي، قدرت و جهت ميدان مغناطيسي در هنگام ريخته گري و تاثير آنها بر     جهت­گيري نانوذرات درون غشا و ديگر خواص غشاهاي نانو كامپوزيت بررسي گرديد. خواص غشاهاي ساخته شده نظير نفوذپذيري آب خالص، خاصيت ضد گرفتگي، محتواي آب و ميزان تخلخل مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفته و همچنين خواص سطحي نظير آبدوستي و زبري سطح به ترتيب با آزمايش سنجش زاويه تماس آب و آناليز AFM بررسي شدند. علاوه بر آن، ساختار غشاهاي ساخته شده به­وسيله تصاوير سطحي و عرضي SEM مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفتند. در ادامه عملكرد برخي از غشاها در پس­دهي يون كروم(VI) در محلول حاوي 100PPM از اين يون و با استفاده از عمليات PEUF بررسي شد و مشاهده گرديد كه غشايي كه حاوي 0.1% وزني نانوذره PW-SiO2@Fe2O3 بوده و در حضور ميدان مغناطيسي با بيشترين قدرت ساخته شده است بهترين عملكرد را در پس­دهي يون كروم (VI) به ميزان 94% داشته است. از ديگر نتايج اين پژوهش افزايش آبدوستي و زبري سطح غشاهاي نانوكامپوزيت با حضور نانوذرات و همچنين حضور ميدان مغناطيسي بود؛ به­نحوي كه از ميان غشاهاي حاوي نانوذره PW-SiO2@Fe3O4، غشا با بيشترين غلظت نانوذره داراي پايين ترين زاويه تماس آب و زبرترين سطح بود. همچنين از ميان غشاهايي كه در حضور ميدان مغناطيسي ساخته شدند، غشايي كه در حضور قوي­ترين ميدان مغناطيسي ساخته شد كمترين زاويه تماس و زبرترين سطح را دارا بود.

تأمين آب موردنياز كشاورزي، صنعت و آشاميدني نيازمند برنامه­ريزي­هاي دقيق و درازمدت است. با توجه به مشكلاتي از قبيل خشك­ سالي­ها، كمبود بارندگي و مصرف بي­  hy;رويه­ي آب­هاي زير زميني در سال­هاي اخير، اهميت اين موضوع بيشتر شده است. از اين رو پيش­بيني متغيرهاي هيدرولوژيكي به ­منظور مديريت بهره­برداري از منابع آب امري ضروري است كه در اين بين تراز سطح درياچه­  hy;ها به­عنوان يك ميراث طبيعي اهميت ويژه­اي دارد. بدين­منظور استفاده از روش­هايي كه با صرف كمترين وقت و هزينه به دقيق­ترين نتيجه برسد بسيار حائز اهميت است.در اين پايان­نامه مطالعه­اي در رابطه با پيش­بيني تراز سطح درياچه انجام شده­است. اين مطالعه به اين شرح صورت گرفته­است. در ابتدا نرمالسازي داده­هاي تراز سطح درياچه در محدوده   انجام گرفت. پس از آن به انتخاب تركيب ورودي­هاي مختلف با استفاده از همبستگي­نگارها پرداخته شد. نتيجه آن شامل 16 نوع تركيب ورودي متفاوت است. پس از آن با اين 16 نوع تركيب مدلسازي بوسيله روش ELM صورت گرفت. سپس با استفاده از شاخص­هاي آماري، نمودارهاي رگرسيوني و نمودارهاي سري زماني اين 16 مدل با يكديگر مقايسه شدند و بهترين مدل برگزيده شد. مدل برتر در اين پژوهش مدل 3 معرفي شد و در نهايت نتايج اين پژوهش با نتايج ارائه شده محققين در گذشته مقايسه شد. نتيجه اين مقايسه به برتري مدل ارائه شده در اين پايان­نامه انجاميد.

  Open channels from the past are the most effective and optimal sections used in water transmission systems. Among the various methods of water transfer, the use of gravity and the movement of water in a free-flow flow, along with the construction of appropriate canals and hydraulic structures, such as valleys and overflows, are the most commonly used methods for watering and irrigation. Considering channel characteristics, including type, gender, as well as the geometric shape of the channel section, is essential. The most important axis is the design of water channels, the transfer of water from the place of extraction to consumption, with the least losses and the lowest cost of exploitation, which the issues above have made the experts persuaded to revise the design and construction of water channels in scientific circles. This has led to studies on floor coverings and channel walls, manning roughness determination and critical depth determination, since channel deformation increases with sedimentation at the channel floor.  In this research, in order to obtain a clear understanding of the effect of wall and bed roughness on the flow pattern (longitudinal velocity and transverse flow), experiments were conducted on the flow in a direct trapezoidal channel. Variables in this test series are the average velocity (discharge 5, 6.6 and 8.2 L/S), roughness mode (all without roughness, only rough wall and all surface of the roughness channel), roughness (9, 12 and 15 mm) and depth of flow (13 and 16 cm). Speed measurements were made by a two-dimensional electromagnetic speedometer, accurate to 0.001 m/s. An inventive method has been used to measure vertical velocity, which is described in full in Chapter 3. By analyzing and analyzing the results of the experiments, it was found that with increasing average flow velocity, an accidental increase in roughness occurs, and velocity contours rotate away from the rough parts. When the only wall is rough, the contours tend to the middle of the channels width toward the bed, and with the addition of the roughness of the substrate, these contours are removed from the bed and somewhat back to the wall. The increase in average velocity increases the effect of the depth of flow on roughness, which is more tangible for a situation where the only wall of the roughness channel is rough. By increasing the size of the roughness and adding the roughness of the bed, it is observed that the secondary vortex flow moves toward the free surface of the stream and sometimes moves towards the wall, but there are also examples of defects indicating that it is not predictable The phenomenon of product is turbulence

  The present work is aimed at energy and exergy analysing of a IX-SAHP system considering the effects of the pressure drop associated with the ?ow of R134a refrigerant through the condenser, evaporator and connection pipes and the flow of Ethylene glycol through the collector, using Homogeneous method for two-phase pressure drop inside horizontal pipes. This system mainly employs a collector with a surface area of 5.5 m2, a hot water tank with the volume of 150 L, an electrical rotary-type hermetic compressor and a thermostatic expansion valve. The effect of various parameters, including solar radiation, ambient temperature, collector surface area, compressor speed and number of collector cover has been studied on the thermal performance of the system. The simulation results have good agreement with experimental results and they indicate that with the increase in ambient temperature (Ta) from -5 to 30 °C, for a given solar radiation of 700 W.m-2, the system COP and collector ef?ciency (?C) increases from 2 to 3.5 and from 35.8 to 58.8%, respectively. With the increase in radiation intensity (IT) from 350 to 1200 W.m2, for a given ambient temperature of 20 °C, the system COP increases from 2.1 to 5.5 and collector ef?ciency decreases from 71.4 to 45.6% and also with increasing ambient temperature, solar radiation and compressor speed, the pressure drop in the condenser, collector and evaporator increases.

  AbstractCollision of two flow in open channelsand its three-dimensional dynamic effectonthe on the sedimentation and distribution of water is a common phenomenon in natural rivers, irrigation and drainage networks, collect and guideof surface water systems, sewer and etc. Junctio  ecause of the effects on the flow structure including sediment tra  ort, results of measurement and pollutiondistribution in flow have an important effect in hydraulic engineering and this factorshave becomejunctionto the routine structures.Complex hydrodynamic of flow at the junctionsare dependent on many geometry and hydraulic parameters such ascollision of two channels angle, channel shape, slope, Froude number, Reynolds number, discharge ratio and the ratio of channel width.In this study, in order to reach a clear understanding of the physics governing on the flow field in open channel junction by a FLOW-3D software, VOF method and the RNG k-? turbulence model flow field in 90   junction in open channel numerical simulation and by using results of experimental studies, the results of numerical solution has been validated.Comparison between numerical results and laboratory measurements indicatedthe capability of numerical model for simulation of three-dimensional flow pattern in open channel junctions.The purpose of this studyputting obstaclein tributary channelto prevent sediment tra  ort from tributary-channel to main channel and reduce pollution in the main channel.In this study, aobstacle placed in the tributary-channel and to examine the various parameters of flow and compare this model to the simple junction.In this thesis tried that the influence of the obstaclewith 10 cm width at three points of tributary-channelsand at a height of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 m have be monitored on velocity parameters, shear stress, Froude number, water level changesAnd is trying to with transfer the obstacle with 10 cm width at various points of tributary-channelsand changes elevation that lead to an optimal model to be more appropriate hydraulic conditions.At first aobstaclewas placed at the end of tributary-channels by adding different width and 0.1 height and0.25 ratio of discharge that modeling and analysis by Flow-3d software and to more analyze and evaluate after the specified width, height change effects in different points of the tributary-channel is checked.After reviewing the results of model with obstaclein height and different point of tributary-channels,the model by the obstacle height determined where the hydraulic conditions more efficient than mode simple junction was selected.

  umerical Study Of the Effect of Local Change of Channel Width On Flow Pattern In Open-Channel Junction

  owadays, according to the importance of water, flood and Hydrological problems, studying on these issues are essential. There are many studies were tried to employ the Regression between the maximum flow rate of a floodwater and region characteristics. In these studies, the problems with reaching to a general relation between the maximum flow rate of a floodwater and region characteristics are the results of the failure of key variables. The goal of this study is getting the relation between the maximum flow rate of catchment regions for Lorestan with physical and climatic parameters of these catchment regions. I this research 67 parameters have been used which they are related to the catchment regions (Morphometric features of regions, river network, focus time and climatic parameters) and finally using factor analysis technic these parameters decreased to 10 more effective parameters (12-20 percent slope area, the slope average, direct height, slope deviation, slenderness ratio, minimum slope, impure slope of the mainstream, the surface area of the region and Williams focus time). In factor analysis considering to the special amount and percentage of the cumulative variance the number of factors has been reduced from 7 to 5 factors. Therefore, by the use of four MSA methods has been exploited. In the first method for the best parameter selection using matrixes has been decided but considering the linear dependency that exists between the parameters, this method has been rejected. In the second method among the parameters that are related to the catchment regions, each parameter with the maximum coefficient factor has been chosen as the main parameter. Thus, considering the amount of the amount KMO coefficient, the impact of the other parameters on main parameters has been analyzed. In the third method among the five reached factors each parameter that emits the most coefficient factor could be chosen as the main parameter then the other parameters considering the amount of KMO coefficient should be analyzed. In the fourth method, the first 15 parameters that have the most coefficient factor has been chosen as the main parameters then again the rest of parameters considering the amount of KMO coefficient have been analyzed.To do more analysis in catchment regions and achieving the maximum flow rate for a floodwater in a year, two different scenarios (without clustering, clustering based on effective parameters) has been applied that could be considered for the hydrologic homogeneity of the catchment regions. Therefore, by the use of the clustering analysis, the separated groups for scenarios have been created and each group by the use of detection function has been evaluated. Regarding the results from the different scenarios, it seems that in achieved models employing clustering analysis, considering the amount of VIF and multi-variable regression results validation it is shown that a better explaining factor could be obtained. Eventually, the third method of factor analysis regarding the achieved multi-variable regression results has been chosen as the best method.  Keywords: the maximum flow rate of floodwater; Lorestan; factor analysis, homogeneous regio   multi-variable regression; clustering technic.