The effect of long-term feeding with transition milk and transition milk enriched with probiotic on improving growth performance and reducing susceptibility to diarrhea in newborn Holstein calves

   Abstract: Red flesh apple is one of the special and rare fruit trees, which is of interest due to the red color of its flesh, its edible quality and the high amount of antioxidants present in it. Therefore, achieving the optimal and appropriate method for its micropropagation is one of the main goals of tissue culture. In this study, the effect of chitosan and sodium nitroprusside on the micropropagation of red-fleshed apple (Bastam and Bakran) was investigated.In the proliferation stage, the effect of different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (0, 3 and 5 mg/l), chitosan (0, 20, 40 and 60 mg/l) and their interaction in MS base culture medium containing plant growth regulators 1 mg/l BAP and 0.1 mg/l IBA were investigated. In the regeneration phase of the leaf, the terminal part of the leaf was placed on the MS base culture medium containing the growth regulators TDZ 3.3 mg/l and IBA 0.4 mg/l under dark conditions, and after four weeks the above explants were placed on the MS base medium containing plant growth regulator 1 mg/l BAP and 0.1 mg/l of IBA, in order to investigate the effect of sodium nitroprusside (0, 3 and 5 mg/l) and chitosan (0, 20, 40 and 60 mg/l) concentrations and their interaction. In the rooting stage, the effect of type of medium (1/2 MS solid and 1/2 M   liquid) and the growth regulator concentrations of IBA (0, 1, 2 and 3 mg/l) were studied. According to the proliferation stage results,   the largest stem diameter (0.17 mm) related to Bastam genotype in culture medium containing 40 mg/l chitosan and the largest leaf length and width (1.74 and 0.97 cm respectively) was observed in Bakran genotype in culture medium containing 20 mg/l chitosan. The highest seedling height (6.26 cm) related to Bastam genotype in the environment without    treatment and the highest number of leaves (16.51), leaf length and width (1.49 and 0.90 cm) related to Bakran genotype on the medium containing 5 mg/l   . In the regeneration test from the leaves of Bastam genotype, the highest percentage of regeneration (30%) and the number of new shoots (5.50) were obtained in the culture medium containing 40 mg/l chitosan and 3 mg/l   , and the highest new shoot height was related to the medium containing 40 mg/l chitosan and 5 mg/l   . The rooting test showed that the Bakran genotype cultured on medium containing 2 mg/l IBA growth regulator produced the highest number of roots (3.17) and Bakran genotype in solid culture medium containing 2 mg/l IBA growth regulator had the longest root length (3.78 cm).The results showed that the highest survival percentage of adapted seedlings was related to Bakran genotype (96%).    Keyword: tissue culture, Red flesh apple, proliferation, micropropagation

sampling was done during the spring of 2017-2019. After the morphological identification of the samples, molecular identification of the samples was carried out using universal ITS1/ITS4 primers. Four species including Terfezia claveryi, Tirmania pinoyi, Geopora cooperi and Geopora ramila were identified among the collected samples. The species G. cooperi was the first report for the fungal flora of Iran and the species G. ramila was described as a new species for the world. G. cooperi had a mycorrhizal association with pine (Pinus eldarica) and G. ramila had a mycorrhizal association with Helianthemum ledifolium. Confirming the mycorrhizal association between these two species requires more molecular and greenhouse studies. Mycorrhizal association of two species T. claveryi and T. pinoyi with four host plant species including Cistus ladanifer, C. laurifolius, Helianthemum almeriense and H. lippii was investigated in greenhouse conditions. The obtained results showed that T. pinoyi forms ectendomycorrhiza with the four mentioned plant species. The best mycorrhizal association between T. pinoyi and T. claveri with H. lippii respectively was 90% and 87%   mycorrhizal and 57.85% and 48.18% relative mycorrhizal. The species T. claveri also formed ectendomycorrhiza with different degrees of development of sheath with four plant species.   y preparing specific primers for the internal transcribed Ribosomal DNA for T. pinoyi species (FTiPi/RTiPi) and T. claveryi species (FTeCl/RTeCl) were confirmed in the nested PCR, the mycorrhizal association of these two species with four host plant species.   

Water is the main element for the vital processes of all living beings and the main feature of the earth's sustainability of life on the planet, because having healthy and hygienic water is one of the most essential needs of human life and society. Water quality causes intensive resources in water exploitation. One of the most common problems of exploitation and maintenance of water phenomena is feed and scaling. Corrosion is a phenomenon that generally occurs as a result of material contact with the surrounding environment. Currently, a significant percentage of the country's annual income is allocated to issues related to life and water scaling, which prediction and estimation help a lot to control and reduce consumption costs. The use of corrosion and scaling indices is an indirect method of detecting and measuring water's tendency to corrosion and scaling. Due to the influence of various factors, the corrosion and scaling potential of water is a complex phenomenon and cannot be modeled easily. In this research, meta-exploratory methods such as artificial neural networks and gene expression programming were used to predict the water corrosiveness and sedimentation potential of the water distribution network in some rural areas of Kermanshah province. From the method of linear regression and gene expression programming, equations were extracted to estimate water corrosion indices. The results showed that artificial neural networks are able to determine water corrosion indices with the highest correlation {0.95, 0.91, 0.96, 0.92 and 0.99} and the lowest percentage of error {0.20, 44. 0, 0.40, 0.44 and 0.08} respectively for Langelier, Reisner, Aggressiveness, Pokorios and Larson indices. Also, by using the linear and non-linear relationships obtained by the gene expression programming model with high accuracy (0.84 to 0.97), it is possible to measure the most effective chemical parameters, water corrosion and scaling indicators at a cost estimated less and more accuracy.

This study was conducted to investigate theeffect of wheat straw treatment with fungi on chemical composition, cell walldigestibility and in vitro fermentation kinetics. Isolates of Trichodermafungi including T. koningiopsis, T. aeruginosum, T. atroviride, T.virens and T. koningi, thermophilic fungus Malbranchea cinamomea, Aschotrichaisolated from stone beds in Iran including A. funiculosa and A.chartarum as well as yeast Rodotorula toruloides were used.   autoclaved wheat straw inoculated with eachisolate and non-autoclaved straw and autoclaved straw (negative and positivecontrol, respectively) were kept for 30 days.chemical composition, digestibilityof dry matter, organic matter and cell wall components by in vitro method andrumen fermentation kinetics using gas production technique were determined. Inaddition, fungi from wheat straw samples of Kermanshah province were identifiedusing a taxonomic key. The content of organic matter, cell wall and cell wallcomponents of wheat straw was affected when treated with different fungi.Digestibility of organic matter of straw treated with Trichoderma andthermophilic fungi  increased and with ston fungi and yeast decreased. Anincrease in the digestibility of insoluble fibers in neutral detergent wasobserved with Trichoderma, thermophilic and stony fungi compared toautoclaved straw. Compared to non-autoclaved straw, autoclaved straw showed asignificant higher digestibility of organic matter and cell wall. Among thefungi used for treating straw, Trichoderma resulted in the highest increasein organic matter and cell wall digestibility. From samples of wheat strawcollected from different regions of Kermanshah province, including Qasr Shirin,Sarpol Zahab and Kermanshah cities, more than 100 fungal isolates wereobserved. Three fungi Alternaria, Purpureocillium lilacinum and Cladosporiumwere common among the straws collected from all regions. The results of thestudy showed that treating wheat straw with Trichoderma fungi,especially T. koningiopsis, improved the digestibility of organic matterand cell wall component  y affecting the chemical composition of wheatstraw.  

  itter melon or Carla, scientifically known as Momordica charantia, is a tropical and subtropical squash family that is grown entirely as a plant in Asia, Africa and South America for its fruits. Due to the high medicinal value, low level of processing in the country, high price of the product and the amount of demand, Carla is considered a medicinal plant and the production of this product as a crop can play an important role in the country's economy. In order to investigate the effect of different levels of urea and poultry manure and two different cultivation methods on yield, harvest index, dry matter and yield components of Carla, an experiment in the form of a random split plot in the research farm of Razi University of Kermanshah in spring . 1400 were executed. In this experiment, the main plots include the type and composition of urea and poultry manure in 5 levels (100% urea), (75% urea + 25% poultry), (50% poultry + 50% urea), (25% urea + 75% poultry) , (100% poultry) and sub-plot included two types of scaffolding and plume cultivation methods, type strip irrigation system was used in this study. In this study, fruit fresh weight, fruit dry weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, plant height, plant dry weight and indices were measured. The results showed that the effect of poultry manure level and the effect of cultivation method on most of the measured parameters were significant. Increased performance in Carla. Among the cultivation methods, the highest yield was obtained in the Cretan cultivation pattern. The interaction of cultivation pattern and fertilizer level was also insignificant in most traits. According to the test results, the use of poultry manure and scaffolding cultivation method is recommended for Carla cultivation. Keywords: Bitter melon, Cretan cultivation, Scaffold cultivation, Carla, Nitrogen

   Due to population growth, the shortage and severe constraints of water resources in the country, one of the main steps in the management and planning of water resources   and Climate change phenomenon is to optimize reservoirs and change the cultivation pattern. In this study, simulation of the Harsin dam reservoir for Kamish River discharge from (40 years period) has used in the WEAP model. First, considering the different cultivated patterns, the reliability of domestic, industrial, agricultural and environmental was simulated in WEAP, and the crop pattern with greater sustainability of the system was selected. Then by using the LINGO model, optimization was performed with the aim of minimizing the percentage of unmet demands. According to the results, the annual average of the environmental demands, garden drip lands, sprinkler’s land and wastewater waterline, were estimated 98.98, 87.51, 89.79 and 95.63, while these values in the optimization model were equal to 100, 99.99, 99.21 and 99.12, which indicates that the percentage of shortcomings has been reached to less than 1%. The average of overflow volume in simulation and optimization models was 7.31 and 4.09 million m3/year respectively, which indicates that optimization model has the lower rate of wasted water comparing to simulation model. Finally, by applying the climate RCP scenarios, the results showed a decrease in the input flow of the Harsin Dam reservoir And the output of both HADGEM2-ao and FGOALS-G2 climatic models resulted in a maximum increase of 5 and at least 3 ° C in future periods. Based on the RCP8.5 scenario, the estimated runoff in future periods 2020-2059 and 2060-2099 is lower than the predicted runoff under RCP2.6 scenarios, which corresponds to the definition of these scenarios. Output runoff applied by the rainfall-runoff model under the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios in the WEAP model reduced the reliability index of downstream dam requirements to below 80%. The highest reliability index for climate scenarios by HADGEM2-ao model under RCP2.6 scenario is related to industry needs, which is 77.08% in simulation mode, while this indicator in 88.42% is optimize. The lowest reliability index in the WEAP model was estimated to be 32.19%, compared to 52.71% in the LINGO model. Hence, with the appropriate planning and management, it is possible to deduct the amount of deficits significantly, especially in the field of agriculture.

  Identification of traits related to barley yield improvement under rainfed and irrigation conditions will increase the chances of success in breeding programs and will allow planning to select effective traits for yield improvement. The interaction between genotype and environment creates complexity in yield prediction and is a challenge for plant production and breeding programs. In order to investigate the effect of drought stress on yield and important agronomic traits of barley, 21 barley genotypes were grown in randomized complete block designs with three replications under rainfed and irrigation conditions at the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah , Iran in the 2016-2017 cropping season. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the drought stress reduced significantly the thousand kernel weight, biological yield, grain yield, peduncle length/plant height, spike weight, days to physiological maturity, kernel filling period, spike length, stomatal conductance, quantum yield of photosystem II and harvest index. Correlation analysis indicated that there was positive and significant correlation between grain yield, number of seed per spike and biological yield under irrigation conditions. Grain yield was positively correlated with biological yield but negatively with days to flowering under rainfed conditions. According to path analysis, number of seed per spike and thousand kernel weight had the highest direct effect on grain yield under irrigation and rainfed, respectively. Using factor analysis, under irrigation conditions, five factors explained 80.29% of the total variance and under rainfed conditions, 84.70% of the total variance were explained by six factors. The stepwise regression model indicated that 30. 5% of grain yield variations justified by biological yield under irrigation environment, while under rainfed conditions, biological yield, spike length and day to flowering explained 80.4% of the variations. Cluster analysis, >Key words: barley, drought stress, genotype × environment interaction, grain yield, yield stability.

پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارزيابي تاثير خوراندن لاكتوباسيلوس فرمنتوم بر عملكرد و رشد، متابوليت­هاي خوني، نيتروژن آمونياكي، اسيديته، جمعيت پروتوزوا، وزن و درصد اجزاي لاشه­ايي وغيرلاشه­ايي اجرا و به منظور دستيابي به اين اهداف تعداد 16 راس بره 3 تا 4 ماهه در 2 گروه 8 راسي (8 تكرار در تيمار) استفاد شد. آزمايش به صورت طرح كاملا تصادفي و تجزيه و تحليل داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزارSAS انجام شد. به هر بره روزانه 2 ميلي ليتر از اين پروبيوتيك كه حاوي 109× 9/6 واحد تشكيل دهنده كلني در هر ميلي¬ليتر بود به روي يك قطعه كوچك نان ريخته و به دام خورانده شد. خوراندن اين پروبيوتيك، خوراك مصرفي و اضافه وزن روزانه را تحت تاثير قرار نداد (05/0<P). نيتروژن آمونياكي، اسيديته، جمعيت پروتوزوا، متابوليت­هاي خوني اندازه­گيري شده، وزن و درصد اجزاي لاشه­ايي و غيرلاشه­ايي در بره­هايي كه به آن­ها لاكتوباسيلوس فرمنتوم خورانده شد تحت تاثير قرار نگرفت (05/0<P). خوراندن لاكتوباسيلوس فرمنتوم افزايش معني داري بر جمعيت مونوسيت­هاي حاصل از شمارش گلبول­هاي سفيد نسبت به گروه شاهد نشان داد(05/0>p). به طوركلي اگرچه اكثر پارامترهاي مورد بررسي تحت تاثير خوراندن لاكتوباسيلوس فرمنتوم قرارنگرفت ولي اين پروبيوتيك به طور معني داري باعث افزايش مونوسيت و درنتيجه   بهبود سيستم ايمني گرديد.كليد واژگان: پروبيوتيك، فراسنجه­هاي تخمير شكمبه­اي، متابوليت­هاي خون ، عملكرد بره­هاي پرواري  

  AbstractNowadays, solar energy is one of the cheapest and available renewable energy sources. Among different uses of solar energy, solar collector is one of the most economical ways to use solar energy. In the present study, the outlet water temperature of the solar flat plate collector was modeled using artificial neural networks (ANN) and support vector regression (SVR) and compared with experimental data. Data was collected for 18 days. Water and Bohemite Nano- fluid (ALOOH) with a concentration of 0.2% by weight were used as operating fluid. In order to evaluation of the models, tow structures were tested for both artificial neural network and support vector regression. In the first structure the parameters were input flow, test time, environment temperature and inlet fluid temperature. While in the second structure inputs were input flow, test time, environment temperature, inlet fluid temperature, tow temperatures of absorber plate, and the glass cover temperature. Based on the results, coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) in the SVR method for pure water and the first structure, respectively were 0.978991 and 3.2508, respectively, and for the second structure, were 0.998715 and 0.1016, respectively. According to the results, R2 and RMSE for Boehmite Nano fluid and first structure were, 0.958303 and 6/68580, respectively. While these values for the second structure was equal to 0.965097 and 5.4765, respectively. Also, by influencing the type of input fluid as the input of the models, R2 and RMSE were 0.636978 and 281.8210, respectively, and for second structure were 0.939306 and 15.7420. Based on the result for modeling by artificial neural network and for pure water, R2 and RMSE for the first model were 0.99983 and 0.029084, respectively and for the second model were 0.99991 and 0.015617.0, respectively. Also, these values ??for the Bohemite Nano-fluid for the first structure were equal to 0.999 and 0.99896 and for the second structure were 0.9993 and 0.99927 respectively. With the effect of the type of operator fluid as input variable, the R2 and RMSE for the first structure ??were 0.99886 and 0.32567, respectively. Also, these values were 0.99934 and 0.32567, respectively, for the second structure.   Results indicated that the ANN model was better than SVR model for prediction of outlet temperature.   Also by increasing the input parameters, the accuracy of models was increased.Keywords: Artificial neural network, Nano fluid, Outlet fluid temperature, Solar flat plate collector, Support vector regression