With the growth of urbanization and the increasing demand for cooling in high-rise buildings, energy consumption associated with cooling systems has become one of the major challenges in the building sector. Studies indicate that the use of mechanical cooling equipment accounts for a significant share of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, a trend expected to accelerate by 2050. Therefore, adopting innovative strategies to reduce cooling loads—particularly the integration of passive cooling systems—appears to be a sustainable and cost-effective approach. Numerous studies have investigated passive cooling systems, including the enhancement of traditional systems and their integration with phase change materials (PCMs). In recent decades, PCMs have been recognized as one of the effective elements in building cooling. Beyond their direct application in architectural and structural components (such as walls), PCMs have demonstrated remarkable performance when combined with passive cooling systems. In this thesis, with a focus on residential and non-residential high-rise buildings, a passive cooling–based approach was designed and presented, aiming to reduce energy consumption while maintaining indoor thermal comfort. However, challenges such as excessive weight, occupation of usable building space, and the possibility of independent cooling for individual spaces are also critical, yet often overlooked in previous studies. Based on the literature review, the following research questions were formulated: 1.   How can the integration of passive cooling systems with phase change materials and forced airflow ensure thermal comfort for occupants in high-rise buildings? 2.   To what extent does the proposed system contribute to reducing cooling load and maintaining indoor comfort conditions? The research method was experimental, relying on field testing. In the first stage, following a review of previous studies and identification of knowledge gaps, a passive cooling system was designed and constructed with the objectives of reducing energy use, weight, and space occupation compared to conventional systems, while enabling independent thermal comfort control in each space. The experimental tests were conducted at the Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Razi University, Kermanshah. A controlled office room was considered as the outdoor environment, and a test chamber was built as the indoor space. The cooling system prototype, measuring 55 × 21.80 × 95 cm and weighing 19.45 kg (lighter than comparable systems), was installed inside the test chamber (122 × 106 × 170 cm). To evaluate the system’s performance, three experimental scenarios were tested on consecutive days. The first scenario (07/04/1404) employed an organic Bio-PCM with a melting point of 22–23 °C. The second and third scenarios (08/04/1404 and 09/04/1404) used mixtures of 60% organic Bio-PCM + 40% coconut oil (melting point 20–21 °C), and pure liquid paraffin (melting point 20 °C), respectively. The PCMs were embedded in 15 copper tubes, each 50 cm long. Data were recorded at one-hour intervals between 9:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. using a hot-wire anemometer, a dual-channel data logger, and temperature-humidity sensors.

   In this research, a hybrid algorithm called WOA-Q Learning is proposed for real-time task scheduling in Fog-Cloud environments. The algorithm integrates the global exploration capability of the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) with the adaptive decision-making mechanism of Q-Learning, aiming to optimize resource allocation and minimize delay. Simulations conducted in MATLAB across scenarios with 25 to 100 tasks demonstrated that the proposed method outperforms benchmark algorithms such as EDF, PSO, WOA, and QL in four key performance metrics: total delay, energy consumption, deadline miss ratio, and scheduling efficiency. The WOA-Q algorithm achieved up to 25% reduction in total delay, 20% lower energy consumption, and a deadline miss ratio of around 0.05. Although its execution time is slightly higher due to computational complexity, the overall performance improvement justifies the trade-off. The results confirm that combining metaheuristic and reinforcement learning techniques provides an effective and intelligent approach for real-time scheduling, with significant potential for applications in IoT, edge computing, and industrial control systems.          Keywords: Optimization, Real-time scheduling, Cloud-fog environment, Internet of Things      

The growing energy consumption in buildings is one of the major challenges to sustainable development, especially in countries such as Iran with diverse climates and high dependence on fossil fuels. Employing passive solar strategies such as the solar chimney, together with innovative technologies like thermochromic and electrochromic coatings, can play a significant role in reducing heating loads and improving thermal comfort. This study aims to investigate the performance of a hybrid system consisting of a solar chimney integrated with these smart coatings and to compare their effects during January 2022. The research was conducted in two cold Iranian climates: Tehran and Ardabil. The designed system comprised a vertical solar chimney with glazed façade, internal absorber surface, and inlet/outlet vents, simulated in DesignBuilder and EnergyPlus software. Input data included climatic datasets (EPW), building material properties, optical and thermal characteristics of the coatings, and window-to-wall ratios of 30% and 70%. Simulations were carried out for three consecutive days (10–12 January 2022) within the time interval of 09:00–15:00. Five main scenarios were defined: (1) a base model without solar chimney or smart coatings in a test room of 3 × 2.7 × 2.7 m³; (2) addition of a solar chimney with single glazing at 30% and 70% WWR; (3) replacement of single glazing with double glazing at 70% WWR; (4) application of thermochromic coating on the chimney glazing in Scenario 3; and (5) application of electrochromic coating on the glazing in Scenario 3. Results showed that thermochromic coating increased average indoor air temperature by 4.41 °C in Tehran and 6.06 °C in Ardabil, reduced daily heating demand by 22.5% and 24.9%, and improved thermal comfort indices. Overall, findings highlight the efficiency of integrating solar chimneys with smart coatings in cold Iranian climates, providing a basis for future research on combining these technologies with other building energy management systems.   

Abstract    This thesis examines the performance of double-skin façade systems equipped with phase change materials (PCM) and thermal absorbers in enhancing natural ventilation and reducing internal temperature fluctuations. The primary objective of this research is to analyze the impact of using PCM and thermal absorbers on increasing the thermal efficiency of the system, improving the chimney effect, and optimizing the internal temperature of the building.    To this end, three experimental scenarios were designed and executed over consecutive days: - Day One: Double-skin façade system without PCM and thermal absorber. - Day Two: System equipped with PCM. - Day Three: System equipped with PCM and thermal absorber.    The data collected on airflow, airspeed, the temperatures of the upper and lower vents, and internal temperature indicated that the use of PCM and thermal absorbers had a significant impact on improving the system's performance. The airflow and airspeed on Day Three reached their optimum levels, with the temperature difference between the upper and lower vents reaching its highest point, indicating an increase in the chimney effect and natural ventilation. Additionally, internal temperature fluctuations were minimized, resulting in a more stable internal temperature.    Analysis of the numerical values showed that on Day Two, airflow and airspeed increased by 25% and 20%, respectively, compared to Day One, and on Day Three, these values further increased by 15% and 10% compared to Day Two. Furthermore, the temperatures of the upper and lower vents on Day Two increased by 30% and 25%, respectively, compared to Day One, and on Day Three, these values were further elevated by 12% and 10%.    The results of this research indicate that the combination of phase change materials and thermal absorbers can be an effective solution for enhancing the performance of double-skin façade systems and reducing energy consumption. It is recommended that this technology be utilized in future designs across various climates, and intelligent control systems be implemented to optimize performance.    Keywords: double-skin façade, phase change materials (PCM), thermal absorber, natural ventilation, chimney effect, internal temperature optimization.   

   The aim of this study is to investigate the potential and efficiency of modified bioadsorbent of combined sheep wool (SW)-cow dung ash (CDA) in removing common heavy metal cations in industrial wastewater. The concentration of Pb (II), Cd (II) and Ni (II) solutions was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) device. After calculating the adsorption capacity (q) and removal percentage (RE), the thermodynamics and kinetics of adsorption were studied by fitting the equilibrium experimental data with one-component and multi-component isotherms and kinetic models. To check the feasibility (spontaneity) of the adsorption process, the thermodynamic parameters including Gi   free energy (?G°abs), enthalpy (?H°abs) and entropy (?S°abs) were calculated. The effect and optimization of important process parameters were investigated in three levels with experiments designed by the response surface method (RSM) and diagrams related to software output. In order to confirm the surface modification, the adsorbents were analyzed with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The kinetic data of the cationic mixture was well matched with the pseudo-second order model (R2 > 0.993). In fitting the equilibrium data with the one-component adsorption isotherms, the lowest value of the error function and higher consistency was related to the Dubinin-Radoshkevich isotherm in single cation adsorption (R2 > 0.980) and cation mixture (R2 > 0.950). In the adsorption of two-components, the competitive Langmuir-Freundlich (CLF) and expanded Freundlich (EF) isotherms were in very good agreement with the data (R2 > 0.996 and R2 > 0. 989, respectively). The maximum adsorption capacity for the three cations of Pb (II), Cd (II) and Ni (II) in the optimal experimental conditions for the cationic mixture was 21.89, 19.93 and 17.12 mg/g, respectively. Thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption process of all three studied pollutants is feasible and spontaneous (?G°abs < 0), exothermic (?H°abs < 0), and stable at the adsorbent-adsorbed interface (?S°abs < 0).

Theenergy-related crises in the global community have gained attention in recentyears, and over these years, numerous studies in various scientific fields haveproposed solutions to address these crises. The building sector, alongside theindustry and tra  ortation sectors, is among the largest energy consumers,particularly of fossil fuels and electricity. After residential spaces, schoolsare the second environment where people spend a significant portion of theirlives. This thesis aims to examine the energy consumption of a six-classroomschool in the city of Kermanshah, using an active solar system. The researchmethod employed in this thesis is descriptive-analytical, and for this purpose,computer modeling tools have been utilized.In the first step, the currentenergy consumption status, physical facilities, and energy needs of the schoolwere assessed. The school building is designed as a two-story structure, withthe physical program and activity schedule considered based on standards. Bysimulating the energy structure of the school, the annual energy consumption,including heating, cooling, and electricity needs of the building, wascalculated. In the next step, five changes were applied to the buildingenvelope, and the energy demand variations in response to each parameter changecompared to the initial state were simulated and analyzed.In the final step,the impact of adding an active solar system on the building's energyconsumption was calculated. The final simulation results showed that the optimaluse of insulation in walls and roofs, the optimal type of window glazing, thedimensions of shading devices, and the reduction of the window-to-wall arearatio significantly reduced the building's annual energy consumption whencompared to the initial simulation state using all optimization tools.Thecomparison between the initial and final simulation results highlighted thatoptimization had the greatest impact on the building's heating demand. On theother hand, the use of these optimization tools slightly increased thebuilding's cooling demand, primarily due to changes in the thermal propertiesof the building envelope. Additionally, the optimization tools led to anincrease in the net annual electricity demand, mainly due to the reliance on electricityfor meeting the building's cooling needs. The active solar system contributedto approximately 22.79% of the annual electricity demand, but the system doesnot achieve a return on investment over a ten-year period.

   The importance and increasing energy crisis in the current world is increasing, so various methods have been used to reduce and optimize energy consumption. In the meantime, the importance of the construction industry, especially office buildings, in energy consumption is very significant and also has the largest share in the production of greenhouse gases. This indicates how important research is in the field of optimal building design and saving or reducing energy consumption during operation. So far, many methods and solutions have been presented to reduce and optimize energy consumption through the principled design of buildings. The flexibility and versatility of the interior spaces of buildings are among the solutions that have not been sufficiently considered while being effective. Office buildings are among the buildings that have a variable number of users at different times and according to the change in conditions at different times, and therefore the number of people using them cannot be considered a specific number when designing these buildings. The flexible design of the interior spaces of office buildings can be effective in responding to the change in the number of people at any given time. But the important issue in using this solution is that a number or parts of interior spaces are not used at different times and at the same time these spaces benefit from installation systems along with other spaces. However, such spaces can be separated from other spaces by movable internal walls and removed from the cycle of using installation systems, and as a result, less energy can be used to meet the heating and cooling needs of controlled spaces.This research has been formed with library methods and the use of simulator software with the aim of discussing the effect of flexibility of interior spaces of office buildings on energy consumption optimization and discusses this issue through the necessary simulations with the relevant software.

Today, buildings consume 40% of the world's energy, which will increase with population growth in the future. Due to the technological development in recent decades, various and efficient tools have been invented to simulate the thermal behavior, energy consumption in relation to the heating and cooling load and to check the lighting of buildings in the planning and design stages. The use of these tools includes shortcomings such as: the presence of too many parameters and inputs as software regulator inputs; The time-consuming nature of each simulation is due to the extensive basic physics calculations and the effectiveness of the user experience on the accuracy of the output. The aim of this thesis is to present a new method to evaluate and compare the effect of different shades on the illumination of the interior spaces of buildings using the pix2pix model from the subsets of the adversarial generative network algorithm. The research method in this simulation-analytical proposal was through the use of image input information as a dataset and the production of corresponding output information indicating the lighting conditions of the interior of the building in different scenarios. The dataset used in this thesis was generated through data simulated by Rhino, Grass Hopper, Ladybug Tools and TT Toolbox software, and Python language was used for dataset preprocessing, model development and evaluation. The efficiency of the proposed method in relation to the reduction of simulation time, the accuracy of the simulations carried out using the trained model and the reduction of the regulator inputs of the proposed tool were investigated in comparison with the existing methods, including the simulation method by basic physics software such as Radiance. The results stated that in the evaluation of the speed of the model, 281.94 times increase in speed compared to the radiance has been achieved. Radiance is obtained. The result of this thesis was to create a developed and trained model to predict the effect of different shades on the amount of daylight. The obtained model is the innovation of this thesis, which can use higher speed, acceptable accuracy, and fewer parameters in daylight forecasting than basic physics software.   

  Global awareness of climate change and global warming, which with the rapid growth of the economy and population, has significantly increased the energy and resources needed by humans in the past few years, and the negative consequences of the emission of greenhouse gases and the subsequent greenhouse effect. It is widely accepted. The building sector is one of the largest producers of carbon dioxide pollutants in the world, so it can play an important role in achieving the goals of reducing pollutants. Therefore, the necessity of research on the climate empowerment category seeks to design an ideal residential complex that, in addition to To reduce the consumption of fossil energy and the production of carbon dioxide, to provide a favorable environment for the life of the people of that complex. This thesis aims to identify policies and strategies of sustainable development in order to improve building energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions. Based on such a goal, the research method of this dissertation is quantitative and a combined strategy that includes descriptive-analytical and simulation is used. In line with the final goal, in the theoretical part, firstly, to review, analyze, recognize and collect information related to sustainable development, sustainable architecture. Static and dynamic solutions have been discussed and after evaluating the examples of the world based on the criteria extracted from the theoretical part of the research as well as knowing the design platform, finally presenting and applying the proposed solutions including insulation (thermal insulation and double-glazed windows), Trombe wall design, canopy And the use of solar cells to design a low-carbon residential complex has been discussed. In short, the results of this research can be expressed as follows: the implementation of the aforementioned solutions, which are all based on sustainable development policies, has been able to reduce energy consumption in the heating sector by 50% and in the cooling sector by 86%. Also, the use of cell Photovoltaic systems have been able to provide approximately 63% of the building's energy needs. The use of these solutions in the designed building will reduce the production of carbon dioxide consumed. So that this amount of production has been negative for 9 months, the total amount of carbon dioxide production during the year is -16,160.13 kg. That is, throughout the year, the building will reduce carbon dioxide.

The goal pursued in this research is to increase the photocatalytic performance of Ag2CrO4(ACO) under visible light irradiation to remove alizarin red (AR) color pollutant. Due to the narrow energy gap and also the recombination rate of this photocatalyst, its photocatalytic performance decreases. To solve this problem, NiFe-LDH photocatalyst, which is a member of the double-layer hydroxide family, was used along with ACO. Three composites with different molar percentages (AN1-1: AN2-1: AN1-2) were prepared, among which composite (AN1-1) Ag2CrO4@50% NiFe-LDH50% was the best sample with a removal rate of 97.1% in AR degradation. . Also, the properties, structure and characteristics of pure Ag2CrO4 and NiFe-LDH and their composites were determined by XRD, FESEM, FTIR, EDX mapping and UV-Visible analyses. It was found that Ag2CrO4@NiFe-LDH composites with the Z design structure, in addition to increasing the active sites and increasing the specific surface area, reduce the recombination rate of pure Ag2CrO4 and NiFe-LDH. From the technique of designing Box Behnken experiments, which is one of the most commonly used designs in response surface methodology (RSM), to optimize operating conditions and investigate the effect of 4 independent parameters: catalyst amount (0.5-1.5 g/L), solution concentration (5 -20 mg/L), pH (12-4) and light intensity (52-13 W) were used. The importance of independent parameters and their interaction was determined using ANOVA. Using numerical optimization, the optimal values of the selected parameters equal to 1.34 g/L of catalyst, solution concentration of 16.45 mg/L, pH = 10.74 and light intensity of 15.53 W were obtained as optimal conditions with a desirability coefficient of 1.00 and an absorption value of 95.71%. The closeness of adjusted R2 (0.9838) and predicted R2 (0.9507) values show that this model can be successfully used for prediction. Also, after 3 cycles, the degradation efficiency of AN1-1 decreased by only 8.16% and no significant deactivation was observed, indicating the high stability and remarkable reusability of the photocatalyst; Therefore, the prepared composite can be suitable for the photocatalytic removal of wastewater containing colored pollutants.  

  Today, different societies are well aware of the impact it has on the environment around them and are trying to protect their environment. Also, in modern societies, people are looking for natural places, which can be achieved through tourism. Natural environments are considered suitable places for ecotourism, and due to the relationship between architecture and the natural environment, it is felt necessary to pay attention to the sustainable architecture of ecotourism; Also, due to the fact that the ecotourism industry has become one of the top industries in the world and the need to deal with it as a suitable alternative to the oil-dependent economy and the existence of Iran's potential for the development of ecotourism, we can mention ecotourism as a suitable alternative to oil revenues. Therefore, in this research, what is taken into consideration is the sustainable architecture of ecotourism in line with the sustainable environmental and economic development of this type of architecture. According to the studies conducted in this research, the result was that in ecotourism architecture, nomadic architecture was not used or was used less, for this purpose, the use of nomadic tent structures in the field of sustainable ecotourism architecture with i  iration from the life and architecture of Iranian nomads. It can be an innovative design in the sustainable design of this type of architecture, and by using and combining the principles of nomadic tent design, such as being mobile and prefabricated, being light, cheap and cost-effective, as well as being more compatible with nature, it can be a step towards improving the architecture of tent structures with today's technologies. Designing ecotourism residences. As a result, the goal of designing this type of sustainable ecotourism accommodation based on and modeling the life of nomads is that it is compatible with the environment of each climate and economically sustainable, that is, it seeks sustainable production and job creation in tourism and host areas. Also, in this research, a new concept of ecotourism has been tried in such a way that the ecotourism camp or residence is based on the pattern of nomadic life and moves seasonally between tourist and tourism areas. In this type of design, everything is portable and it can be said that it is a minimal architecture. Some services such as accommodation and equipment are taken from one place to another, and some other services such as food and handicrafts are produced and supplied in the new place according to the region and climate.

  Harmonic sources such as non-linear loads and low-frequency oscillations due to the synchronous generator rotor in microgrids connected to the high-impedance distribution grid lead to grid voltage and current distortion. On the other hand, single-phase and two-phase unbalanced loads including household loads, cause the injection of negative sequence components, therefore, unbalancing in the PCC voltage. The simultaneous presence of harmonic and negative sequence components significantly reduces the power quality of the grid. In this thesis, in order to simultaneously compensate harmonics and unbalanced voltage in microgrid terminals with interfaced inverter based on virtual synchronous generator (VSG), a combined compensation method is proposed. In this scheme, an impedance-based magnitude-reshaping method is used to remove different types of integer and non-integer order harmonics. To compensate the unbalanced voltage of the grid, the method of extracting the negative sequence components will be used by the decoupled dual synchronous reference frame (DDSRF). Two conventional PI controllers are used to compensate the unbalanced voltage. The outer loop is related to negative sequence voltage control and the inner loop is related to negative sequence current control. The compensating signals obtained from the two mentioned methods are added together and finally, enter the two-level sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) block. The simulation results obtained from the proposed method under three scenarios with harmonic and unbalanced sources are compared with conventional control methods to confirm its capability and effectiveness compared to uncompensated conditions and conventional compensators.

   به دليل توسعه ذخيره­سازهاي انرژي الكتريكي و منابع توليد پراكنده با خروجي DC و همچنين وجود طيف وسيعي از بارهاي DC ، استفاده از ريزشبكه­هاي DC در حال افزايش است.   تلفات كمتر، عدم نياز به سنكرون­سازي و كنترل فركانس و كنترل اوليه ساده­تر ولتاژ از جمله مزاياي ريزشبكه­هاي DC نسبت به ريزشبكه­هاي AC است. با اين وجود، يك ريزشبكه DC نيز داراي برخي معايب و همچنين پيچيدگي­هاي فني مربوط به بهره­برداري، كنترل و حفاظت مي­باشد. ريزشبكه‌هاي DC   نسبت به ريزشبكه­هاي AC عموماً منطقه جغرافيايي كوچك‌تري را تغذيه مي­كنند و طول خط توزيع كوتاه‌تري دارند و به عنوان شبكه‌هاي مقاومتي در نظر گرفته مي‌شوند؛ همچنين ريزشبكه‌هاي   DC اينرسي كمتري دارند و در نتيجه مستعد ناپايداري در هنگام بروز خطا يا اغتشاش مي­باشند. يكي از مهمترين چالش­ها در ريزشبكه­هاي DC، طراحي يك سيستم حفاظتي مؤثر براي آنهاست. در ريزشبكه­هاي DC، وجود خازن در فيلتر خروجي مبدل­هاي الكترونيك قدرت و خازن نصب شده در مدار ورودي بارها باعث افزايش سريع جريان خطا مي­شوند و در نتيجه، هماهنگي رله­هاي حفاظتي به طور جدي تحت تأثير قرار مي­گيرد. در اين پايان­نامه، يك رله حفاظتي تطبيقي براي تشخيص سريع بروز اتصال كوتاه در ريزشبكه­هاي DC پيشنهاد شده است. طرح حفاظتي پيشنهادي از دو قسمت حفاظت اوليه و حفاظت ثانويه تشكيل شده است. در حفاظت اوليه پيشنهادي، اتصال كوتاه­هاي با مقاومت اتصالي كم (تا حدود يك اهم) را بر اساس نرخ افزايش جريان، شناسايي مي­كند. حفاظت ثانويه پيشنهادي نيز با توجه به جهت جريان در دو سر كابل اتصال كوتاه شده، وظيفه شناسايي اتصالي­هاي با مقاومت اتصالي زياد را به عهده دارد. نتايج شبيه­سازي يك ريزشبكه DC شامل منبع توان فتوولتائيك، كه به شبكه AC متصل است؛ نشان مي­دهد؛ طرح حفاظتي پيشنهادي در كمتر از يك ميلي­ثانيه قادر به شناسايي انواع اتصال كوتاه مي­باشد. همچنين طرح حفاظتي پيشنهادي در برابر تغيير شرايط بهره­برداري از جمله تغيير بار و توان توليدي منبع توليد پراكنده، مقاوم بوده و سيگنال تريپ كاذب صادر نمي­كند.   

One of the systems Resistant to side loads, brace is Wind braces or braces are tensile and compressive members that are used for Coping with lateral forces is considered and in metal structures for force transmission. Earthquake is used for construction. Various types of belts Convergent - divergent - and the brace is divided by the knee element. In 1986, a new system called the knee brace frame (KBF) was introduced by Achua, which no longer solves the problem of beam replacement. It did not have the connection like the divergent frame. This system has higher hardness and better plasticity than the divergent frame and the bending frame. showed In this review, first, using the Abaqus curve software We extract the hysteresis from the frame with the knee brace and with the laboratory model We will compare for verification. In the following, the behavior of the KBF frame with different lengths of the knee member will be investigated, which is shown that the short knee member is submitted with shear mode and has more difficulty and the member The long knee is delivered in flexion mode and has less difficulty. short knee joint It consumes more energy than a long knee member, in general, in the knee members, a decrease in the length of the member causes Difficulty increases. Next, we place two other supports in the middle of the knee member, these supports They are not connected to the knee element and there is a small distance. In low to medium member drifts A knee does not hit the surrounding supports, but when the frame moves more, it causes the movement of the member. The knee increases and as a result hits the surrounding supports. Now instead Two supports, four supports cover the knee element, thus preventing that Deformation of the knee member exceeds a value and controls the displacements of the frame And the stiffness of the frame increases, which shows the positive effect of additional supports In the following, we show the increase in stiffness of the KBF frame with the hysteresis curve and compare it with the original sample. To This system is called KBF frame with variable stiffness Finally, to change the free distance of the support We will deal with the knee element and the change during the impact of the support  

   Due to the decreasing trend of fossil resources and increasing global warming, the crisis of energy shortage, and with the aim of reducing the carbon footprint and the need to pay attention to the use of renewable energies, which has become more important in global societies, it is necessary to pay attention to this matter. Is.    The construction sector is one of the major consumers of fossil fuel; Optimizing architectural design with a climate compatible approach can have a great effect in reducing fossil fuel consumption and using renewable energies. Computational design in the initial stages is one of the methods that plays a significant role in optimizing architectural design because in this stage of design, basic decisions are made to achieve the goals of building design, including energy performance, cost, environmental effects, thermal comfort, and so on. It is taken as Therefore, optimization studies should be done in the initial stage of design, where most of the architectural decisions have not been taken yet. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of architectural and construction parameters on improving energy consumption in the initial stages of designing a high-rise residential building in Tehran. The approach used in this research is quantitative and the research method is simulation and modeling. At first, the climate data of Tehran city was analyzed with the Ladybug plugin and static climate design solutions were presented. In the next step, to find the optimal form and proper orientation in the Ladybug plugin, the building form was analyzed with regard to solar radiation. And the optimal option was selected. From the optimal forms obtained according to the architectural needs (physical program, standards and such), an option was selected and an architectural plan was drawn. The architectural plan in the Honeybee plugin was converted into thermal zones for simulating energy, and by determining the range of changes in architectural parameters (window-to-wall ratio, window type, thermal insulation thickness, optimal canopy depth) and the effect of each of them on energy consumption, The parametric form was analyzed and studied. In the end, according to the results, a high-rise residential building was designed in the desired site. The building that was designed has 20 floors, the 15th floor of which was chosen as a sample floor for study. According to the background of the research, it was determined that the most efficient energy simulation engine is Energy Plus software. According to the results obtained from the sensitivity analysis, among the architectural parameters affecting energy consumption, the window-to-wall percentage ratio (bedroom and kitchen - hall and reception) and the type of glass had more sensitivity than other parameters; And the depth of the shade and the material of the internal walls were the least effective options, and among the considered parameters, the optimal modes were selected. The results show that by increasing the window-to-wall ratio, the heating load decreases and the cooling load increases. Also, the total energy has a decreasing trend up to 50% and after that it starts to increase. So 50% was chosen as the optimal percentage. In terms of window type, the upvc window with low-e glass was considered as the most optimal window among several different types.

  In recent decades, the energy crisis has caused the concern of the international community, and numerous researches have been carried out in various scientific fields, and this concern has been partially resolved by using various solutions. On the other hand, architecture, as a discipline that is directly related to building design and construction, plays an important role in optimizing the energy consumption of buildings. One of the parts of the building that is very important to pay attention to in the design process is the window of the building, which is the border between the interior and exterior of the building, and the optimization of this part is very important in reducing the energy consumption of the entire building. This research tries to find the effect of window design on the energy consumption of a residential building. The energy consumption of the building is highly dependent on the thermal characteristics of its external shell. In the meantime, windows have a considerable effect on the thermal characteristics of the building shell due to their low thermal resistance in addition to the direct passage of radiant energy, so determining the optimal window-to-wall ratio in any climate is very important. The purpose of this research is to determine the design of the window suitable for the climate in order to reduce energy consumption. In the first step, the design of the building is designed based on internal regulations and resources and it is simulated in the DesignBuilder software, and then to enter the inputs and compare the effect of window design on the energy consumption pattern of the building, the inputs are designed in two groups of contract and 8 window models and with attention We have done the simulation to the groups and analyzed the obtained results, in the end, according to the inputs and the obtained results, we will choose the sample that has the best performance in energy consumption compared to other models and then we will strengthen its inputs. After carrying out this design and simulations in the desired climate, we were able to achieve the desired reduction in energy consumption by designing a vertical window model of 180 x 70 cm, observing the wall-to-window ratio and also strengthening the inputs such as increasing the thickness and layer of the external and internal walls. To achieve 10,000 to 20,000 kilowatt hours in the consumption of cooling energy, which is one of the dominant energy consumptions compared to other energies in a hot and dry climate.

  atural disasters kill an average of 60,000 people annually and account for 0.1% of global deaths. Events such as earthquakes and tsunamis cannot be prevented and have high losses in human life. Historical data shows that the world has seen significant reductions in accident deaths through early warning, more resilient infrastructure and emergency preparedness. Housing reconstruction programs play a decisive role in disaster recovery, and providing temporary housing is an important step in these programs. Temporary housing allows victims to have a private and safe place to return to their normal lives while permanent homes are being rebuilt. However, the long-term effects of temporary housing projects are often destructive, and it is important to assign a sustainable function to temporary homes and plan for their future. The aim of this thesis is to improve the conditions of temporary settlements and increase the level of satisfaction of the homeless population caused by the earthquake and reduce the vulnerability of the earthquake victims who are forced to accept these settlements. Considering the main features of temporary settlements, this thesis tries to propose a new solution using mobile architecture that is easily portable and flexible, and at the same time tries to provide the goals of sustainable living. This thesis uses a combined analytical-modeling and simulation research method. The community under study is the areas affected by accidents and disasters, and the sample under study is the village of Ramki Ramadan, one of the earthquake-affected villages of Sar Pol Zahab, Kermanshah.

Today, other tourists travel with different motives from beach and sun, trying to find new experiences for the peace of mind and power of the spirit. One of the most important for this kind of pleasure tour, the darling of the hotel, because the particular nature of the weed, the lack of innovation, and the lack of service.You have a working factor in the hotel industry that makes the economic growth of tourists and culture grow.The public spaces of the mastoid have a major role in estimated the needs of the tourist tour, so that it should be answered by the right design for the tourists, and provide the necessary social and cultural development.

   In this research, the influence of the design of openings and canopy on the energy consumption of residential buildings is investigated. First, the climate of Kermanshah city (place of building design) is analyzed using Climate Consult software and the available climate data, and an appropriate decision is made regarding the effect of orientation, color and other effective factors in design on reducing energy consumption. After defining the general strategies for the design in Kermanshah city, the focus is on radiation and shading, and using Design Builder and Ecotect software, the appropriate geometry of the window is selected in terms of natural light absorption. The dimensions of the windows should be such that it does not cause a lot of heat loss from the building. After determining the appropriate dimensions of the window, the location of the openings is determined according to the high-pressure and low-pressure areas of the building, so that in this way natural ventilation can be carried out in a desirable way in the building. In the continuation of the research, the design of the canopy is carried out, for this purpose Sun Tools software is used. The use of canopies is such that by reducing the cold load of the building, they will not cause shading in the cold days of the year and the heating load will not increase.

AbstractSteel shear walls are considered as one of the lateral force-resisting systems in build-ings. Sometimes, openings are created inside these walls due to architectural needs and the passage of facilities, which causes the interruption of the power flow inside these walls, and has a negative effect on the structural behavior of these walls. There-fore, this study was carried out aimed to improve the behavior of these types of walls by using elements that will remain in the elastic range and bring their behavior closer to the behavior of the wall without opening. In this study, a laboratory sample of these walls, which has been done before, is first modeled using Abaqus FEA (formerly ABAQUS), and will be subjected to the same laboratory loading and with an increase in the elastic part. The elastic part of the wall's performance will be checked in differ-ent situations after ensuring the correctness of the modeling according to the corre-spondence between the software answer and the laboratory work by changing the ge-ometrical characteristics, and the best reinforcing technique will be selected from among the reviewed cases.Keywords: Steel wall with opening, Cyclic loading, Reinforcement  

  In the real world, shocksfrom low heights to bridges to heavy shocks on protective structures such astrenches , and even the protective structure of nuclear power plants have beenthe focus of many researchers. The impulse loads discussed in the present studyare an important >One of the basicchallenges for structural engineers is the effect of impact load on structuralelements. For this purpose, processing researches were conducted on reinforcedconcrete beams under the effect of impact, but none of them investigated theeffect of various factors such as the type of ECC concrete and the CFRP coatingthat was used for shear strengthening, bending strengthening and shear-bendingstrengthening had not been studied. Therefore, in this research, the main goalof the numerical evaluation of the factors affecting the dynamic performance ofreinforced concrete beams under the effect of impact load has been selected. Toachieve this goal, in the first step, verification has been done, and in thesecond step, the details of the reinforced concrete beam have been determinedbased on valid international regulations. In the third step, 12 numericalmodels are analyzed and then the maximum displacement of the middle of thebeam, permanent deformation, reaction force and their stress distribution arediscussed and investigated.The results of thisresearch show the positive effect of ECC concrete on the behavior of reinforcedconcrete beams. Also, in samples without CFRP coating, comparing the samplewith 100% ECC concrete (Sample E) with the sample with 50% ECC concrete in thetensile part (Sample NE), it can be concluded that the NE sample behavedbetter. Because their maximum displacement was not much different, but sample Eshowed more support reaction force and also permanent shape change and morestress was observed in it.In samples with 50% ECCconcrete, the use of CFRP coating has reduced the permanent displacements ofthe reinforced concrete beam. Also, simultaneous bending and shearstrengthening has had a greater effect in reducing permanent displacements ofnumerical samples.

   امروزه، رشد سريع شهرها و توسعه كالبدي آن، بحران‌هاي مختلفي در زندگي شهري، از جمله كمبود مسكن را به وجود آورده است. در ايران نيز باتوجه‌به مشكلاتي كه در زمينه كمبود مسكن و به‌ويژه گراني آن وجود داشته، طرح مسكن مهر به‌عنوان محوري‌ترين سياست شناخته مي‌شود. پروژه مسكن مهر، بزرگ‌ترين طرح ملي مسكن در ايران است كه به علت گستردگي طرح، نياز به بررسي نتايج حاصل از اين تجربه و ميزان رضايتمندي ساكنان از آن، احساس مي‌شود. شناسايي عوامل مؤثر در ميزان رضايت و نارضايتي سكونتي ساكنان، مي‌تواند در جهت تحليل وضع موجود سكونتي و تصميمات آتي به‌منظور ارتقاي سطح كيفي محدوده‌هاي سكونتي افراد و جلوگيري از تكرار نواقص در ساير پروژه‌ها مؤثر واقع گردد. بنابراين، هدف اين پژوهش، ارتقاي كيفيت زندگي و ايجاد رضايتمندي در مجتمع‌هاي مسكن ملي از طريق شناخت آسيب‌ها و مشكلات موجود در مجتمع مسكن مهرهاي شهر كرمانشاه وهمچنين ارائة راهكارهايي جهت اصلاح آسيب‌ها و جلوگيري از تكرار نواقص مسكن مهر در طراحي پروژة جديد مسكن ملي است. اين پژوهش ازنظر هدف كاربردي، ازنظر روش تحقيق، نمونه موردي و ازنظر گردآوري داده‌ها، اسنادي و پيمايشي است. ابزار گردآوري داده‌ها اطلاعات كتابخانه‌اي و پرسش‌نامه است. جامعه آماري شامل ???? نفر ساكن مجتمع مسكن مهر دولت آباد كرمانشاه است كه با استفاده از فرمول كوكران ??? نفر به‌عنوان نمونه انتخاب گرديد. پرسش‌نامه تحقيق شامل ? متغير اصلي از شاخص‌هاي مؤثر بر رضايتمندي ساكنان با ?6 گويه است. اطلاعات جمع‌آوري‌شده از طريق نرم‌افزارهاي    و smart pls مورد تجزيه‌وتحليل قرار گرفتند. يافته‌هاي تحقيق نشان مي‌دهد كه ارتباط معناداري بين شاخص‌هاي استخراج شده و رضايتمندي سكونتي وجود دارد. اين پژوهش نشان داد كه ميزان رضايت ساكنان مسكن مهر دولت‌آباد از اين مجتمع به ميزان متوسط هست. سپس همة معيارهاي رضايتمندي سكونتي را در ? مجتمع مسكن مهر دولت‌آباد، رازي ? و ?، تلاش، رازي، زيتون، سجاديه، اميريه و چشمه سفيد كرمانشاه بررسي كرده و به آسيب‌شناسي اين مجتمع‌ها پرداخته شده است.

      صرفه­جويي در مصرف انرژي و راحتي فضاي داخلي كه رفاه و رضايت كاربران را به همراه دارد، از اولويت­هاي اصلي در معماري فعلي محسوب مي­شود. پوسته­هاي هوشمند نماي ساختماني در مقايسه با نماهاي معمولي فرصت­هاي مناسب­تري را براي مقابله با اين­گونه چالش­ها فراهم مي‌كنند. استفاده از پوسته­هاي هوشمند اجازه مي­دهد تا رضايت­مندي كاربران افزايش يابد، درحالي‌كه هم­زمان نياز به تجهيزات آسايش محيطي را كاهش مي­دهند. يك پوسته ساختماني سازگار با اقليم، توانايي تغيير مكرر و برگشت‌پذير خود را دارد. ويژگي‌ها و عملكردهاي اين سيستم در پاسخ به الزامات و شرايط جوي به طور مداوم تغيير مي­كند كه اين شرايط علاوه­بر ايجاد آسايش محيطي، باعث بهبود عملكرد كلي ساختمان از نظر مصرف انرژي مي­شود. در اين پايان‌نامه سعي شده با مطالعه پژوهش‌هاي مرتبط با پوسته­هاي هوشمند، دلايل انتخاب پوسته تطبيق‌پذير اقليمي (CABS) به‌عنوان راه حلي براي ارتقاي عملكرد نماي ساختمان بيان شود، همچنين به كمك نرم­افزارهاي شبيه­ساز، مدل جديدي از پوسته تطبيق­پذير اقليمي مدل‌سازي شود و بر نماي مجتمع اداري - تجاري طراحي شده، قرار گيرد. سپس با استفاده از نرم‌افزارهاي بررسي اقليمي، مجموعه طراحي شده در شرايط سايت انتخابي قرار گيرد تا عملكرد و كارايي پوسته تطبيق­پذير اقليمي تحت مؤلفه‌هاي ايجاد آسايش محيطي و رضايت كاربران، ممانعت از ايجاد خيرگي نور در كنار تأمين نور كافي براي كاربري موردنظر، بهينه­سازي عملكرد اقتصادي با كاهش انرژي مصرفي جهت تأمين شرايط آسايش حرارتي و بصري، توليد انرژي از طريق منابع انرژي پايدار و انتقال پيام و مفاهيم از طريق الگوريتم حركتي پوسته بررسي شود. نتيجه‌گيري تحقيق و استخراج كليدواژه‌ها، مبتني بر اهداف پژوهش بيان شده­است.

  Examining

   abstract: A comfortable indoor environment plays an important role in improving the learning efficiency and health of students. How to optimize the design of primary and secondary education buildings to achieve a comfortable indoor environment, considering energy and cost, is a significant challenge. With the increase in energy consumption and world population, climate change is related to the heavy reliance of humans on fossil fuels to meet energy demand and produce greenhouse gases. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports strong evidence that rising greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are changing the world's climate. Climate change is predicted to have a negative impact on the world unless appropriate mitigation measures are implemented. Various international agreements have been made to help address climate change, including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement. The final energy consumption in the buildings sector increased from 118 exajoules in 2010 to about 128 exajoules in 2019. The fastest growth in the end-use of the building – cooling systems, appliances and electrical loads – drives electricity in the buildings sector. According to the materials mentioned in relation to energy consumption and the critical situation of global warming and the impact of buildings in this crisis, as well as not addressing environmental issues and providing the required energy through environmentally friendly methods in the design and implementation phase of most of the existing school buildings, the purpose of this The thesis is to modify the thermal behavior of existing school buildings in the temperate and mountainous climate of Kermanshah - Iran in order to supply the building's energy needs through the use of renewable energy sources, the use of appropriate materials and implementation techniques. In the first stage of optimization, various insulations were used to reduce energy consumption, and 5 types of conventional insulation available in Iran, including extruded styrene, expanded polystyrene, glass wool, rock wool, and polyurethane insulation, were investigated. Also, its results showed that polyurethane insulation is the most suitable insulation in the list of insulations. In the second stage of the building test, the layering of the insulation was checked and the insulation was checked in 4 different layers and different types, and the results showed that the second layer is suitable for this insulation position. In the third stage, the thickness of the insulation was checked, and 6 different thicknesses were checked. And the results showed that insulation with a thickness of 30 mm is the most suitable scenario in this regard, both in terms of heating and cooling consumption. In the fourth step, the configuration of light-transmitting walls was checked in 9 scenarios, the results of which were the suitability of three-paned LoE windows. In the fifth stage, the window-to-wall ratio was checked in 60 different situations, and the results showed that in this climate and building, the window-to-wall ratio with 20% is the most appropriate option. In the sixth stage, the shading optimization of the analyzed building And it was investigated that the results showed that there was no need for a canopy in this building.    Keywords: energy architecture, energy optimization, school energy, active and passive systems, reducing energy consumption

   Abstract In today's modern world full of various developments, the need for a home that provides human comfort and peace seems more urgent than ever. Flexibility adds to the quality of residential space according to the capabilities and various solutions offers in response to the current and future needs and demands of all family members. This research has been done with the aim of designing flexible residential space in contemporary apartment units. For this purpose, with a qualitative approach, it has first studied human needs, appropriate housing standards, flexibility architecture and reasons for the need for flexible housing using library documents and studies and internet resources, then by examining and analyzing more than fifty examples of traditional and contemporary housing in Iran and other countries of the world have achieved practical solutions in the design of flexible housing according to the research approach. In the end, according to the unique conditions of the project, apartment units have been designed with the help of some solutions obtained. Keywords: design, apartment, flexibility, Kermanshah

One of the most important challenges of the current century is the issue of energy and environmental changes caused by the use of fossil fuels. Also, nowadays, due to the excessive growth of the population and the consequent lack of land, the issue of high-rise construction in architecture is raised more and more. However, high-rise construction, in addition to responding to the lack of land, is also a factor in reducing green space and environmental pollution.  Therefore, the advancement of technology has led to the use of clean and renewable energies such as solar energy. which is a suitable solution to reduce energy in the building sector. The geographical location of Iran has also made it possible to receive significant solar energy. Therefore, in this thesis, in order to design a residential commercial garden tower with the aim of benefiting from solar radiation in Isfahan, the two-stage descriptive, analytical and energy simulation research method has been used.  First, the climate of Isfahan is analyzed and the climate design solutions are identified. In the next step, five forms and concepts are designed based on the preliminary analysis and after modeling, the amount of their radiation energy in different months of the year is calculated and analyzed. Then, based on that, the best form in terms of receiving optimal radiation is selected and designed and presented in the next steps.  

Today, the issue of energy and its scarcity in the world has become an important issue, which has led architects to turn more to plans to reduce energy, including the sustainability and use of Energy audits in commercial, office and residential buildings. One of the solutions used in the field of architecture can be the use of simulation software such as design builder software. It has been tried to study how to reduce energy in this building without considering the addition to Razi Engineering Technical Building and using Builder Design software.  The results of this study, which have been reviewed in four stages, indicate that it is important to reduce the energy consumption of the building without attachment and by using drape curtains or luminescent glass, as well as upgrading the facility's energy facilities.

      . Considering the forgetting of Iranian architectural concepts in today's buildings and the poor quality of the building in order to pay attention to the economic dimension and investments, as well as the disappearance of the existential value of concepts such as home, life, comfort, in this study Revival of Iranian architecture by considering living conditions and interaction with effectsThe modern era has suffered from a kind of confusion and turmoil, the effects of which remain to this day. Architecture and reconstruction of residential complexes are no exception to this rule. It is also doubly important by influencing the cognitive and educational issues of each person and creating a ground for entering society. This research tries to represent a new way to communicate and access to the culture and art of the past of Iran, through which the useful and beautiful elements of the past art can be revived and used in the reconstruction of modern residential buildings, which is one of Its values ??are the transfer of Iranian cultural principles to the future and the identification of urban lifeToday is ours. According to the scientific achievements of this research, we will design a residential complex in the old and valuable context of Arak city to depict our findings as an architectural design. The method of this research is based on library studies and has a descriptive approach. The obtained results are the result of studying and reviewing case studies of scientific and documentary researches.

قدم زدن در هواي آزاد، توقف و مكث در مكان هاي تفريحي، نشستن و استراحت در مكان هاي جذاب و ديدني جزء فعاليت هاي انتخابي به شمار مي آيند. شرايط خاص فضاها جهت ايستادن، نشستن، خوردن، بازي كردن، اين فعاليت ها را تحت تأثير خود قرارمي دهند. فراهم بودن امكان مشاهده ي ديگران و رويدادهاي پيرامون يكي از عوامل تعيين كننده در ميزان پاسخگو بودن فضاست، و از جمله نيازهاي انسان است.   در كنار آن نياز انسان به پيچيدگي و امكان كشف فضا ميتواند توسط خلق فضاها و منظرهاي متنوع، فعاليت هاي گوناگون باهدف تأمين تنوع، جاذبه و تجارب گوناگون و ايجاد حركت   در بازديدكنندگان از فضا به وجود آيد. لنگ (1386، ص. 127)   در كتاب آفرينش نظريه هاي معماري مي گويد كه اگر مردم به تماس اجتماعي نياز داشته باشند، در هر محيطي زمينه آن را فراهم مي كنند. رابطه متقابل اجتماعي براي پاسخ به نيازهاي انسان به پيوند جويي و احساس تعلق به مكان يك ضرورت است كه دليل بر مطلوب بودن تعامل اجتماعي است. لذا هر فرصتي براي دست يافتن به چنين منظوري مثبت ارزيابي شده است .دليل ديگر اين است كه فعاليت هايي چون تعامل با ديگران و مشاهده فعاليت هاي مردم، با به وجود آوردن زمينه هاي اجتماعي شدن و اجتماع پذيري به رشد فردي انسان كمك مي كنند. برخي از انديشمندان مانند هامبر (2006) معتقدند، فعاليتهاي اوقات فراغت دوران نوجواني و جواني، در مجموع براي نحوه گذران فراغت در دوران بزرگسالي بسيار مهم و تعيين كننده است .تأثيرات مهمي كه گذران اوقات فراغت در دوران معاصر بر فضاي جوامع، خانواده و جوانان گذاشته است، نه تنها مصرف كنندگان صنعت اوقات فراغت، بلكه توليد كنندگان كالاها را نيز به تنوع طلبي و ساختار شكني بنيادها وادار كرده است، تا دائما و خلاقانه عناصري را ابداع كنند و با انتخاب اجزاء متفاوت فرهنگي و تركيب آنها با يكديگر، هويت هاي جديد را بجويند.تفريح وگذران مناسب اوقات فراغت، وسيله اي موثر براي پرورش قواي فكري، جسمي و اخلاقي   افراد بوده و عاملي براي جلوگيري از كجروي هاي اجتماعي محسوب مي شود (تندنويس، 94:1378 ). فضاهاي عمومي شهري يا فضاهاي جمعي شهري بستر شكل گيري حيات مدني در شهر بوده كه مناسبات چهره به چهره، تظاهرات سياسي، جشن ها و اعياد در آن برگزار مي شود و از پس اين تعاملات، بخشي از ميراث تاريخي و فرهنگي جامعه و انتقال ارزش هاي مشترك جامعه شكل مي گيرد. "فضاهاي جمعي بستر مشتركي است كه مردم فعاليت هاي كاركردي و مراسمي را كه پيونددهنده اعضاي جامعه است، در آن انجام مي دهند، چه روزمرگي هاي معمولي باشد و چه جشنواره هاي دوره اي" (مدني پور، 2000، ص. 215). كانتر (1997، ص. 158) بيان مي دارد رويدادها و تعاملات انسان ها يك مكان را خاطره انگيز مي كند و به سبب همين رويدادها خاطره جمعي شكل مي گيرد. كانتر مكان را نتيجه اي از ارتباطات ميان سه مفهوم فعاليت ها، مفاهيم و خصلت هاي فيزيكي مي داند. "آنچه مي تواند عامل مهمي در شكل گيري خاطرات جمعي باشد وجود بستر مناسبي است كه اجازه ورود افراد به آن و انجام فعاليت ها و سپس رخداد وقايعي را بدهد كه به سبب استمرار حضور و رخداد وقايع با گذشت زمان، آن مكان و آن فعاليت به كانون هاي فرهنگي آن جامعه بپيوندد. فضاي شهري بستري است كه حيات مدني در آن جريان مي يابد، واقعه ها و حادثه ها رخ مي دهد و حيات مدني را به حيات واقعه اي تبديل كرده و سبب مي گردند تا خاطره شكل گيرد و ذهن محل انباشت خاطره ها شود" (حبيبي، 1999، ص. 16) گيبسون و ايتلسون (1966، ص. 85) عنوان مي كنند آنچه معماران خلق مي كنند محيط بالقوه اي براي رفتار انسان است و آنچه شخص استفاده و تحسين مي كند، محيط مؤثر بر اوست. در واقع، هدف طراحان ايجاد محيط هايي است كه نيازهاي انسان را تأمين كنند و در اين ميان نقش علوم رفتاري در حرفه هاي طراحي، بالا بردن توانايي طراحان براي پيش بيني اثر محيط ساخته شده بر مردم است. مسأله بنيادين درك نقش محيط ساخته شده در زندگي مردم، فهم چيستي معناي محيط است.

One of the most important issues in welded parts is the existence of residual stress due to the heat distribution. In this research the effect of residual stress on the energy absorption of steel tubes due to spiral welding, using various parameters such as the number of spirals and welding current intensity, in the manner of experimental/simulation has been studied. The compressive test has been used in order to determine the amount of energy absorption in the welded tubes. Also in the numerical simulation, the spiral welding process, heat distribution, residual stress distribution, tube folding and the force-displacement diagrams has been investigated. At the end, the results of experimental tests and numerical simulation has been compared and analyzed.   

Abstract: The study of neural systems has been of great interest to scientists around the world in recent years, as scientists in various sciences, including biology, neurophysiology and engineering, have tried to study, understand and characterize neural networks. In this regard, neuromorphic scientists and engineers, along with neurobiologists, have simulated and implemented different parts of the nervous system, such as neurons, through analog and digital circuits. Understanding and imitating the natural state of neuronal communication can lead to further advances in the treatment of neurological diseases and injuries. A neuromorphic circuit that implements neurons electronically can reproduce the behaviors observed in real neurons using electronic circuits. The more the operation of these circuits is similar to the operation of a real neuron, the more efficient the circuit. In most of these designs, the effect of noise, which has always existed in electronic circuits, is ignored. Noise is one of the sources of changes in the function of the nervous system that affects all aspects of the functioning of the nervous system. Therefore, it is very important to know the types of noise and its sources in the nervous system and to study its effect on the structure and function of the brain and neurons. In this dissertation, our aim is to investigate the effects of noise on the output of the analog circuit of the Izhikovich neuron model. Using MATLAB software, the mathematical equations of the used neural model are implemented and the output of the model is simulated in this software. We will also simulate the orbital part of this research using Hspice software and examine the effects of noise on the circuit output. Finally, the output of MATLAB software and the output of the simulated analog circuit in Hspice software are compared. Keywords: Neuromorphic, Neuron, Spike, Noise, Izhikevich neuron model.

One of the problems that has raised more concerns than ever before in terms of energy consumption statistics and forecasts for the country's future is the depletion of underground resources and the depletion of oil reserves needed to raise this industry. In addition to these problems, there are environmental problems such as greenhouse gas emissions due to improper planning and misuse of current energy. Solving these problems, in addition to having confidence for the life of the next generation, is a guarantee for the future economy and industry of the country, because today no other country knows the growth of its industry and economy based on underground resources and such value Reserves are becoming less and less, despite the fact that Iran has many natural and cultural attractions, the tourism industry is a good alternative to it, you just have to see the potential of this industry in the country. He acted to have a positive effect on the country, and among the various pillars of the tourism industry, the resort plays an important role in promoting the tourism industry in each region. Eco-lodges, which are more prosperous today, have gained a lot of fans. Today, tourists are less inclined to stay in luxury hotels with high stars and sometimes prefer to spend the night in the resort. To get acquainted with the style and context of life in the region. In the meantime, creating accommodation that can take a step in terms of environmental and non-environmental degradation while inducing the indigenous feeling of the region can be effective in attracting tourists to the region. This study examines the conditions of the region, analysis and design of accommodation. Ecotourism deals with a sustainable energy approach.   

Sustainability - Sustainable architecture - Sustainable development - Climate - Climate empowerment   

  This research aims to find the impact of electrochromic

The environment is constantly exposed to various pollutants. Oil pollution is one of the pollutions that can lead to irreparable damage to the environment. Every day, a large amount of petroleum products enter the environment in various ways, including oil extraction, tra  ortation, leakage from storage tanks and pipelines. In addition, oil pollution affects the mechanical, chemical and dynamic properties of the soil. Changing the geotechnical properties of the soil is an important issue for structures adjacent to or on contaminated oil soil that can cause cracking or increase soil resistance. Investigating and evaluating the velocity of waves in soil structure can provide useful and significant information about the behavior of small soil strains to researchers and engineers. Since the behavior of many structures and foundations during dynamic loads is in the range of small strains, the study and calculation of parameters representing the behavior of small strains of soil has been of great importance for civil engineers. The importance and value of oil industry structures in Iran, as one of the active countries among oil exporting countries and also as a country with a high level of seismicity, has led to the importance of conducting research in order to improve the design level and accuracy of structures exposed to pollution.In the present study, the basic concepts of wave propagation in contiguous environments a digitally controlled triaxial testing apparatus was utilized as a host device and equipped by two Bender Elements, under different confining pressures to measure the shear wave velocity and finally identify the shear modulus of clay contaminated with crude oil with different percentages of contamination and to compare them with non-oil contaminated clay soils on small-strain range.  

   اجكتور[1]، وسيله اي است كه قادر مي باشد با ايجاد خلاء جريان گاز ، مايع و يا جامد را انتقال دهد، در واقع اجكتور نوعي پمپ خلاء با اين تفاوت كه اساس كار آن بر پايه تبديل انرژي سرعتي و فشاري به يكديگر است، مي باشد. با توجه به ذخائر گاز طبيعي جهان و اينكه بخش اعظم گازهاي مذكور حاوي سولفيد هيدروژن[2]   بوده و به اصطلاح ترش مي باشند. در اين پژوهش، اجكتور موجود در واحد بازيافت و توليد گوگرد پالايشگاه گاز ايلام مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است، پس از بررسي شرايط عملياتي اجكتور مورد نظر و همچنين اطلاعات فرآيندي پالايشگاه مربوطه، با استفاده از مفاهيم و روابط ترموديناميك مناسب هندسه كامل اجكتور محاسبه و مشخص گرديد، سپس با استفاده از نرم افزار انسيس[3] و شبيه سازي   CFD قسمت هاي مختلف اجكتور، براي رسيدن به بازدهي ارائه شده توسط شركت سازنده تجهيز و بهبود عملكرد اجكتور مورد نظر، شرايط عملياتي جديد بهره برداري اجكتور موجود در پالايشگاه گاز ايلام محاسبه گرديد و   با اين شرايط ، اجكتور مورد نظر از مكش كافي برخوردار خواهد بود. [1]Ejector [2]H2S [3]Ansys اجكتور[1]، وسيله اي است كه قادر مي باشد با ايجاد خلاء جريان گاز ، مايع و يا جامد را انتقال دهد، در واقع اجكتور نوعي پمپ خلاء با اين تفاوت كه اساس كار آن بر پايه تبديل انرژي سرعتي و فشاري به يكديگر است، مي باشد. با توجه به ذخائر گاز طبيعي جهان و اينكه بخش اعظم گازهاي مذكور حاوي سولفيد هيدروژن[2]   بوده و به اصطلاح ترش مي باشند. در اين پژوهش، اجكتور موجود در واحد بازيافت و توليد گوگرد پالايشگاه گاز ايلام مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است، پس از بررسي شرايط عملياتي اجكتور مورد نظر و همچنين اطلاعات فرآيندي پالايشگاه مربوطه، با استفاده از مفاهيم و روابط ترموديناميك مناسب هندسه كامل اجكتور محاسبه و مشخص گرديد، سپس با استفاده از نرم افزار انسيس[3] و شبيه سازي   CFD قسمت هاي مختلف اجكتور، براي رسيدن به بازدهي ارائه شده توسط شركت سازنده تجهيز و بهبود عملكرد اجكتور مورد نظر، شرايط عملياتي جديد بهره برداري اجكتور موجود در پالايشگاه گاز ايلام محاسبه گرديد و   با اين شرايط ، اجكتور مورد نظر از مكش كافي برخوردار خواهد بود. [1]Ejector [2]H2S

تهديدهاي امنيتي وب به­طور روزافزون در حال افزايش است. ماهيت شبكه اينترنت به صفحات وب بدخواه اين اجازه را مي­دهد تا خود را به‌عنوان "صفحات امن" نشان دهند و متعاقباً برخي از كاربراني كه آگاهي كافي ندارند در دام اين وب­سايت­ها گرفتار شوند. يكي از حملات رايج اين حوزه، حمله Cross-Site Scripting(XSS) است. اين حمله با تزريق اسكريپت­هاي مخرب به ورودي­هاي صفحات وب رخ مي­دهد، زماني كه كاربر صفحه آلوده مورد نظر را بازديد كند به وقوع مي­پيوندد. روش مرسوم براي شناسايي صفحات مخرب وب، استفاده از فهرست‌هاي سياه است. اين فهرست‌هاي سياه، توسط سازمان­هاي مورد اعتماد و داوطلب تهيه مي­شود و سپس توسط مرورگرهاي مدرن مانند كروم و فايرفاكس استفاده مي­شود. با توجه به اينكه، ماهيت صفحات وب به‌طور مداوم در حال تغيير است، اين روش در شناسايي تهديدهاي جديد ناكارآمد است رويكرد ديگر، استفاده از روش­هاي يادگيري ماشين است كه تصميم­گيري­هاي پيچيده‌تري نسبت به روش انساني مي­توانند اتخاذ كنند. روش­هاي يادگيري ماشين با تحليل ايستاي متن(بدون اجراي كد) اين كار را انجام مي­دهند اما هنوز هم عدم شناسايي صحيح در بسياري از برنامه­هاي جاري، منجر به فعال شدن كدهاي مخرب شده و آسيب وارد مي­كنند. در اين پژوهش هدف ما شناسايي وب­سايت­هاي مخرب با استفاده از تركيب تحليل ايستا و پوياي(با اجراي كد) است، كه به كمك اين دو رويكرد ابتدا، چالش­هاي رمزگشايي و مبهم­سازي را حل كرده و سپس ويژگي­هاي استخراج شده را تحليل مي­كنيم. نتايج اين تجزيه و تحليل نشان مي­دهد كه رويكرد پيشنهاد شده با الگوريتم طبقه­بندي درخت تصادفي، پيوندهاي صفحات وب را با دقت 97.11 درصد شناسايي مي­كند.   

با توجه به افزايش روند استفاده از منابع طبيعي در پي رشد جمعيت و ارتقاء شرايط اقتصادي، كره­ي زمين با كاهش ظرفيت منابع در برآوردن نيازهاي ساكنين خود مخصوصاً در نسل­هاي آينده مواجه است. در اين راستا كنترل استفاده از منابع طبيعي يكي از مهم­ترين اهداف توسعه­ي پايدار مي­باشد. همچنين رشد و توسعه­ي گردشگري در نواحي روستايي اگر بر اساس اصول و اهداف پايداري صورت نگيرد يكي از عوامل تخريب منابع طبيعي و زيستگاه­هاي بومي مي­گردد. به همين دليل مقوله­ي پايداري در كنار مبحث گردشگري اهميت فراواني مي­يابد. يكي از لازمه­هاي رشد و گسترش گردشگري روستايي، توسعه­ي زيرساخت­ها است. از جمله­ي اين زيرساخت­ها فضاهاي اقامتي -   خدماتي، حمل و نقل و امكانات عمومي مي­باشند. به همين دليل معماري مورد نياز براي احداث زيرساخت­هاي گردشگري پايدار روستايي بايد بر اساس اصول معماري پايدار شكل گيرند. در اين پايان­نامه ضمن بررسي مفاهيمي نظير توسعه­ي پايدار و شاخص­هاي آن (به طور ويژه شاخص ردپاي اكولوژيكي)، گردشگري پايدار روستايي و معماري مرتبط با آن و در مجموع با توجه به مروري بر تحقيقات گذشته اين­گونه برداشت گرديد كه تحليل مفهوم معماري گردشگري پايدار روستايي بر اساس اهداف، اولويت­ها و شاخص­هاي پايداري (شاخص ردپاي اكولوژيكي) موضوعي نو قلمداد مي­گردد. بنابراين   سؤال بر آمده از اين تحقيق به اين صورت بيان مي­شود: شيوه­ي ارزيابي طراحي و برنامه­ريزي معماري گردشگري روستايي بر اساس شاخص ردپاي اكولوژيكي در راستاي طراحي يك مجموعه­ي اقامتي - گردشگري چگونه است؟    جهت پاسخگويي به سؤال تحقيق از روش توصيفي- تحليلي بر پايه­ي مدل­سازي استفاده مي­گردد. همچنين جمع­آوري داده­ها از طريق مشاهده، مصاحبه (پرسشنامه)، عكس­برداري و فيلم­برداري، سايت­ها، استفاده از آمار و نقشه­هاي سازماني و كتابخانه­اي صورت گرفتند. روستاي زردويي از توابع شهرستان پاوه استان كرمانشاه با توجه به پتانسيل­هاي بالاي طبيعي، معماري و فرهنگي (برگزاري جشنواره­هاي مفرح، جذاب و بومي) جهت جذب گردشگران فاقد فضاي اقامتي -   گردشگري مناسب براي اسكان آن­ها مي­باشد. در اين راستا روستاي زردويي به عنوان مطالعه­ي موردي در اين پايان­نامه انتخاب شد تا با ارزيابي طراحي و برنامه­ريزي مناسب معماري گردشگري پايدار روستايي كمك به توسعه­ي پايدار گردشگري در نواحي روستايي و گسترش زيرساخت­ها گردد. براي تحليل و بررسي ردپاي اكولوژيكي گردشگران نياز به اطلاعاتي نظير انواع روش­هاي حمل و نقل، نوع غذاي مصرفي، فضاي اقامتي و فعاليت­هاي آنان مي­باشد.    در بخش مربوط به محاسبه­ي ردپاي اكولوژيكي فضاي اقامتي گردشگران و ارائه­ي چارچوب كالبد معماري بر اساس پايداري ابتدا از نرم افزار ديزاين بيلدر جهت شبيه­سازي ميزان مصرف انرژي فضاي اقامتي موجود در روستا استفاده مي­گردد. سپس با توجه به ميزان مصرف انرژي، ردپاي اكولوژيكي محاسبه مي­شود. در اين راستا با ارائه­ي پيشنهادهايي نظير به­كارگيري مصالح بومي منطقه، عايق حرارتي، استفاده از پنجره­ي دوجداره، استفاده از سنگ ورقه­اي در پوشش بام، جايگزيني سوخت پاك به جاي استفاده از سوخت­هاي فسيلي (نفت) جهت گرمايش و به كارگيري سامانه­ي فتوولتائيك براي توليد انرژي برق مورد نياز ساختمان به ميزان چشم­گيري مي­توان از ردپاي اكولوژيكي كاست. در زمينه­ي حمل و نقل گردشگران نيز با ارائه­ي راهكارهايي جهت كاهش ميزان ردپاي اكولوژيكي مي­توان از توليد دي اكسيد كربن كاهيد. بر اساس محاسبات صورت گرفته در اين زمينه با جايگزيني وسايل حمل و نقل عمومي نظير استفاده از قطار، اتوبوس و ميني­بوس به جاي خودروهاي سواري شخصي مي­توان از ميزان ردپاي اكولوژيكي كم كرد. اما با توجه به شرايط كنوني شبكه­ راه­هاي دسترسي به روستا امكان استفاده صد در صدي از قطار و اتوبوس فراهم نمي­باشد و تنها گزينه­ي مناسب استفاده­ي گردشگران از ميني­بوس است. در اين راستا كالبد معماري مورد نياز در اين زمينه در نظر گرفتن توقفگاه (پاركينگ) ميني بوس­ها در ورودي بافت روستا و خارج از مجتمع مي­باشد.

  با آغاز روند نوسازي معاصر بسياري از ساختارها و بافت­هاي شهر ايراني اسلامي دچار دگرگوني شدند. از اين رو بسياري از عناصر مهم و تاريخي شهري كه معادني از پيشينه و شخصيت شهر را در خود داشت به مرور از ميان رفت و شهرها شكل وساختار تازه و ناهمگوني به خود گرفتند.شهر تاريخي كرمانشاه كه بر سر راه تجاري ايران و عراق قرار دارد؛ با پيشينه تاريخي درخور در دوران مختلف از اهميت چشمگيري برخوردار بود و بنا بر اسناد تاريخي تا اواخر دوره­ي قاجار در اوج رونق و شكوفايي بوده است. از اين رو در دوران تاريخي كرمانشاه، از مركز شهري پويا و با عناصر گوناگوني يرخوردار بود. پس از آن با فرآيند نوسازي اين شهر نيز، چون بسياري از شهرهاي ايران، تحولات عميقي را تجربه كرد و به­تبع مركز شهر دچار دگرگوني ژرفي شد. علاوه بر آن معماري شهر دوران گذشته، با همنشيني عناصر تاريخي، فرهنگي، مذهبي و تجاري درمركز شهر، به نوعي پيوستگي ميان اين مكان­ها برقرار كرده و به بافت شهر انسجام مي­بخشيد.  مسئله اي كه امروز در رابطه با اين دگرگوني­ها حائز اهميت است عدم توجه و انسجام بخشي به اماكن تاريخي و فرهنگي و ارائه ساختاري نمايان و روشن از شهر كرمانشاه است. شهر امروز با تمام پتانسل هاي موجود در آن در زمينه معماري و بافت هاي جاذب از جهت پرداختن به اين جاذبه ها كه مي­تواند به نوعي به بهبود وضعيت شهري، فرهنگي، اجتماعي واقتصادي كمك نمايد مورد بي مهري قرار گرفته است.   متاسفانه، علي­رغم وجود عناصر فرهنگي در نقاط مختلف شهر، هنوز هم خلاء وجود اين مكان­ها در مركز شهر كه مهم­ترين قسمت شهر محسوب شده و بيشترين حضور مردم در آن صورت مي­پذيرد، به­شدت احساس مي­شود.پژوهش حاضر در نظر دارد با تحليل و بررسي يكي از عناصر تاريخي واقع در مركز شهر (تكيه معاون­الملك)، وشناخت ويژگي­هاي بافت مركزي شهر (محله فيض آباد)، همچنين با بررسي اسناد و مدارك كتابخانه­اي و تجارب به­دست­آمده از بررسي نمونه­هاي موردي، فرآيند پيشنهادي براي بازآفريني اين نقطه از شهر از طريق طراحي بنايي فرهنگي صورت دهد.        كلمات كليدي: كرمانشاه، مراكزشهري ، عناصر تاريخي و فرهنگي ، بازآفريني

  مهمترين و موثرترين دوران زندگي دوران كودكي است. دوراني كه در آن شخصيت فرد پايهريزي شده و شكلميگيرد. كودك علاوه بر رشد جسماني داراي مراحل رشد اجتماعي، عاطفي، شخصيتي و هوشي است. اين شاخصها عوامل تعيينكننده و اساسي رشد انسان ميباشند. كه در تمام كودكان جهان از دوران كودكي پايهگذاري ميشوند و شكلميگيرند. امروزه توجه به مبحث روانشناسي يادگيري و آموزش، نياز به اقدامي جامع در جهت بهكارگيري شيوههاي آموزشي نوين در مدارس را بيش از پيش نمودار ساخته است. مطمئنا بدون در نظر داشتن ويژگيهاي كالبدي مدارس، محيطهاي طراحي شده قابليت لازم را جهت به كارگيري شيوه هاي يادگيري نوين به طور مطلوب نخواهند داشت. مسالهاي كه در اين تحقيق مطرح است اين است كه در سيستم آموزش سنتي كه امروزه در كشور ما مرسوم ميباشد، مساله يادگيري در فضاهاي غيررسمي محيط مدارس (از جمله فضاهاي باز و فضاهاي ارتباطي) چنانكه بايد مورد توجه قرار نميگيرد. لذا اين پايان نامه بر آن است كه   ويژگيهاي كالبدي فضاهاي غير رسمي مدارس ابتدايي در جهت تحقق الگوي آموزش يادگيرندهمحور را به دست آورد. همچنين با بررسي مدارس ابتدايي شهرستان كنگاور، ضمن بررسي محيط مدارس، به فرضيه تحقيق پاسخ داده ميشود. فرضيه را ميتوان به اين صورت مطرح كرد كه، ويژگيهاي كالبدي فضاهاي غير رسمي محيط مدارس در بهكارگيري آموزش يادگيرندهمحور موثر ميباشند. در ادامه، بر اساس راهكارهاي منتج از يافتههاي تحقيق، يك نمونه مدرسه ابتدايي يادگيرندهمحور در شهرستان كنگاور طراحي ميشود. در دستهبندي كلي الگوهاي آموزشي از عنوايني چون تدريس سنتي در مقابل تدريس فعال، آموزش مستقيم در مقابل آموزش غير مستقيم و يا آموزش معلممحور در مقابل آموزش يادگيرندهمحور استفاده ميشود.   به گفته قرباني (1394) محتواي اصلي درسي در اغلب مدارس كشور انتقال مستقيم اطلاعات است و آموزش در كشور به شيوه معلممحور ميباشد. به نظر ميرسد روشهاي سنتي آموزش، كه در حال حاضر اجرا ميشود، پاسخگوي حركت سريع قافله علم و دانش و تغيير مداوم نيازهاي جوامع در دنياي امروز نباشد. طبق گفته سيف (1393، ص.507-508) از جمله انتقادهايي كه به اين روش وارد شده است، ايناستكه در اين روش آموزشي دانشآموزان و دانشجويان فعال نيستند، قدرت خلاقيتشان پرورشنمييابد و صرفا بهصورت گيرنده اطلاعات درميآيند. به گفته استاف (2008) در قرن بيست و يكم موضوعات محيط آموزشي و تكنولوژي آموزشي تغيير و توسعه پيدا كردند. پژوهشگران اهميت بيشتري براي آموزش دانشآموز محور قائل شدند. در تعدادي از پژوهشهاي انجام گرفته درباره آموزش يادگيرندهمحور و مقايسه آن با شيوه آموزشي معلممحور،   كه در اين پاياننامه به آنها اشاره شده است، اثربخشي اين شيوه از آموزش و ضرورت آن نمايان گشته است. از ديدگاه براون (2008) آموزش يادگيرنده محور براي دانشآموزان مستقل و خودمختاري مناسب است كه، نه تنها در اين مساله كه چه چيزي، در چه زماني و اينكه چگونه ياد بگيرند، دخيل هستند، بلكه تجربههاي يادگيري خود را نيز شخصا ميسازند. از طرفي از نظر مرتضوي (1376) اگر معلم به اهميت يادگيريهاي نوين آگاه باشد. اما شرايط كالبدي مناسب در محيط فراهم نباشد، نامناسب بودن فضاي آموزشي مانع از انجام اين شيوه از يادگيري به طور مطلوب خواهد شد. بنابرين، شناخت صرف شيوه آموزش يادگيرنده محور در مدارس از طرف معلمان و مسئولان، بدون اعمال تغيير و اصلاح در محيط فيزيكي آموزشي، نميتواند در تحقق اين شيوه از آموزش به طور كامل موثر واقع شود و جهت اجراي مهارتهاي آموزش نوين، لازم است تا با شناخت همگي جوانب اين الگو، ويژگيهاي كالبدي مناسب آن را شناخت و در طراحي به كار گرفت. از طرفي، شناخت آموزش يادگيرندهمحور تنها ما را با فعاليتهايي كه در اين حوزه وجود دارد، آشنا ميسازد. جهت دستيابي به ويژگيهاي محيط از طريق فعاليتهاي تعريف شده در اين آموزش، نياز به وجود يك واسطه ميباشد. از آنجايي كه طبق تعريف لنگ (1395، ص. 23) از روانشناسي محيطي، اين علم به مطالعة روانشناختي رفتار در محيط كالبدي زندگي روزمره ميپردازد، در اين پايان نامه، از ويژگيهاي روانشناسي محيطي بهره گرفته شده است. فضاهاي غير رسمي محيط يادگيري از جمله فضاهاي ارتباطي و فضاهاي باز، از جمله محيطهايي هستند كه با فراهم نمودن شرايط كالبدي مناسب، ميتوانند نقش به سزايي در يادگيريهاي مستقل و غيرمستقيم كودكان داشته باشند. لذا اين تحقيق بهطور ويژه در پي به دستآوردن ويژگيهاي كالبدي فضاهاي غير رسمي در جهت يهكارگيري آموزش يادگيرندهمحور ميباشد.

  Every year earthquakes occur around the world. In the province of Kermanshah, during the history has occurred a lot of earthquakes. Earthquakes including 4 earthquakes in 2013 with magnitude 5.2,5.7,5,4 and 5.3 in Qasr Shirin, 2 earthquakes with magnitude 7.3 and 5.3 in 2017 in Ezgele, 10 earthquakes with magnitude 5.6 and 6 in Taze Abad, 5.1,5.1,5.3,5.2 In Sumar and earthquakes of 6.4 , 5,5.1 and 5.2 R in Qasr shirin in 2018, there are important recent earthquakes in Kermanshah province .This subject show the importance of determining the seismic vulnerability of Kermanshah Province to help urban planners to rehabilitation, urban development, also Crisis Management during an earthquake. In this regard, this study analyzes the physical seismic vulnerability of Kermanshah city with the combination of three methods of Analytical Hierarchy process (AHP), fuzzy logic and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The purpose of this study was to determine the regions of Kermanshah which have high vulnerability and more critical conditions than other areas during an earthquake. The proposed method has a parametric approach and, in addition to considering uncertainties due to incomplete or inaccurate information, provides an independent approach to the study area. In each study, which uses several criteria for determining the results, the significance of each of these parameters and criteria must be determined. Determining the importance of each criterion in the analysis process is done using the AHP method. In most studies, especially studies that determine the vulnerability of the regions, there may be incomplete or inaccurate data. These uncertainties can be considered using fuzzy logic techniques. Finally, using the Topsis method, can determine the ultimate vulnerability of each unit. The results estimate the vulnerability of the city of Kermanshah in most areas within a high vulnerability. Only in parts of the city that is new build to other area , there is little damage. In these areas, in addition to the proper conditions of the construction parameters, the conditions of seismic hazard parameters such as litology are appropriate, which indicates that it is suitable for the expansion of the city.

تحليل بار ضربه اي روي تيرهاي ضخيم ساخته شده از مواد هدفمند با در نظر گرفتن ميدان دمايي

Karoon Petrochemical Co. using toluene and nitric acid, and chlorine gases, carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is able to supply a variety of basic petrochemical products, including high value added isocyanates, with good quality and domestic and foreign markets. The company saw decrease in the quality of its products following the change in toluene from the toluene producers. The results of the studies show that the reason for this decline is the presence of impurities in the toluene feed of the Karoon Petrochemical Co. which impurities in the processes of producing petrochemical products have led to the production of undesirable compounds, which has led to a decrease in the quality of Karoon petrochemical products. One of the impurities in toluene is the phenol compounds that should be removed. Among the methods of eliminating the use of the adsorption process due to its inherent advantages as an efficient method in this research has been investigated. In this study, in the first step, experiments involving adsorption of phenol compounds from toluene solution by zeolite 4A, 5A, 13X, P, kaolin, Clinoptilolite (USA), Clinoptilolite (Iran) were 63%, 64%, 85% ,85% 83,% 84%, and 82%, respectively. These results show that the adsorbent used in the P-type zeolite adsorbent had the highest removal of phenol compounds from toluene. In the next step, taking into account the range of changes affecting the adsorption factors, for pH (5-9), contact time (90 to 270 minutes), adsorbent dosage (1 to 5 grams), activate carbon content (0.1 to 0.5 g) for 500 ml of toluene solution. The results of the adsorption experiments indicated by using the design of experiments and central composite design method show that if the factors are economically placed in their optimal amount, they can be considered in the range of consider conditions to 97% of the phenol compounds in toluene Removed.