Industrial development and economic growth critically depend on a reliable supply of energy carriers, particularly electricity, as an essential production input. The primary objective of this study is to examine the impact of industrialization on electricity consumption across Iranian provinces using econometric techniques. To this end, an electricity demand model is specified and estimated using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) within a dynamic panel data framework. Alongside the industrialization index, real industrial value added, real energy intensity, urbanization rate, and population growth are incorporated as explanatory variables. The empirical results indicate that the lagged dependent variable has a positive and statistically significant coefficient, confirming the persistence and dynamic adjustment in electricity consumption. Furthermore, industrialization and real industrial value added exert a significant positive effect on electricity demand, highlighting that industrial expansion acts as a major driver of electrical energy usage across the provinces. In addition, real energy intensity and urbanization contribute significantly to higher electricity consumption. Diagnostic checks, including the Arellano–Bond autocorrelation tests and the Sargan test, confirm instrument validity and model specification. Based on these findings, modernizing industrial production lines, adopting energy-efficient technologies, and transitioning toward low-energy-intensive industrial structures are recommended to ensure sustainable electricity demand management.   

   In recent years, economic institutions, particularly formal institutions such as property rights and contractual institutions, have received increasing attention as fundamental determinants of countries' economic growth and development trajectories. Both theoretical and empirical literature suggest that the quality of these institutions plays a critical role in shaping the performance of macroeconomic variables. This study aims to investigate the impact of property rights institutions and contractual institutions on key macroeconomic variables, including gross domestic product (GDP), unemployment rate, inflation rate, trade openness, and investment rate, across the BRICS member countries—namely Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, the United Arab Emirates, Iran, Indonesia, Bolivia, Saudi Arabia, and Nigeria—over the period 2000 to 2023. Given the bidirectional relationship between institutional variables and economic performance, and to address the potential endogeneity problem, this study employs panel data methodology with the two-stage least squares (2SLS) econometric approach. The empirical findings reveal that GDP, trade openness, and investment rate exert a positive and statistically significant effect on the quality of both property rights and contractual institutions, whereas the unemployment rate and inflation rate have a negative and statistically significant impact on these institutions. The results further indicate that improvements in macroeconomic performance can enhance institutional quality in BRICS countries, while strengthening property rights and contractual institutions can, in turn, foster sustainable economic growth and reduce unemployment and inflation in these economies. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the reciprocal mechanisms between the economy and institutions in developing countries and provide valuable insights for policymakers in designing effective institutional frameworks to achieve sustainable economic development.

With the expansion of the digital economy as one of the pillars of structural transformation in modern economies, examining its effects on economic growth has gained special importance. The main objective of this study is to examine the relationship between the development of the digital economy and economic growth. To this end, the impact of variables such as investment in information and communication technology, the volume of e-commerce, and the smartization index and employment in the digital sector on GDP, as well as the interaction effect of economic growth on digital employment, was examined.In the present study, the principal component analysis (PCA) method was used for the smart index. The data used included panel data of selected BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia) during the period 2003 to 2023, and the research model was estimated in the form of two equations and using the random effects panel data method using Eviews software. The results show that the development of information and communication technology, smartization and the expansion of e-commerce play a significant role in improving economic growth performance and strengthening digital employment. The findings also indicate the existence of a reciprocal relationship between economic growth and employment in the digital sector.In some cases, the short-term effects of digital development have been different from theoretical expectations, which may be due to the structural transition process and the need for initial investments. Overall, the research results confirm the importance of targeted policymaking in the field of digital infrastructure, upgrading technological skills, and developing e-commerce in order to achieve sustainable growth and create digital employment.  

  Iraq's economy is heavily dependent on oil revenues, and government debt plays a significant role in fiscal policy and economic growth. This research aims to examine the impact of government debt on Iraq's long-term economic growth using modern econometric methods. The study employs the Non-linear ARDL (NARDL) model to analyze the long- and short-term effects of debt and to investigate the asymmetric impacts of debt increases and decreases. Additionally, an LSTM neural network and a hybrid ARDL-LSTM model are utilized to forecast economic growth trends.

Abstract          Social development, as one of the key dimensions of sustainable development, plays an important role in improving the quality of life, social justice, and increasing public participation. In Iran, despite the efforts made in the economic field, many social indicators such as poverty, inequality, unemployment, and weak governance remain challenging. The main objective of this study is to investigate and estimate the effect of selected economic factors on social development in Iran during the period 1382 to 1400. In this regard, the autoregressive distribution lag (ARDL) model has been used to analyze the short-term and long-term relationships between economic variables and the social development index. In this study, social development is defined as a composite index including life expectancy, social capital, and the Gini coefficient, and the independent variables including poverty, employment rate, life expectancy, quality of governance, business environment, and income inequality (Gini coefficient) have been considered.    The results of the ARDL model estimation showed that in the long run, variables such as life expectancy, business environment, quality of governance, and employment rate have a positive and significant effect on social development, while poverty has a negative and significant effect on it. The Gini coefficient also showed a positive effect, contrary to theoretical expectations, which could depend on the method of calculating the composite index and requires cautious interpretation. Short-term results were also observed in a similar direction, but with a different strength of effect. Accordingly, it is suggested that economic policymakers take steps to promote social development in the country by focusing on reducing poverty, improving public health, improving the quality of governance, facilitating the business environment, and increasing job opportunities. It is also recommended to review the indicators for measuring social development and use regional and multidimensional approaches in future studies.   

  The unemployment rate, as one of the macroeconomic indicators, has had a wide impact on various aspects of the social and economic life of societies. The happiness and psychological well-being of citizens are also among the variables that are affected by the increase in the unemployment rate. Scientific study and quantitative estimation of the impact of the increase in the unemployment rate on happiness are of particular importance, which are addressed in this research. In the research model, the happiness index is considered as the dependent variable and the unemployment rate as the independent variable. In addition, variables such as inflation, per capita income, economic growth rate, trade openness and exchange rate are also considered as control variables. The research method is descriptive-analytical and has an econometric approach. The quantile regression technique is used to examine the effect of independent and control variables on happiness. The data used will be collected from reputable national and international sources for the period 2005 to 2023.

Financial development refers to a situation in which the provision of financial services by financial institutions expands and all members of society benefit from a wide range of services (Malekshahi, 2013). Financial development consists of two indicators: liquidity available in the capital market and liquidity available in the banking system (Ahmadian, 2010). Due to the higher capacity and influence of banks in the country, bank-based financial development has been more prevalent since the 1979 Revolution. Development is divided into two parts: economic development and financial development. In the financial development dimension, banks play a key role in mobilizing diverse resources, ensuring their appropriate, accurate, efficient, and tra  arent circulation in transactions, and providing financing (Yujue Wang, 2024). Smart banking, as one of the vital infrastructures of the banking industry, plays a crucial role in the distribution of banking services (Karimkhani, 2023). One of the important areas in making society smarter to exploit the capabilities of smart banking systems is that the structural system of banks defines and deploys smart tools, and the target audience uses these tools. Therefore, the share of financial transactions conducted through these financial tools out of total transactions can be considered a percentage of smart financial development tools. In this study, which aims to examine the effect of smart financial depth on inflation and unemployment indicators across the provinces of the country, the smart financial depth index is defined and calculated by multiplying two indices: financial depth and the smart depth coefficient. The smart depth coefficient is calculated and extracted based on the ratio of mobile banking transactions to total transactions, using the reported statistical data and information of the country’s banking sector. Inflation and economic growth indicators are extracted from the monthly reports of the Statistical Center of Iran as well as regional accounts data, and after ensuring their temporal consistency, they are utilized in the analysis. In this research, control and instrumental variables related to economic and social conditions are also included in the model to prevent bias in the results. Finally, by applying diagnostic tests such as the Sargan test and autocorrelation tests, the validity of the instruments and the correctness of the model are evaluated to ensure that the research findings are sufficiently reliable and can serve as an appropriate basis for policy decision-making. Ultimately, the results indicate that there is a significant relationship between smart financial depth and unemployment and inflation rates across the provinces of the country.  

Political attention in developing countries means the ability and power to make decisions in the allocation of scarce resources of the country in regions where the country's economic managers and decision-makers are from that region or are influenced by parliamentarians, influential or pressure groups, or processes that redirect scarce resources that can be allocated in favor of some regions with more attention. This process will be formed in a hidden and hidden way in the numbers of economic indicators. But some constructed economic indicators can demonstrate part of this power and ability to apply more attention. In this study, the effect of the political attention coefficient through budget allocation, financial facilities, employment policies, and taxes on inflation and economic growth of provinces in 31 provinces of Iran during the period 1385-1402 was examined. Using the FMOLS model, the results showed that PFI, PBI, EPR enhance growth but increase inflation, while Total Tax reduces growth and inflation.   

   اين مطالعه به بررسي تأثير هوش مصنوعي در آموزش و عملكرد حسابداري مي‌پردازد و نياز احتمالي به به‌روزرساني برنامه‌هاي درسي در دانشگاه‌هاي ايران را ارزيابي مي‌كند. با توجه به سرعت تحولات در حوزه فناوري هوش مصنوعي و تأثير آن بر صنعت حسابداري و نياز به آمادگي دانشجويان حسابداري براي بازار كاري با محوريت فناوري، اين پژوهش ميزان آمادگي دانشجويان حسابداري را براي پذيرش هوش مصنوعي دربرنامه‌هاي درسي خود با بررسي عواملي از جمله آمادگي فناوري‌ دانشجويان، مهارت‌هاي ديجيتالي شامل سواد ديجيتال و سواد اطلاعاتي، ادراك سودمندي و ادراك سهولت استفاده از فناوري هوش مصنوعي ارزيابي كرد. در اين پژوهش با انجام نظرسنجي از 284 نفر از دانشجويان مقطع كارشناسي حسابداري دانشگاه‌هاي دولتي غرب كشور با استفاده از پرسشنامه، اطلاعات لازم جمع آوري شد. و سپس داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزارهاي آماري و PLS تحليل شدند. نتايج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد كه آمادگي فناوري، سواد ديجيتالي، سواد اطلاعاتي، سودمندي فناوري هوش مصنوعي و سهولت استفاده از فناوري هوش مصنوعي بر پذيرش فناوري هوش مصنوعي اثر مثبت و معنادار دارند. همچنين نتايج پژوهش نشان داد كه آمادگي فناوري بر سودمندي فناوري هوش مصنوعي و سهولت استفاده از فناوري هوش مصنوعي اثر مثبت و معنادار دارد. در ادامه نتايج نشان دادند سهولت استفاده از فناوري هوش مصنوعي بر سودمندي فناوري هوش مصنوعي اثر مثبت و معنادار دارد و در نهايت مشخص شد كه رابطه بين آمادگي فناوري و پذيرش فناوري هوش مصنوعي توسط سودمندي فناوري هوش مصنوعي و سهولت استفاده از فناوري هوش مصنوعي به طور مثبت و معنادار، واسطه گري مي‌شود.

   In economic literature, financial development is considered one of the prerequisites for the economic growth and development of countries. Financial development significantly impacts economic reconstruction and contributes to long-term economic growth and the performance of relevant institutions. The development of financial markets is considered one of the necessities for the economic prosperity of a country. If financial markets are efficient, all elements of financial markets, including money and capital markets, will also have an efficiency and effectiveness index. Economic growth is known as the main engine of financial development. Increasing GDP and per capita income increase the demand for financial services. As the economy grows, companies and individuals have a greater need for financing; therefore, financial markets develop. Foreign direct investment also plays a key role in financial development as a transfer of capital, technology, managerial knowledge, and experience from developed countries to developing countries. In the most important stage, the effect of the explanatory variables on the dependent variable was analyzed using the generalized moments method, and the results are as follows: All coefficients have an appropriate level of significance, and the sign of the obtained coefficients is consistent with the expected sign of economic theories, and the detection coefficient is at an appropriate level. Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth, Gross Domestic Product (GNP), Financial Development, Generalized Method of Moments (GMM).

   Today, unemployment is a major economic challenge in Iran, significantly impacting the country's economic performance and creating various economic difficulties. E-commerce, as a sector influenced by technological advancements, plays a substantial role in generating new employment opportunities for the economy. However, the development of this sector is not solely dependent on the level of a country's digitalization but is also related to the speed of technology adoption and its integration into business environments.E-commerce has led to the formation of new businesses and is characterized by the diminished role of distance, reduced transaction costs, facilitated information gathering, balanced supply and demand, decreased need for intermediaries, and reduced necessity for physical presence. As a symbol of the modern economy, e-commerce is considered one of the most critical drivers of societal progress and holds a significant share in global trade.The objective of this research is to examine the effect of e-commerce development on employment in Iran using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and the EViews software. For this purpose, monthly data from the years 2015 to 2023 (1394 to 1402 in the Persian calendar) has been utilized. This study is descriptive in nature and applied in terms of its purpose. The current research is based on the hypothesis that e-commerce development has a positive effect on employment. Therefore, considering the positive impact of e-commerce on Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the estimation results indicate that the development of e-commerce has had a positive effect on employment in Iran.

The Iranian economy's heavy dependence on oil revenues has challenged financial sustainability, and the tax structure is a key tool to address this problem. This study examines the impact of components of the tax structure on Iran's financial sustainability during the period 1380-1402.    Time series data were collected from official sources and estimated using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method in two dynamic models. The first model confirms that wealth and import taxes reduce the budget deficit in the short and long run, but the norm and unemployment exacerbate the deficit in the long run. The second model shows an inverse relationship between tax rates and unemployment and the budget deficit in the long run, while economic growth and per capita income reduce it. These results are consistent with the theories of the Laffer curve, optimal taxation, and endogenous growth, and the error correction test confirmed the rapid adjustment of imbalances (50 to 209 percent in each period). This study emphasizes reforming the tax system by broadening the tax base and strengthening wealth and import taxes to reduce dependence on oil and ensure fiscal sustainability  

  Income inequality has always been regarded as one of the most significant political, social, and economic concerns worldwide. It is also one of the challenges that has drawn the attention of policymakers and economic authorities in Iran in recent decades. Therefore, identifying the factors influencing income distribution is crucial in policymaking. Accordingly, the present study seeks to empirically examine the relationship between fiscal policy (government expenditures, tax rates, and financial development) and income inequality (Gini coefficient) using the Markov-Switching approach, with quarterly data from 2001 to 2022. The results of the study indicate that the hypothesis of symmetry regarding the effects of financial development, government expenditures, and income taxes on income distribution in Iran during recessions and booms can be rejected. The impact of financial development, government expenditures, and income taxes—as indicators of fiscal policy—on income distribution is greater during booms than during recessions. These findings suggest that fiscal policy has asymmetric effects on income distribution in Iran.

In the contemporary world, food security, as one of the main pillars of sustainable development and social welfare, plays a central role in the economic and social policies of countries. This concept, which, according to the definition of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), emphasizes universal access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for an active and healthy life, is affected by several factors, including exchange rate fluctuations. Exchange rate, as a macroeconomic variable, can affect food access, supply stability, and nutritional quality through its impact on import costs, domestic inflation, and household purchasing power. In developing economies such as Iran, which have a significant dependence on food imports and agricultural inputs, exchange rate fluctuations have become a major challenge for maintaining food security. However, a comprehensive study of the impact of these fluctuations on various dimensions of food security has received less attention. This study aimed to analyze the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on food security in Iran during the period 2010-2013. Using the fully modified least squares (FMOLS) econometric method and time series data, this study seeks to identify the channels of exchange rate impact on the Food Security Index (FSI) and to provide policy solutions to reduce its negative effects. By providing a comprehensive framework, this study fills the gap in the research literature and offers a new perspective for policymaking in the field of food security.   

  Today, trade openness is considered as one of the fundamental pillars in the process of economic globalization and the development of e-business. Reducing trade barriers and increasing international interactions not only provide the basis for the transfer of new technologies and increasing access to global markets, but also improve productivity, increase competitiveness, reduce transaction costs, and expand innovation opportunities. These factors, along with the expansion of digital infrastructure and the growth of e-commerce, can directly affect the improvement of social welfare indicators and the achievement of sustainable development. In this regard, the present study examines the impact of trade openness on the development of e-business in Iran and analyzes the relationships between key variables of the digital economy and international trade using the ARDL econometric model. The research findings showed that investment in digital infrastructure, improving the quality of communication services, and paying attention to the principles of sustainable development play a fundamental role in the growth of e-commerce in Iran. However, the results obtained indicate that trade openness in the current conditions of Iran has not had a significant effect on the expansion of e-commerce and the increase in the number of businesses with the electronic trust symbol (Einmod). This is due to several key factors: first, extensive sanctions and restrictions on trade and financial exchanges that have prevented Iran from taking advantage of the potential capacities of trade openness. second, the structural dependence of the economy on natural resources, especially oil and gas, and the fragility of the domestic economy against fluctuations in global energy prices. third, institutional and infrastructural weaknesses in areas such as tra  ortation, logistics, the banking system, and access to new technologies. At the same time, additional studies show that trade openness can indirectly and in the long term affect the development of e-commerce by facilitating technology transfer, increasing knowledge-based interactions, and creating competition in domestic markets. However, the realization of these effects requires the removal of structural barriers, institutional reforms, and improvement of international relations. Accordingly, the research results emphasize that policymakers, in addition to pursuing the expansion of trade interactions, should pay special attention to developing information technology infrastructure, strengthening the financial and banking system, and enhancing the competitive capabilities of domestic firms so that the positive effects of trade openness on e-commerce in Iran become apparent.

   Investor decision-making is influenced by many behavioral biases. Since there are many uncertainties in the decision-making process, risk is inherently involved in every decision, and its role is much less for investments that are influenced by behavioral biases. Therefore, investors should focus on overcoming these biases and think about the risk in investment decisions to prevent unwanted losses. However, over the past two decades, research on behavioral biases has grown significantly, and the purpose of this study was to study the mediating role of risk perception on the relationship between exploratory biases and decision-making of individual stock investors. The statistical population of the present study consisted of individual investors in the Tehran Stock Exchange, and 384 people were selected as statistical sample members using the Cochran sampling formula from among the members of the wider community, and the sample members were selected based on the simple random sampling method. The data collection tool in this study was a questionnaire and the statistical analysis of the data was done through partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings of the study indicate that risk perception played a mediating role in the relationship between availability, agency, overconfidence, and anchoring biases with individual investors' investment decision-making, but it did not play a role in the relationship between gambler's fallacy bias and investment decision-making. The results of this study can provide valuable insights into the various behavioral biases of capital market participants and other stakeholders such as stock investors, financial advisors, and policymakers. However, in the real world, there are many other factors that can affect individual investors' investment decisions.   

In the contemporary world, smart economy has become a key factor in the economic transformation of countries by expanding its effects on various economic sectors, including the development of research and development, technology-based employment, innovation, and entrepreneurship. This process, relying on needs such as reducing production costs, accurate and fast documentation, efficient financial transactions, and reducing human error, not only increases productivity, but also transforms government systems, banking, and competitive markets. However, the effects of smart economy on macroeconomic indicators such as inflation and growth, especially in emerging economies, have been less comprehensively studied. This study aimed to analyze the effect of smart economy on inflation and economic growth in the BRICS countries (including new members including Iran) during the period 2005-2023. The results showed that smart economy, while strengthening economic growth through increased productivity, can increase inflation in the short term due to initial infrastructure costs. By providing a dual framework and utilizing up-to-date data, this study fills the gap in the research literature and offers a new perspective in this field.

Abstract Oil is one of the most crucial energy resources in the global economy, and its price fluctuations have significant impacts on national economies. This study examines the effect of oil price shocks on inflation in the MENA region (Middle East and North Africa) during the period 2010–2023 using the Panel Vector Autoregression (Panel VAR) model. For a more comprehensive analysis, the impact of oil price shocks was first estimated for all MENA countries, followed by a separate evaluation for oil-exporting and oil-importing countries. The results indicate that the effect of oil prices on inflation in oil-exporting and oil-importing countries has been dynamic and variable over time. In the initial phase, an increase in oil prices led to a decline in inflation in oil-exporting countries, which could be attributed to government management of oil revenues and price controls. In oil-importing countries, this relationship was initially indirect, possibly due to regulatory policies aimed at preventing the rise in production and consumption costs. However, in the subsequent phase, as oil prices continued to rise, the relationship between oil prices and inflation became direct. In oil-exporting countries, increased oil revenues resulted in higher liquidity, boosted domestic demand, and consequently led to inflation, a phenomenon that can be linked to Dutch disease. In oil-importing countries, the rise in production, tra  ortation, and import costs contributed to higher inflation rates. By the end of the study period, the impact of oil price shocks on inflation had moderated, likely due to economic adjustments to oil price fluctuations and the implementation of appropriate fiscal and monetary policies. The findings of this study emphasize that oil shocks have a significant effect on inflation in the MENA region; however, these effects have evolved over time and depend on each country's economic policies and structural conditions. These results can assist policymakers in adopting appropriate measures to mitigate the adverse effects of oil price volatility on inflation.

  Acquiring housing is one of the country's economic goals. One of the factors influencing housing prices is income distribution. With the improvement of income distribution, the price of housing decreases. Using the statistical evidence of Iran, the present study investigates the effect of income distribution policy on housing prices in the period of 1395-1400 in the provinces of Iran. In this regard, the panel data approach is used. The results obtained from this research show that income distribution has a positive and significant effect on housing prices. In other words, with the increase in income inequality, housing prices will also increase. Regarding housing demand, the results indicated a positive and significant effect of housing demand on housing prices.

The market value of companies and stock prices can be significantly affected by various factors such as exchange rate changes, liquidity and inflation. The exchange rate has always influenced the behavior of active actors in the financial markets. On the other hand, the prosperity and development of the capital market in Iran can be one of the ways to attract and direct liquidity towards productive activities and achieve long-term and continuous economic growth. Based on this, the current research has investigated the effects of monetary policy uncertainty on Iran's stock returns using the auto-regression with extended intervals (ARDL) approach using annual time series data during the period 1370-1400. The research results show that the effect of monetary policy uncertainty, inflation and exchange rate on stock returns in the long term is significant.   

رسال? پيش رو پژوهشي است دربار? تحليل مردم نگاران? «مور» و «مورخواني» نزد ايل كاكاوند در شهر هرسين و روستاهاي مجاور. چارچوب مفهومي پژوهش، «گفته»، «چندصدايي» و «بينامتنيت» در انديش? ميخاييل باختين است. روش پژوهش تركيبي از مردم نگاري و تحليل متن است. فنون گردآوري داده‌ها مشاهد? مشاركتي و مصاحب? عميق و بررسي اسناد است. فنون تجزيه و تحليل در حيط? مردم نگاري توصيف، تحليل و تفسير و در حيط? تحليل متن مقوله ‌بندي «كليمه‌ها» (اشعار) است. در اين پژوهش پس از گردآوري، آوانگاري و دسته بندي كليمه‌ها، ارجاعات اجتماعي مور استخراج شده و اجراي مور به مثابه گفته مورد تحليل قرار گرفته است. آنگاه با تكيه بر مفاهيم تئوريك «گفته»، «بينامتنيت» و «چند صدايي» متن مورها تحليل و بررسي شده است. يافته‌ها نشان مي‌دهد كه مور با پيش متن‌هاي مختلفي از قبيل آثار و متون ادبي، ديني و ... ارتباط بينامتني دارد و با شاهنامه فردوسي بيشترين ارتباط بينامتني را داراست و با تكيه بر نتايج حاصل از پژوهش و تعاريف باختين از چند صدايي و اهميت تقسيم صدا ميان افراد جامعه براي به وجود آمدن فضاي چندصدايي، مي‌توان ادعا كرد كه مور واجد امكانات چند صدايي بوده و متني گفتگومند است.  

  Energy poverty refers to social and economic problems that are different from poverty in its traditional sense and originates from the need of households to allocate an inappropriate share of their income for energy services. In Iran's economy, the inefficiency of the houses without households becomes energy services, the use of dangerous fuels, the consumption of consumable fuels to provide the energy needed at home, for cooking and heating. In such cases, governments should present themselves to solve the problems of energy poverty along with other perspectives. However, little attention seems to have been paid to reveal the effects of government spending on energy poverty in developing countries, especially in Iran's economy, which is often criticized for inefficiency in public spending. In this regard, this study investigates the asymmetric effects of government spending on energy poverty in Iran using the NARDL approach during the period of 1380-1400. The results of the hypothesis test showed that public expenses, as an indicator of government performance, have a non-linear relationship with energy poverty. Also, the variables of economic growth rate, income distribution and good governance also have a non-linear relationship with energy poverty.

   Employment, as one of the most important determining factors in the economy, plays a key role in creating economic and political stability, for this reason, paying attention to labor force employment in all countries is of particular importance.   In Iran, considering that unemployment is one of the biggest economic challenges, the employment of the workforce has become one of the main concerns of policymakers and economists in this regard, among the sectors that can play a significant role in creating employment and economic prosperity.   is a cooperative sector.   Therefore, the current study was formed with the aim of investigating the effects of the development of the cooperative sector on employment in Iran.   For this purpose, the autoregressive econometric method with asymmetric extended breaks (NARDL) has been used in the period of 1380 to 1400.   The results of the first model indicate that in the short term, the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the greatest positive effect on employment in the cooperative sector, and the variable increasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the greatest negative effect on employment in the cooperative sector.   In the long term, the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the most positive effect on employment in the cooperative sector, and the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of the added value of the cooperative sector to the entire economy has the largest negative effect on employment in the cooperative sector.   The results of the second model indicate that in the short term, the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the most positive effect on the per capita employment of active cooperatives, and the decreasing effect of the variable private investment has the largest negative effect on the per capita employment of active cooperatives in the long term.   Also, the variable increasing effect of the ratio of added value of the cooperative sector to the entire economy has the greatest positive effect on the per capita employment of active cooperatives, and the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the greatest negative effect on the per capita employment of active cooperatives.

  The main problem of this research is to analyze and investigate non-communicable and chronic diseases as a social issue. Contrary to the approach of medicalization that limits non-communicable diseases to individual and biological factors, in this research it has been argued that social relations, including political economy relations, play the main role in contracting these diseases. Therefore, an attempt has been made to analyze non-communicable diseases in their entirety. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to reveal the social, economic and political dimensions of non-communicable diseases and emphasize the fact that non-communicable diseases have a class and social pattern. The current research method is critical and relies on political economy. The technique of data collection is documentary and the method of data analysis is also theoretical. Research findings show that the main risk factors of chronic diseases include unhealthy diet, inactivity, smoking, exposure to environmental pollution, and the distribution of these factors is influenced by social relations and socio-economic factors. Because the level of access and benefit of different strata and groups to the desired level of health requires a high social and economic status. This means that the more people have a higher class status, the healthier their lifestyle will be. Therefore, the risk factors of non-communicable diseases threaten the lower classes of society more. Adopting a social and political economy approach towards non-communicable and chronic diseases causes the identification of structural factors of society and the way of distribution of wealth and resources in society instead of individual and biological factors. From this point of view, the control of this disease requires fundamental social changes.

  The role of energy poverty as one of the important factors in economic growth will provide the basis for economic development or lack of it. On the other hand, explaining the relationship between energy poverty and economic growth can play an important role in setting and formulating energy sector policies. From Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the relationship between energy poverty and economic growth in MENA member countries in the period from 2010 to 2022. The analysis of patterns is FMOLS, PVAR.According to the results obtained from the research, energy poverty has a one-way relationship with economic growth, and in the long term, it has a negative and significant effect on the economic growth of 14 MENA member countries in the period of 2010 to 2022.

  Abstract Culture can be considered one of the most important factors affecting the development of entrepreneurship in universities. Most of the entrepreneurial culture in today's societies is influenced by the institutionalization of the culture of science in the society. Entrepreneurial universities can facilitate the achievement of the third mission of the university, namely economic development, through the spread of entrepreneurial culture in universities. The aim of the current research is to provide a model for culture in an entrepreneurial university. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of qualitative approach, and it was carried out by using the foundational data theory method (Strauss and Corbin). According to the purpose of the research, the studied community of experts in the field of culture and entrepreneurship in Razi University were considered. 15 people were selected from among this community according to indicators such as experience, expertise, desire, ability and availability through purposeful and theoretical sampling. Based on this, professors from the management, entrepreneurship, economics, sociology and university executives, including the growth center and the industry and society liaison office, were interviewed. The views of the participants, which were organized through the interview protocol, were collected and analyzed. The analysis of data in this section was done using the classical fundamental theory method (Strauss and Corbin) during a regular process and at the same time continuous comparison of data in three stages of open, central and selective coding, formulation and design of the theory. . The main components of the Grenand Theory method in this research briefly include: Causal factors that are expressed with sub-categories (scientific, managerial, systemic and entrepreneurial orientation); Contextual factors that are expressed with sub-categories (personal, social, relational and knowledge); The intervention factors that were expressed with the sub-categories (facilitation, implementation, support, belief and education); the strategic factors that were expressed with the sub-categories (legal, content and interaction); And finally, the results of the actions taken, which include financial, developmental and occupational categories. The general proposal of the research: The structure and university system should be revised in the layers and levels that lead to changes in management and education methods and practices. In order to achieve this goal, the university, as the scientific and economic driving force of the society, should incorporate the entrepreneurial culture and use it as an emphasized norm.

  The financial sector always plays a fundamental role in human development, on the other hand, the movement towards industrialization has increased the speed of human development. Therefore, the relationship between financial development and industrialization on human capital seems important and necessary. In this study, the impact of financial development and industrialization on human capital has been explained and considered by considering other variables affecting human development such as commercial freedom, government size and inflation. The time and place period used in this research is from 1357 to 1400 using the maximum available data for Iran. Based on this, the current research uses the autoregression method with extended breaks (ARDL) in time series to measure the effect of financial development and industrialization on human capital in Iran during the period (1357-1400). The research results show that financial development and industrialization have had a positive and significant effect on human development in Iran during the period (1357-1400). Economic growth and the size of the government have had a negative and significant effect on human development in Iran during the period (1357-1400) and commercial freedom has not had a significant effect.

   The inequality of economic growth is one of the main factors for the heterogeneous distribution of labor and capital and the cause of political and economic crises, because inequality implies the inability of policymakers to benefit from the capacities and potentials of many regions. In this regard, the present study, using the spatial econometric approach and the spatial tile index, examines the effect of financial development on the convergence of economic growth of the province and the analysis of growth inequality for the period of 2007-2020, the results of the study show that 88% of the difference in the economic growth of the provinces It is caused by productivity, which is caused by the financial development and the heterogeneous economic structures of the regions following the application of inputs, in addition to this, the convergence of economic growth with regard to the real and nominal GDP index has been confirmed in all models, and the spillover effects of economic growth The graph is negative, which indicates the limitation of resources and the lack of endogenous economic growth in Iran, finally, financial development plays an important role in the convergence of growth, but their spillover effects have caused the divergence of economic growth in limited cases, so paying attention to the potential of the regions And providing policies in order to benefit from the potential is the most important policy proposal for the present study.

پژوهش حاضر باهدف بررسي تأثير سرمايه انساني و سرمايه اجتماعي بر كارآفريني سازماني در بيمارستان‌هاي شهرستان كرمانشاه انجام گرديد. اين پژوهش ازنظر هدف كاربردي و ازنظر نحوه‌ي گردآوري داده‌ها توصيفي و از نوع همبستگي است. ابزار گردآوري شامل پرسشنامه‌هاي سرمايه انساني (اميري،1391)، پرسشنامه سرمايه اجتماعي( ناهابيت و گوشال،1996) و پرسشنامه كارآفريني سازماني (دس و همكاران،2003) بود.جهت تجزيه‌وتحليل داده‌هاي پژوهش از نرم‌افزار آماري21-    و روش‌هاي آمار توصيفي شامل ميانگين و انحراف استاندارد، گلموگروف اسميرونوف و روش آمار استنباطي تحليل رگرسيون استفاده شد. نتايج پژوهش نشان داد كه متغيرهاي سرمايه انساني و سرمايه اجتماعي بر(كارآفريني سازماني) تأثير دارند. ضرايب رگرسيوني متغيرهاي سرمايه انساني و سرمايه اجتماعي نشان داد كه   سرمايه انساني   با 52/0=?،3/0=t   و سرمايه اجتماعي با 17/0=?،34/0=t   مي‌توانند بر كارآفريني سازماني تأثيرگذار باشد.همچنين سرمايه دانش، تخصص، مهارت ،ساختاري، شناختي و ارتباطي واريانس كارآفريني سازماني را تبيين مي­كنند.

  Abstract During the last three decades, the countries that are members of the Economic Cooperation and Development Organization have moved their production model towards the knowledge-based production model, especially the production of high-tech products, in order to increase the per capita income of their country. According to UNIDO data, in 2021, the largest share of Iran's industrial export structure is source-oriented, and the share of high-tech products is about half a percent, which has caused Iran's per capita income to be low compared to other countries in the region. The knowledge-based production method requires attention to the prerequisites for achieving this production model. South Korea is a successful example of the leading countries in the field of production and export of nanotechnology products. The set of actions of this country in its nanotechnology market includes the cultivation of human skills, the development of appropriate communication infrastructures, investment in research and development of high-tech products, attention to the importance of innovation, and the support of the South Korean government to small and medium-sized companies. In this research, following the introduction of the most important prerequisites for the realization of the knowledge-based production model, the most important variables affecting the growth of nanotechnology products in Iran, and also investigating the effect of each of the variables on the growth of nanotechnology products in Iran through the estimation of the GMM model over a period of time. 1390-1400 and introducing some policies for reforming production methods in Iran.According to the research findings, the cost of research and development, working manpower, capital stock and the degree of openness of the economy are the most important factors affecting the growth of nanotechnology products in Iran, as well as the importance of lifelong learning, the importance of innovation, information and communication infrastructures. Appropriate, change in management methods and government support are the most important prerequisites for the realization of this production method. In this regard, the most important strategic policies for increasing nanotechnology production, including science, technology, and innovation policies, as well as policies for direct support, indirect support, catalytic financial support, and policies for improving macro conditions and infrastructure development, have been introduced. Keywords: knowledge-based economy, nanotechnology, South Korea, strategic policies

Urbanization and industrialization are two important economic phenomena that have a complementary relationship, therefore, in favorable economic structures, urbanization is the source of inputs and the market for industrial products, and industry is able to meet the needs of urbanization, in this regard, the present research using statistical evidence of the provinces Iran investigates the relationship between urbanization and industrialization for the period 1390-1398 and using the systemic generalized moments approach, the results show that there is a kind of two-way causality between urbanization and industrialization in Iran's economy, in addition to this growth Industrialization has caused the growth of urbanization, and the growth of urbanization has caused an increase in industrialization due to the spillover effects of technology and knowledge among the workforce. Also, human capital and the ratio of credits have a positive and significant effect on urbanization, and economic growth has increased industrialization, so improving the quality of human capital, focusing credits on value-added activities is the most important policy to improve the relationship between industrialization and urbanization.  

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  Paying attention to economic growth as one of the goals of countries, especially developing countries, is of significant importance. One of the factors affecting sustainable economic growth is energy consumption. But on the other hand, sustainable economic growth can be a determining factor in energy consumption. The price of energy and the shock resulting from its fluctuations have always been interesting topics in macroeconomics, and there is considerable theoretical and empirical literature in this field. The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between oil and gas prices and sustainable economic growth in Iran. The data used in this research was collected seasonally and at the base price of 2010 in the period of 2000-2020 and analyzed through Excel and Eviews 9 software. The base model is the VAR model, which was used to investigate the causal relationship between two variables using the Granger causality and Toda-Yamumoto tests. The results showed that at the confidence level of 95%, it can be said that the first hypothesis of the research is accepted and there is a significant and positive relationship between oil price and economic growth in Iran. Also, at the confidence level of 95%, it can be said that the hypothesis of the research that sustainable economic growth is attractive to the price of oil and gas is accepted, and the amount of this elasticity is equal to 1.159.

Abundance of natural resources is one of the important characteristics of oil countrie  

   Today, entrepreneurship is one of the most important components of the development and excellence of organizations, economic development, fostering creativity and tools to eliminate unemployment, and it has been given serious attention these years. Organizational entrepreneurship as a branch of entrepreneurship is of interest to organizations to create value and develop and improve themselves. The insurance industry, as one of the most important economic sectors of the society, should focus on organizational entrepreneurship and organizational creativity for its development, value creation, impact on the unemployment rate, and in one word, the economic development of the society. Something that has not been given serious attention so far and seems to be facing obstacles. Understanding the importance of organizational entrepreneurship, this research seeks to identify its obstacles in the country's insurance industry. The current research, which is a qualitative research, was conducted with the method of qualitative content analysis and with the snowball data collection method until theoretical saturation. It should be mentioned that the statistical population of this research is the managers and activists of the country's insurance industry.

Abstract Today, rural employment (entrepreneurship) in developing countries is one of the main topics of discussion. In fact, rural entrepreneurship is in the role of a strategy in the development, prosperity and growth of human societies and a suitable solution for job creation and income increase in rural areas. The purpose of this study is to identify entrepreneurial opportunities in order to create rural employment in Ravansar city. This research is applied in terms of purpose and has been done in a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) way. In terms of research method, in the qualitative part, the content analysis method was used with a deductive approach and in the quantitative part, a questionnaire was used. The statistical population in this study were experts in the field of entrepreneurship and rural employment in Ravansar, including experts in agricultural jihad, natural resources, labor and cooperation, mining, trade, cultural heritage, city and village council and entrepreneurs. The sampling method in the qualitative section was targeted in the form of snowballs until theoretical saturation was achieved. According to the interview conducted in this section, 12 of these people were saturated. Data analysis was performed using AHP method and Expert Choice software. Due to data collection, a large number of entrepreneurial opportunities were identified and coded and then based on the criteria we extracted from the literature (criteria: job creation capacity, ease of financing, ease of use of opportunity, fit of opportunity with the capabilities of the region). And the capacity to create economic value) We have prioritized, the identified opportunities are: opportunities in agriculture, animal husbandry, tourism and handicrafts, home businesses, small and medium industries. Findings showed that based on the results of comparing the criteria affecting the evaluation of entrepreneurial opportunities, job creation capacity (weighing 0.263) has the highest priority. Ease of financing (with a weight of 0.243), ease of taking advantage of the opportunity (with a weight of 0.182), proportionality of the opportunity with the capabilities of the region (with a weight of 0.177) and capacity to create economic value (with a weight of 0.143) ) Were also ranked second to fifth, respectively. Also, based on the set of evaluation criteria, opportunities related to the agricultural sector (weighing 0.212) had the highest priority among entrepreneurial opportunities in rural areas of Ravansar city, and opportunities related to areas of acquisition. .Home work, small and medium industries, animal husbandry, tourism and handicrafts were the next priorities, respectively. The results showed that identifying entrepreneurial opportunities leads to rural employment in Ravansar city. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Opportunity Identification, Rural Employment   

چكيده بروز آسيب‌هاي اجتماعي گوناگون و فقدان برنامه‌ريزي‌هاي كلان در كشورها امكان ادام? روند رشد طبيعي و زندگي بهنجاري را براي برخي از كودكان مختل مي‌كند. در كشور عزيزمان هم كودكان و نوجواناني وجود دارند كه به دلايل‌ گوناگوني با آسيب‌ها و مشكلات زيادي مواجه هستند. كودكاني كه دستخوش معضلات و آسيب‌ها قرار دارند و جامعه را با پديد? نوظهوري به نام كودكان كار روبرو ساخته است كه بيشتر به دلايل مشكلات اقتصادي و فقراز نيازهاي اولي? خود مانند: تحصيلات بهداشت   و ... بي‌نصيب‌اند و بـا مشكلات زيادي روبرو هستند. عدم توجّه   به آنها مي‌تواند در آيندة نه‌چندان دور سلامت بخش وسيعي از جامعه را تهديد كند. يكي از اقدام‌هايي كه مؤثر براي ازبين‌بردن مشكلات اجتماعي كه كودكان كار يكي از آنهاست؛ استفاده از تلاش‌هاي كارآفرينان? اجتماعي در جامعه است. كارآفريني اجتماعي مسائل اجتماعي را نشان مي‌دهد و براي توانگر سازي جامعه‌هاي بشري مورداستفاده قرار مي‌گيرد. براي اين كه بتوان زمين? كارآفريني اجتماعي را گسترش داد و پس از آن بر اساس اين راهكار به حل مسئل? كودكان كار پرداخت. نياز به شناخت ظرفيت كارآفريني اجتماعي در اين زمينه است. در همين راستا مقصود و هدف اين پژوهش كه كاربردي و با رويكردي آميخته (كيفي - كمي) انجام شده است. شناسايي ظرفيت كارآفريني اجتماعي در بهبود شرايط كودكان كار در شهر كرمانشاه است. در قسمت نخست اين پژوهش با روش كيفي صورت پذيرفته است با 20 نفر از مديران و كارشناسان فعال در حيط? كارآفريني اجتماعي و حوز? كودكان كار در كرمانشاه كه به شيوة هدفمند برگزيده شدند كه شامل: مديران و كارشناسان   مراكز و مؤسسات غيردولتي و سازمان‌هاي مردم‌نهاد در كرمانشاه، كارآفرينان اجتماعي فعال در حوز? كودكان كار در كرمانشاه،   مديران و كارشناسان اداره بهزيستي كرمانشاه، مديران و كارشناسان   كميته امداد امام (ره) كرمانشاه   و مديران وكارشناسان شهرداري كرمانشاه بودند مصاحبه عميق و نيمه ساختارمند صورت گرفت و پس از آن كه اشباع نظري به دست آمد؛ به روش داده‌بنياد (GT) در سه‌مرحله‌اي كه در روش داده‌بنياد صورت مي‌گيرد (كدگذاري باز كدگذاري محوري كدگذاري انتخابي) مورد تجزيه‌وتحليل قرار گرفت كه نتايج بخش كيفي شامل: 3 عامل علّي 8 عامل زمينه‌اي 4 عامل مداخله‌گر 4 عامل راهبردي و در نهايت 3 پيامد (دستاورد ) با زير مقوله‌هايشان هستند كه دراين‌خصوص مؤلفه‌هاي "ايجاد شغل براي والدين كودكان كار و حمايت" و "هدايت شغلي والدين كودكان كار" از بين مؤلفه‌هاي عوامل علّي مورد بررسي بالاترين رتبه را   به خود اختصاص دادند و مؤثرترين مؤلفه‌ها بر بهبود شرايط كودكان كار شناخته شدند همچنين مؤلفه‌هاي "ضعيف بودن مسئوليت اجتماعي مردم و مسئولين و "فقر فرهنگي" و "پايين بودن سطح تحصيلات اجتماعي" از بين مؤلفه‌هاي عوامل زمينه‌اي مورد بررسي و "وزارت كشور و استانداري" از بين مؤلفه‌هاي عوامل مداخله‌گر مورد بررسي و مؤلفه‌هاي" آموزش مهارت‌هاي فردي و اجتماعي" و "آموزش مهارت والدين كودكان كار" از بين مؤلفه‌هاي عوامل راهبردي مورد بررسي و درنهايت مؤلفه‌هاي "مشاركت اجتماعي" و "اشتغال‌زايي و كاهش بيكاري" از بين مؤلفه‌هاي پيامد (دستاوردها) مورد بررسي ظرفيت كارآفريني اجتماعي بالاترين رتبه را به خود اختصاص دادند. و در ادامه در قسمت كمي پژوهش براي صحه‌گذاري نتيجه‌هاي به‌دست‌آمده بخش كيفي و عموميت دادن به داده‌ها و فراگيري‌اش 22 فرضيه گردآوري و سؤال‌هاي پرسش‌نامه بر مبناي آن تنظيم شد. براي تأييد دادهاي حاصل از بخش كيفي، نمون? آماري در قسمت كمي   پژوهش 100 نفر به صورت هدفمند و در دسترس انتخاب شدند و به‌وسيلة پرسش‌نامه‌اي با ضريب پايايي 92/0 داده‌هايي كه موردنياز بودند؛ جمع‌آوري و فرضيه‌ها در دو مرحله با استفاده از روش‌هاي آماري و در نرم‌افزارهاي    و LIESERL آزمون شدند. در مرحل? نخست داده‌هاي به‌دست‌آمده از طريق پرسش‌نامه را بوسيل? نرم‌افزار      به شيو? «آزمونt   (استيودنت) و آزمون فريدمن تجزيه‌وتحليل و در مرحل? دوم داده‌هاي به‌دست‌آمده از طريق پرسش‌نامه، بوسيل?   آزمون تحليل عاملي اكتشافي و تأييدي با نرم‌افزار    و LISREL تحليل شدند.    كليد واژگان: كارآفريني، كارآفريني اجتماعي، كارآفرين اجتماعي، كودكان كار، رويكرد آميخته   

  With the advent of toxins in the food chain, people's awareness and sensitivity to the destructive consequences of excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on the environment increased. Over the past few decades, excessive use of chemical pesticides to control pests and plant diseases has created many problems for humans, the environment and other living organisms living in natural habitats, so that by consuming toxins in food production farms, toxins have entered the human food chain. One of the consequences of human diseases is one of its consequences. On the other hand, since medicinal plants are a subset of agriculture, their proper and planned exploitation can lead to economic prosperity and solve many problems in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and environmental industries; Therefore, in the face of environmental, social and economic impacts, industrial cultivation; The production of sustainable and healthy food and medicine seems more vital than ever. Therefore, the formation of green entrepreneurship is mainly focused on increasing environmental issues and its development can play an important role in creating sustainable employment, reducing environmental problems, reducing diseases and illnesses caused by the consumption of unhealthy food and chemical drugs. The main purpose of this study is the strategic analysis of green entrepreneurship in the field of medicinal plants in Kermanshah. This research is applied in terms of type of purpose and based on the nature in the exploratory mixed research group (qualitative-quantitative). Targeted and snowball sampling was conducted with 16 farmers cultivating medicinal plants, managers and experts of Jihad Keshavarzi, natural resources experts and activists in the field of medicinal plants in-depth and semi-structured interviews. In the data analysis stage, all the information obtained from the interviews, after being handwritten, was repeatedly reviewed and re-read, and the initial codes were extracted from them. The codes that referred to a concept and were placed in a category were then placed in a concept, and the concepts related to a category were placed in a category on a more abstract level. Then, in order to explain and analyze the current situation regarding green entrepreneurship in the field of medicinal plants, a list of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats was extracted. Based on the research findings, the obtained categories including 5 categories as strengths, 4 categories as weaknesses, 6 categories as opportunities and 7 categories as threats were extracted. In a small step, to rank the SWOT factors and sub-factors and select the best strategy, in the form of AHP-SWOT technique and using Expert Choice11 software. According to the findings, green entrepreneurship strategies in the field of medicinal plants include: use of appropriate infrastructure and capable forces to improve the employment situation, reform of decision-making methods, planning and policy-making to improve the employment situation, strengthening supervisory and control systems. Quality of life of individuals in society, strengthening marketing, advertising and education by using specialized and capable forces, creating coordination between decision-making institutions using elites in order to make maximum use of suitable substrates of medicinal plants, strengthening marketing and programming Effective policymaking in the field of green entrepreneurship is the use of efficient oversight systems to integrate the power of decision-making institutions.

Just as the importance of entrepreneurship in today's societies is not hidden from anyone, the value and importance of entrepreneurship education in reducing unemployment and sustainable development of countries is an inescapable issue; On this basis, in our country, every year an increasing number of universities and governmental and non-governmental educational centers turn to entrepreneurship education, but the issue that is very important is the pathology of entrepreneurship education because if there are major injuries in the body of university entrepreneurship education and Failure to respond properly will waste all the funds spent in this area. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the pathology of entrepreneurship education at Razi University with the help of the four-dimensional F   model and to analyze the possible damages of this complex in four functional, process, structural and systemic dimensio   Therefore, with the help of the integrated (quantitative-qualitative) approach, among the 4570 students who passed the General Entrepreneurship Unit in different faculties in the academic year 1399-1400, 357 people were selected as a statistical sample and their opinions were assessed using a questionnaire. It was found that entrepreneurship education in Razi University is in a relatively unfavorable situation in the functional dimension and in a relatively favorable situation in the process, structural and systemic dimensions. In the next step, ie in the qualitative part of the research, in order to achieve useful solutions to improve the situation, the opinions of 5 relevant experts and professors were collected with the help of interview tools and the content of 15 documents, articles and researches in this field. Content analysis was reviewed and then practical solutions to eliminate the existing harms and improve the general situation of entrepreneurship education in Razi University of Kermanshah were proposed.   

  Review: The aim of this study was to identify and prioritize the effective factors of using electronic human resource management on the quality of hospital services It was performed in Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah province. The research is applied in terms of purpose and uses a mixed research method has taken. The study population includes managers, staff and medical staff of Imam Reza Hospital. in part Qualitatively, the code was studied and extracted using exploratory content analysis method. Findings indicate the extraction of 3 main categories And 6 subcategories. The main categories are; Employee participation, providing information and training to employees and using management Electronic human resources as the main category and sub-categories also include, increasing and decreasing factors, promoting and inhibiting factors and Is inside and outside the organization. The findings of the qualitative section were prioritized using the method of hierarchical analysis and according to the analysis In the category of participation in both incremental and decremental dimensions, respectively, objective observation of the benefits of using human resource management Electronic in how to upgrade, encourage and reduce the volume of work and redundant tasks with a relative importance factor of 0.496 and not using the offer Employees and experts with a relative importance coefficient of 0.292 has gained the highest priority. In the category of amount and benefits of use Electronic human resource management in two parts inside and outside the organization, respectively, information classification and speed up recovery Clients' information with a relative importance factor of 0.261 and savings in hiring new staff according to the standard criteria Selection and employment in the system with a relative importance coefficient of 0.300 has the highest priority, and finally, accurate specification Indicators, metrics, standards of organizational establishment with a relative importance coefficient of 0.397 and lack of public acceptance and lack of sufficient awareness in use Electronic services in the two sections of promoting and preventing factors in the category of providing information and training to employees give the highest priority gained

The purpose of writing this study is to identify the factors affecting sales success in virtual networks and prioritize these factors and finally reach the research model. The statistical population of this exploratory mixed research in both qualitative and quantitative parts includes successful virtual sellers and people who have the necessary work experience or knowledge and experience in the field of virtual sales (on social networks: Telegram, Instagram and WhatsApp) in the country. In this study, the main criterion for determining the sample size in the qualitative part was to achieve a theoretical saturation point that sampling was done with a purposeful approach and snowball method. In this study, first in the qualitative phase, semi-structured and in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 experts and secondary data were extracted from various texts and sources. Using content enalysis method and coding of variables extracted from interviews and secondary data (including books, internal and external articles and websites), two main categories, 9 categories and 43 components were finally identified. To ensure the accuracy and robustness of the qualitative part of the research (equivalent to validity and reliability in quantitative research), methods of selecting appropriate samples and reviewing participants and experts were used. In the quantitative phase of the research, through the distribution of a researcher-made questionnaire and an experts survey, information was collected from 53 people in a targeted and accessible manner. 4The validity of the questionnaire was done in two parts: validity (approval by supervisors and consultants) and reliability (Cronbach's alpha: 0.897). In this part of the study, the identified variables were ranked using Spss software based on Friedman test. Then, using Smart Pls software, the researcher-made model was evaluated and its fit and goodness were tested. The results of measurement model test, structural model test and general model test showed the appropriateness and suitability of the research model. According to the results, the category of "effective presence in social networks" (with an average rank of 8.68) in the group of basic factors for launching virtual sales and the category of "sales incentives" (with an average rank of 7.08) in the group of factors affecting progress Virtual sales are the most important categories in these two groups (major categories). Also, the results of general prioritization of research categories showed that after the category of active presence in social networks, respectively, categories targeted activity, sales incentives, customer satisfaction attract, digital literacy and sales skills, effective advertising, saler ethics, sales facilities and support after the purchase, they affects the sales success of the virtual networks. Each of these categories has several components that according to the results, the product quality component (with an average rating of 28.08), which is a subset of customer satisfaction attract category, was recognized as the most important component for success in virtual sales.

   Abstract    Today's organizations need managers who want to challenge existing norms, so the presence of managers with high entrepreneurial skills as a new strategy in organizations to achieve innovation is of particular importance. The issue of innovation duality is exploiting existing opportunities and innovations and exploring new opportunities and innovations, and since innovation and entrepreneurship in small and medium-sized businesses enable these businesses to compete competitively and profitably Gain in the market through the continuous adaptation of new products and ideas, are considered as the main mechanism of economic growth in these industries. The aim of this researcher in this study is to investigate the effect of managers' entrepreneurial skills on the innovation ambidexterity   in small and medium industries in Kermanshah with the mediating role of knowledge management. The present research is applied in terms of descriptive-survey method. In order to collect data, the Smith (2008) Standard Entrepreneurial Skills Questionnaire, the Innovative   Innovation ambidexterity Questionnaire, and the Jashpara Knowledge Management Questionnaire (2004) were cited. The statistical population is managers and activists in the field of small and medium industries in Kermanshah and the sample using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table is equal to 280 people. The research hypotheses were analyzed using    and PLS software and all research hypotheses have been confirmed. The results show that entrepreneurial skills have a positive and significant effect on the duality of innovation and entrepreneurial skills through knowledge management have an effect on the duality of innovation.    Keywords: Entrepreneurial skills, innovation ambidexterity, Knowledge management, Small and medium industries.      

   Today,­start-ups have a­significant impact on economic growth and job creation,and the success of ­start-ups ­such as Tapsi, Snape and Cafe Bazaar in creating employment indicates this issue. But these businesses face many obstacles and challenges in their development path,which are the main­reasons for the high rate of failure of these businesses,so in the present study, the aim is to determine the­­ indicators for identifying the space of new knowledge-based businesses­(start-ups)­­­that these indicators are ­used ­to continuously monitor the business environment.­This research is­applied in terms of exploratory purpose, in terms of applied results and in terms of type of qualitative research­ category.In order to achieve the research objectives, firstly, through the transcendental method,the initial­­indicators were extracted.In the next step, with 12 owners, managers and experts in this field who were selected by judgmental method, face interview In this stage, the aimwas to identify new indicators and appropriate to the ecosystem of­ Kermanshah province, analysisand coding of­interviews transcriptswas performed by MAXQDA content analysis technique and MAXQDA software version 2020.Validity and reliability of the coding process was also confirmed.­­Finally, by aggregating and combining the results of the previous two stages,final indicators­(the same challengesand barriers to­business space) including two categories­ of survey and statistical ­components­were determined.­

Objective: Professional judgment is the essence and existential philosophy of auditing and has a special application in all stages of auditing, including planning, execution of operations and evaluation of results. One of the steps that can be taken in the audit planning phase is to determine the level of importance of the audit. According to auditing standards, auditors are required to make professional judgments to determine the level of importance. Uncertainty and ambiguity in all aspects of human life, including decision-making is inevitable. According to Heisenberg's theory of uncertainty, there is uncertainty in the nature of events, of which financial accounting and reporting are no exception. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the uncertainty of auditors' judgment of the level of importance and how auditors respond to this uncertainty.Research Methodology: To test the hypotheses of this research, 106 companies in the period from 1391 to 1397 have been studied. In this study, in order to show the explanatory power of variables and also to investigate the importance of variables, first in the inferential statistics section to test research hypotheses based on econometric models, regression model has been used. The data of this research is a combination of data related to companies and is considered as a company-year observation. Ivy 10 software and Stata 15 software were used to analyze the obtained data. Findings: The results of the study show that in companies whose financial statements have been audited by the auditors of the auditing organization, the auditor's fee ratio was higher. The auditing organization's industry expertise increases the demand for audit and non-audit services, improves audit performance, and also influences customer-related audit outcomes such as audit fees and the quality of financial reporting. Also, the results of the hypothesis test show that there is a significant and positive relationship between the ratio of audit fee to operating profit with bad news and a significant and negative relationship with good news. Therefore, with increasing business risk; Disclosure of bad news increases more than good news; And the cost of auditing companies with bad news is much higher. And the impact of good news on audit costs is far less than bad new  

توجه به نظام مالياتي چه در زمين? قوانين و چه در زمين? سازماندهي مورد نياز با هدف تأثيرگذاري بر جهت‌گيري بلندمدت اقتصادي، تأمين مخارج دولت و درنهايت كمك به تحقق استراتژي توسعه اقتصادي، لازم و ضروري است. در اين ميان، بهره‌گيري مؤثر از عنصر منابع انساني شاخصه‌اي است كه توسعه اقتصادي بدون آن امكان‌پذير نيست و با توجه به عوامل سازماني مي‌توان كشور را با تكيه‌بر درآمدهاي مالياتي به‌طور مناسب اداره نمود. درواقع بهره‌وري نيروي انساني سازمان‌ها يكي از ويژگي‌هاي جوامع پيشرفته امروزي است. منابع انساني، مهم‌ترين عامل تعيين‌كننده در حركت صحيح سازمان به سمت اهداف سازماني مي‌باشد. يكي از عمده‌ترين دغدغه‌هاي مديران در سطوح مختلف سازمان، چگونگي ايجاد بستر مناسب براي كاركنان است تا آن‌ها با مسئوليت‌پذيري و احساس تعهد وظايف خود را به‌درستي انجام دهند و عملكرد بهينه داشته باشند. صلاحيت و رضايت شغلي مي‌تواند يكي از عوامل مهم و تأثيرگذار در عملكرد كاركنان هر سازماني باشد. منظور از رضايت شغلي يك نوع لذت و احساس مثبت نسبت به كار است كه آن هم تابعي است از رابطه   بين آنچه فرد از شغل انتظار دارد و آنچه شغل به فرد ارائه مي‌دهد. با توجه به اهميت نيروي انساني در موفقيت سازمان‌هاي امروزي، اين پژوهش با هدف بررسي رابطه‌ بين صلاحيت شغلي و رضايت شغلي مميزان مالياتي با قدرت ماليات ستاني سازمان امور مالياتي كشور و همچنين بررسي اين رابطه در حضور محدوديت و فشار زماني صورت گرفته است؛ از طرفي جامعه آماري اين پژوهش شامل كل مميزان مالياتي در سال 1399 مي‌شود كه به‌صورت تصادفي انتخاب ‌شده‌اند و درنهايت 348 نمونه به‌منظور آزمون فرضيه‌ها انتخاب گرديده است. نتايج آزمون فرضيه­ها نشان داده است كه بين صلاحيت شغلي و رضايت شغلي مميزان مالياتي با قدرت ماليات ستاني سازمان امور مالياتي كشور رابطه معنادار و مثبتي وجود دارد. همچنين مشاهده گرديده است كه صلاحيت شغلي و رضايت شغلي مميزان مالياتي در حضور فشار زماني بر قدرت ماليات ستاني اثر معنادار و منفي دارند

AbstractObjective: Political development, according to itimportance and function, is related to various fields and issues such aseconomy, national security, culture, legitimacy, globalization, etc., each ofwhich can provide problems for a government. In fact, the discussion ofpolitical development and the need to resolve crises in its path is one of thetopics that has occupied the minds of government men and scholars of social andtheorists focus on One of these theorists is Lucien Pie, who discusses the fivepolitical sciences. In discussing the field of political development, famouscrises in the political development of societies, which is the basis of thePahlavi regime and provided the necessary grounds for public dissatisfactionpresent study. The present dissertation seeks to find out how the five crisesover political development revealed the inefficiency and weakness of thewith it and, ultimately, its overthrow.Method: In this research, the research method isdescriptive-analytical and causal research. The method of data collection inthis research is library and documentary. The tools and methods used in thisresearch are library resources and books, dissertations and articles related tothe research topic and available documents.Conclusion: The existence of social and cultural gaps inthe second Pahlavi period had paved the way for political development, and atthe same time with the emergence of political development crises, theseand management by the Pahlavi regime not only did not solve the problems relatedproblems led to the accumulation of development crises. The lack of planningof political underdevelopment in Iran that resulted in excessive separation ofto the crises of political development, but also created a situation in termsunder the leadership of Imam Khomeini.society from the government. Finally, the Islamic Revolution was formed in 1978  :Keywords.Political Development, Crisis, Pahlavi Regime

      Oil, as one of the exportable natural resources, has given the government high foreign exchange power, which it uses in regulating the country's budget. The relationship between oil shocks and economic parameters has been documented in economic research and points to the important role of foreign exchange earnings from oil in the Iranian economy. In this thesis, for the first time, the relationship between oil shock with exchange rate and bank interest is investigated and in two economic models, Markov switching statistical analysis is performed. The studied period is from 1981 to 2016 for 36 years based on central bank data. In the Markov switching model, two regimes are defined based on the error squares and other parameters influencing the model determination. After performing statistical preconditions such as maneuvering and autocorrelation, Markov switching model was implemented which has a probability value less than 0.05 (significant level) of relationship between two models, including the relationship between oil price and bank interest; It proves the price of oil and the exchange rate in a negative and significant way. Diets are designed to study during the recession and then the boom. There is a time lag in influencing crude oil price fluctuations, and this delay is more pronounced in the impact on bank interest. Concurrent research has also confirmed the existence of such a relationship and can be demonstrated by eliminating the oil price intermediary variable to establish a positive and significant relationship between the exchange rate and bank interest rates. The end result is that as oil prices rise, exchange rates and bank interest rates fall, and vice versa.      

   چكيده در اكثر كشورهاي جهان دولت ها به منظور تعيين جهت گيري هاي اقتصادي، اجتماعي و فرهنگي همچون از ميان بردن فقر و نابرابري و رشد اقتصادي و پيشبرد اهداف توسعه اي خود اقدام به اتخاذ سياست هاي خاص و استفاده از ابزارهاي حمايتي مي كنند.كشور ايران نيز بعنوان كشوري در حال توسعه همواره براي پيشرفت در مسير توسعه به يك سيستم حمايتي نياز خواهد داشت. يكي از اين ابزارها و سياست هاي حمايتي كه در جهت بهبود وضعيت معيشتي و رفاهي اقشار نيازمند از آن بهره گرفته مي شود؛ پرداخت يارانه ها مي باشد. يارانه به عنوان يك ابزار حمايتي نقشي مؤثر در   بهبود توزيع درآمد دارد و مي تواند با كمك به   بهبود شرايط اقتصادي موجب رضايت واعتماد عمومي افراد جامعه نسبت به نظام حكومتي گردد و از اين حيث بر ميزان سرمايه اجتماعي تأثير مثبتي داشته باشند. سرمايه اجتماعي سنگ بناي جامعه مرفه و دولت كارآمد است   و در سايه حفظ تقويت و انباشت اين منبع ارزشمند است كه جامعه مي تواند از دستاوردهاي توسعه و حكمراني خوب بهره مند شود. به اين جهت دولت همواره موظف است كه محيط اجتماعي اعتمادآوري را فراهم آورد كه در سايه آن احساس اعتماد- امنيت و رضايت را در جامعه معنا دار سازد. بنابراين شناخت و بررسي تأثير اقدامات و سياست هاي دولت بر سرمايه اجتماعي از اهميت ويژه اي برخوردار است كه در اين پايان نامه به آن پرداخته خواهد شد. بدين ترتيب در اين پايان نامه سعي شده است با استفاده از داده هاي سري زماني براي دوره (1396- 1375) و بر اساس روش خود رگرسيون با وقفه توزيعي(ARDL) تأثير متغيرهاي سياست هاي حمايتي دولت، ضريب جيني، درآمد ملي سرانه و نرخ تورم بر روي سرمايه اجتماعي بررسي و ارزيابي شود. نتايج حاصل از تخمين مدل حاكي از آن است كه در بلند مدت متغيرهاي حمايت دولت در بخش بهداشت و پرداخت يارانه ها با متغير سرمايه اجتماعي رابطه مثبت و معناداري دارند و متغير حمايت دولت در بخش مسكن نيز رابطه مثبتي با متغيرسرمايه اجتماعي دارد كه از لحاظ آماري معني دار نيست. همچنين متغير حمايت دولت در بخش بهزيستي تأمين اجتماعي رابطه منفي با متغير سرمايه اجتماعي دارد كه از لحاظ آماري معني دار نيست. متغير حمايت دولت در بخش آموزش نيز رابطه منفي اما معني داري با سرمايه اجتماعي دارد. همچنين نتايج حاصل از برآورد مدل بيانگر آن است كه متغير درآمد ملي سرانه و ضريب جيني رابطه منفي و معني داري با متغيرسرمايه اجتماعي دارند و متغير نرخ تورم نيز رابطه منفي و از نظرآماري بدون معني با سرمايه اجتماعي دارد. ضريب تصحيح خطا (ECM) نيز براي مدل 83/0-   است كه نشان مي دهدكه در صورت بروز يك شوك اقتصادي در دوره فعلي83/0از عدم تعادل هاي دوره گذشته تعديل خواهد شد. كليدواژه: سياست حمايتي، يارانه، سرمايه جتماعي

  One of the economic realities for each country is the existence of business cycles in GDP, as the fluctuation in the economy decreases, confidence toward future will increase, and the number of policy changes will decrease. Allocation of credits to different economic sectors is one of the factors influencing changes in real variables in the economy; the study examine the effect of credit on business cycle by using the data in macro-level over 1991-2015 and applying the vector autoregressive and ARDL bound. Evidence suggests that changes in business cycle is in same direction with credit, as well as the results of Granger causality, suggesting there is a two-way relationship between the credits and the business cycle. Also, the result of ARDL bound indicate that credits exacerbate the business cycle in the economy, analysis of variance analysis also shows that the share of credits in explaining the variation of business cycle is 45 percent. But the share of business cycle in explaining the variance of the forecast credit error is 25%. reducing volatility in the markets without value added such as the foreign exchange market and the desirable direction of financial resources towards high-growth economic sectors is one of the optimal policies for the Iranian economy.    

In this study, we try to investigate the effects of oil and currency price shocks on housing price changes using seasonal data over a 16-year period from 1377 to 1392. For this purpose, the statistical community consists of data on housing prices, OPEC crude oil prices in dollars and, the dollar exchange rate against the Rial as a representative of the foreign exchange market and, the SVAR model is also used to estimate and validate the data which is able to investigate the shocks of different markets And, unlike the VAR method, applying the limitations based on theoretical and economic principles the model is closer to the real world. In this study, we used a generalized Dickey-Fuller method to examine the variance of the desired variables. After assuring the reliability of the model variables, Johansen method has been used to estimate and find the existence or non-existence of a long-run relationship. In the final stage and after determining the limitations of the model, the model is estimated by the SVAR method.Research findings show that oil price impacts in the long run have a positive effect on housing, and this effect is negative in the medium term. But impulse and exchange rate shocks meanwhile have a positive and significant effect on the mortality rate that, in the long run, has had a negative effect on housing prices. The remarkable point is that housing prices will be restored in the event of a shock in the oil and currency rate after 9 periods, and in the absence of further impacts. Other results are that the most important predictor of the price of housing among the variables studied is currency movement  

Nowadays, with development of information system and interaction among financial markets across the world, crisis and boom transition in different markets is growing with a significant speed and with regard to developing economies in country like Iran; contagion of crisis from global markets, slows down the development of the domestic economy. This study examines the contagion in financial markets of Iran and figure out, how the positive and negative shocks moves in different markets, and it tries to present guidelines for policy makers in order to improve domestic economy to avoid or control the entrance of shocks in national economic. The sample includes time series data of commodity prices on oil market, stock market of Tehran, foreign exchange market and gold market over a period of 8 years (Dec, 2008 –Dec, 2016) with weekly sampling rate. In order to achieve mentioned goals, we utilized a combination of Ornstein Uhlenbeck and Continuous Wavelet Transform. It finds out that the starting point of contagion in the financial markets of Iran is oil market and the speed of synchronization between stock market and oil market is more than other markets and then the foreign market and gold market are in the next places. In next step, it finds that the coherence of markets in short-run is powerfull between oil market and other markets, but this coherence in long-run is just between oil market and stock market and foreign exchange market, and after global oil sanction in 2012 against Iran, the coherrence between oil market and stock and foreign exchange markets is growed in middle-run.

It is obvious that interest rate challenge as an important economic phenomenon has divided economists into different cam   and also answer to question that, what are interest rate nature and its formation and determination, has known as an important subject. In one view , interest rate is a monetary phenomenon that could be determine by money demand and supply, and in other view, it is a real phenomenon that could be determine by average prefer to saving and capital marginal productivity. Interest rate has retribution rule in economic growth promotion and there is an abundant struggle to regulate it into desirable level as a suitable policy in last decades.I  hy  hy; this research,to examine the relationship betwee  the interest rate and  macro  variable  ,  the impact of  these variable  o  economic growth to  a selection of  high - income  countrie  and low - income  hasexpressed  . For this purpose, we use SYS-GMM method during 2000-2014 periods.   The results shows that in low-income countries, there is a significant and positive relationship between real interest rate, inflation and investment with economic growth, and also openness, saving and economic participation rate has negative effects on economic growth. The results for high-income countries shows that inflation, investment, saving and economic participation rates has positive relationship with economic growth but real interest rate and economic openness has negative effect on economic growth.     

  AbstractHealth is one of the most important   elements of human capital. Health both in terms of quality (higher efficiency) and quantitatively (not losing working days due to illness) affect on the labor supply. The role of health in labor productivity and consequently economic development is undeniable. More countries in recent years, have experienced rapid growth in health care costs. Due to the growing cost of this section, Identify   factors affecting health expenditure seems important, therefore   in order to   proper planning in the fields of economic, health should be a clear definition of the factors affecting health expenditure. In this study, by using time series data for the period 1981-2013 and based on (ARDL) method, we have tried to investigate and evaluate variables that influencing health sector expenditure for private and public separately. The results of The estimated of public sector model shows that   in the long run, variables human development index, population growth rate and the proportion of the population under 14 years old to the total population have negative and significant relationship with   public sector health expenditure variable per capita and the proportion of population covered by social security of the variable total population with the variable public sector health expenditure per capita has a significant and positive relationship. The variable gini coefficient has a positive relationship with the variable public sector health expenditure per capita and it isnt significant statistically , and variable rate of economic growth has a negative relationship with variable per capita health expenditure of the public sector and it   isnt significant statistically. The results of the private sector model   estimates indicate that the long-term proportion of the variable population aged over 65   in total population and the variable per capita income has a positive and significant relationship with the variable public sector health expenditure per capita. And the variable inflation rate has a significant and negative relationship with the variable per capita health expenditure of the private sector. Also the variable rate of urbanization has a negative relationship with per capita health expenditure by the private sector and is meaningless statistically .The error correction (ECM) as well as for the public sector equals -0/70 and for the private sector is -0/80 times that shows in the event of an economic shock in the current period, 0/7 of the public sector imbalances of the past and 0/8 the previous period, the private sector imbalances are moderated.Keywords: health, public and private health expenditure, healthcare, Iran, time series, ARDL.

  Nowadays, labor productivity, as one of the most important factors affecting economic growth and development, especially in developing countries, has been emphasized by many economists. Due to the relative abundance of labor compared to other factors of production in developing countries like the Islamic Republic of Iran, investigating the factors influencing it is considered as one of the most important research priorities in such countries. The term of contracts signed with the labor can affect the quality of his work and ultimately affect labor productivity. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to examine the impact of type of labor contracts on labor productivity. Therefore, to investigate this issue, the model was introduced firstly. Then, Auto-regression with distributed lag (ARDL) method was used to estimate this model during 1986-2014. The results show that labor temporary contracts have negative effect on labor productivity both in the short-term and long-term and permanent contracts have positive effect on labor productivity both in the short-term and long-term. Human development variables, capital intensity, trade openness and governance indicators have positive effect on labor productivity in the long-term, but the variable of proportion of higher education employees to total employees has negative effect on labor productivity in the long-term.

  AbstractIn general, among different factors affecting economic growth, bank credit is of great significance. also, In Iran, due to existing shortcomings of financial market, bank resources is one of the crucial financial resources that is available for firms; since Economic growth requires resource and capital; the resource may be provided for different economic sectors, either by banks or financial institutions, in terms of facilities. Banks with giving facilities provide resources from surplus units to units that they   are need to financial resources for doing economic affairs and it causes to make easy economic activities, increase investment, production and employment. Therefore, banks performance in lending has a significant impact on production and economic growth and vibrations in access to credits, cause to appear disorder in society. Thus, it is necessary the optimal allocation of resources between the various economic sections and reaching this important something need to know affective factors on granted credits by banks. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors affecting credits granted by banks to the private sector in Iran during 1982-2015. To do so, the Auto Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) is used. In this study, the effects of total domestic deposits, foreign liabilities of banking system, real lending interest rates, reserve requirements rate, ratio of broad money to GDP, real GDP, and inflation rate on credits granted by banks to the private sector is reviewed. The findings suggest that variables such as domestic deposits and real GDP positively affect the credits granted by banks to the private sector while legal reserve rate and foreign liabilities of banking system negatively affect the credits granted by banks to the private sector. Also, variables such as real lending interest rates, ratio of broad money to GDP and inflation rate have no effect on the credits granted by banks to the private sector.Keywords: bank credit, Auto Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL), Iran.

  One of the most important policies that can be used to control fuel consumption in country, is improving efficiency of petroleum products consumption. Improving of fuel consumption efficiency associated with rebound effect issue. Rebound effects are a case whereby expected decline in fuel consumption (looking to improving efficiency) will be partially neutralized, due to reducing of energy services price. It is obvious that ignoring rebound effects neutralizes considered results to improving efficiency.In this study, using GMM and calculate the price elasticity of demand for fuel, we have examined direct rebound effects from improving efficiency fuel consumption in road tra  ortation of Iran provinces during the period of 2004 to 2014. The results show that direct rebound effects from improving of Gasoline and Diesel fuel consumption efficiency, is 6 and 2 percent, respectively. In other words, 6 and 2 percent of potential savings re-used, and 94 and 98 percent of the remainder is stored. The result implies on fuel demand inelasticity with respect to price, and attention to the price policies in side non-price policies. In addition to, with increasing population and the number of Gasoline- Fueled and Diesel-Fueled vehicles, fuel consumption also increased. On the other hand, the relationship between GDP per capita Diesel Fuel consumption, is positive and significant. While this relationship for gasoline consumption was contrary to expectations. So that with increasing per capita income, decreased gasoline consumption.