Abstract The low solubility of many effective pharmaceutical compounds, especially those used in chemotherapy, remains a fundamental challenge in the development of drug formulations and the improvement of therapeutic efficacy. This limitation, mainly arising from complex molecular structures and the presence of polar functional groups, leads to reduced bioavailability, increased required dosages, and the occurrence of unwanted side effects. Therefore, finding novel methods to enhance solubility and subsequently improve drug absorption in the body has always attracted researchers' attention. In this regard, the present study aims to experimentally measure the solubility of the anticancer drug Bortezomib in supercritical carbon dioxide as a green and biocompatible method, and to investigate the effect of adding polar co-solvents on improving its dissolubility, in order to achieve an environmentally friendly and efficient approach for pharmaceutical formulations. In this study, the solubility of Bortezomib in supercritical carbon dioxide was measured within a temperature range of 308 to 338 K and a pressure range of 120 to 270 bar using a static method. Experimental results showed that in the binary system (without co-solvent), increasing the pressure from 120 to 270 bar at a constant temperature of 338 K increased the drug solubility from 0.001 to 0.067 g/L, indicating an approximately 66-fold increase. The maximum solubility in this system was achieved at 338 K and 270 bar. Furthermore, to investigate solubility enhancement strategies, the effect of adding three types of polar co-solvents including ethanol, methanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide was studied in ternary systems. The presence of co-solvents had a significant impact; the addition of 3 mol% methanol at 338 K and 270 bar increased solubility to 1.001 g/L, which is about a 15-fold increase compared to the binary system (0.067 g/L). The obtained experimental data were analyzed using a set of empirical models, semi-empirical models, and equations of state. In addition, to more accurately predict the nonlinear behavior of the system, three machine learning methods including multilayer perceptron neural network, support vector regression, and Gaussian process regression were employed. The results showed that Bortezomib solubility is significantly influenced by pressure, temperature, and the presence of co-solvent. In the binary system, the Mendez-Santiago-Teja semi-empirical model with an error of 5.13% and a determination coefficient of 0.994 exhibited the best performance among the 14 empirical and semi-empirical models investigated. In the ternary system, the Soltani-Mazloumi model was best for ethanol co-solvent with an error of 6.65% and R² of 0.990, and for methanol with an error of 5/13% and R² of 0.983, while for dimethyl sulfoxide co-solvent, the Mendez-Santiago-Teja model with an error of 6.15% and R² of 0.974 was identified as the most accurate model. Among equations of state, the Soave-Redlich-Kwong model with an error of 4.67% at 308 K showed better performance than Peng-Robinson. In the machine learning section, the Gaussian process regression model with a determination coefficient of 0.9943 and mean squared error of 0.0325 provided the best accuracy in the binary system, while in the ternary system, the multilayer perceptron neural network with a determination coefficient of 0.9994 and mean squared error of 0.0084 for methanol co-solvent delivered the best performance.

Abstract Sulfur-containing compounds in tra  ortation fuels are among the major sources of environmental pollution due to the emission of sulfur oxides during fuel combustion. In the present study, an iron-loaded titanium dioxide photocatalyst (Fe/TiO?) was synthesized via the impregnation method and its performance was evaluated in the photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization (PODS) of a model fuel containing 1000 ppm dibenzothiophene (DBT) under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Hydrogen peroxide (H?O?) was employed as the oxidizing agent, while acetonitrile was used as the extraction solvent. All experiments were conducted at ambient temperature and constant UV light intensity.To investigate the effect of metal loading, photocatalysts containing 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.% iron were prepared and tested. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy coupled with elemental mapping (EDS-MAP), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). Characterization results confirmed the successful incorporation of iron onto the TiO? support and revealed improved structural, surface, and optical properties favorable for photocatalytic applications. Among the synthesized samples, the catalyst containing 15 wt.% Fe exhibited the highest desulfurization efficiency.The effects of operational parameters, including oxidant-to-sulfur molar ratio (O/S), catalyst dosage, and reaction time, were optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on a Box–Behnken Design (BBD). Statistical analysis demonstrated that the experimental data were adequately described by a quadratic model with high predictive capability. The optimum operating conditions were determined as an O/S molar ratio of 12, catalyst dosage of 0.074 g, and irradiation time of 73 min. Under these conditions, a sulfur removal efficiency of 95.775% was achieved, showing excellent agreement with the value predicted by the developed model.Overall, the results indicate that the synthesized Fe/TiO? photocatalyst possesses high potential for the photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization of sulfur-containing fuels and can be considered an efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly catalyst for deep sulfur removal applications.    Keywords: Photocatalytic Oxidative Desulfurization (PODS), Dibenzothiophene (DBT), Fe/TiO? Photocatalyst  

   Heavy metal contamination, particularly from nickel and chromium ions, have significant environmental and health risks due to their toxicity and persistence in water. Conventional removal methods mostly are lack of selectivity and efficiency. It pushes researchers to explore the novel adsorbents. In this study, phycocyanin-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles were prepared to selectively immobilize Ni(II) and Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions. Magnetic nanoparticles were first synthesized and coated with polyethyleneimine, followed by functionalization with phycocyanin to provide active binding sites for metal ions. Adsorption experiments were conducted under different conditions, such as initial metal concentration, and contact time, and removal efficiency and adsorption capacity were calculated. The adsorption kinetics were analyzed using a pseudo-second-order model, while Langmuir isotherms were applied to determine maximum adsorption capacities. Results showed rapid Ni(II) adsorption within minutes, whereas Cr(VI) uptake was slower but reached similar capacity over extended time, reflecting differences in affinity and interaction mechanisms. Maximum adsorption capacities were 13.85 mg/g for Ni(II) and 22.17 mg/g for Cr(VI), and adsorption was strongly influenced by pH, with nickel favoring alkaline conditions and chromium favoring acidic conditions. Desorption experiments showed that the adsorbent could be regenerated and reused, indicating practical applicability. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups responsible for selective binding and the stability of phycocyanin on the magnetic core. In conclusion, the magnetic adsorbents provided selective, efficient, and reusable removal of nickel and chromium ions, suggesting a promising approach for wastewater treatment and offering a foundation for future studies to optimize performance. Keywords: Phycocyanin, Magnetic nanoparticles, Nickel, Chromium, Adsorption

   The present work evaluated the lycopene recovery from industrial tomato waste using cellulase enzyme along with ethanol and alkaline treatments. Central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the enzymatic step. An optimal lycopene yield of ??about 51.09 µg g-1 was obtained under the cellulose-to-tomato peel ratios of 4.25 mL g-1, the temperature of 48.25 ?C, and hydrolysis duration of 152.81 min. A combination of the enzyme-ethanol treatment (at 60°C for 5 s) before solvent extraction resulted in a very small increase in lycopene yield while a combination of the enzyme and alkaline treatments (45% KOH, 10% sample weight at 55°C for 30 min) enhanced significantly the lycopene recovery yield by 249.6%. In lycopene extracted under optimal conditions, the highest antioxidant activity against H2O2 as an oxidizing agent was shown at about 75.4% in the case of the enzyme-alkaline treatment.   

  In this study, the effects of various pretreatment methods on cellulase enzyme production from wheat straw using solid-state fermentation and the fungus *Trichoderma reesei* ATCC 26921 were investigated. Wheat straw, as a significant agricultural waste in Iran, has high potential for producing industrial enzymes and bio-products. The main objective was to find the optimal pretreatment method for maximizing cellulase production. Through Box-Behnken design, the best fermentation conditions were found at 30°C, 80% humidity, over 6 days. The study explored acidic, alkaline, combined, and deep eutectic solvent pretreatments, revealing that the deep eutectic solvent calcium carbonate-glycerol improved enzymatic activity by 38% compared to untreated samples. FTIR analysis showed enhanced lignin and hemicellulose degradation, improving cellulose accessibility. This research emphasizes sustainable development and optimal use of agricultural waste, offering new pathways for industrial enzyme production and reduced environmental pollution.

Separation of gas mixtures by membranes has reached from laboratory to industrial scale due to various applications and has replaced some traditional methods. Although achieving ideal membranes is still challenging, over time researchers have been able to continuously improve the performance of membranes. Ceramic-based graphene oxide membranes are of interest due to their reasonable price and ability to increase efficiency with various modifications. In this research, to modify graphene oxide membranes from the amino acid arginine due to the presence of polar carboxylic groups in amino acids that can intensify the dissolution mechanism of CO2 penetration through the quadrupole moment interaction and also that amino groups can reversibly interact with CO2 in Different amino acids have been used to react and facilitate their transfer, and ionic liquid was also used because it has cations and anions that can selectively react with CO2 molecules in order to create a synergistic effect. To complete the role of ionic liquid, the application of an external electric field was used during deposition. FTIR, XRD and FESEM analyzes were used to investigate the structural changes in graphene oxide. By examining the peaks of the FTIR test, the structural changes and the successful functionalization with arginine and ionic liquid were confirmed. And the XRD test results confirmed the increase in the distance between graphene oxide sheets after functionalization. By functionalizing graphene oxide with arginine, an increase of 5.96 times and 1.97 times in CO2 permeability and CO2/N2 selectivity was observed, respectively, compared to the boehmite base. Further, by adding ionic liquid and simultaneous functionalization with arginine and ionic liquid, a synergistic effect was created and caused CO2 permeability to gpu 10476 and CO2/N2 selectivity to 4.04, which showed an increase of 15 and 43% compared to graphene oxide functionalized with arginine. gave Finally, by changing the effective parameters (ionic liquid ratio - graphene oxide concentration) and applying an external electric field during layering and changing the operating conditions as well as humidifying the feed gas, the CO2 permeability reached 16211 gpu and the CO2/N2 selectivity reached 10.31, which It showed an increase of 11.41 times and 9.87 times compared to the base (bohemite) respectively.   

In this study, aimed at improving the mechanical and rheological properties of pure bitumen (60-70), silicon oil (SO), which has suitable properties, and rice husk ash (RHA), an environmentally friendly waste material from rice production, were used. Different samples were prepared by mixing 2% silicone oil and 6%, 12%, 18%, and 24% rice husk ash with PG 22-64 bitumen. To evaluate the performance of the modified samples, tests such as penetration, softening point, ductility, rotational viscosity (RV), dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), and bending beam rheometer (BBR) were conducted on both modified and control samples.The results indicate that, with a constant 2% of silicone oil, increasing the percentage of rice husk ash raised the softening point and viscosity at temperatures of 120°C, 135°C, and 160°C. However, it also decreased the penetration and ductility compared to pure bitumen. According to the DSR results at high temperatures (58°C, 64°C, 70°C, and 76°C), all modified samples exhibited higher rutting resistance compared to pure bitumen, with the samples containing 18% and 24% ash and 2% silicone oil showing the highest increase in rutting resistance. DSR results at medium temperatures (16°C, 19°C, and 22°C) demonstrated that the samples with 6%, 12%, and 18% ash and 2% silicone oil had good resistance to cracking. Based on the BBR results at -22°C, all modified samples, except the one with 24% ash and 2% silicone oil, performed within the acceptable range and yielded satisfactory results.Summarizing the findings, the sample containing 2% silicone oil and 18% rice husk ash demonstrated good performance across high, medium, and low temperatures and is recommended as the optimal sample.

   تحليل ديناميكي پايداري شيرواني­هاي مسلح و غير مسلح يكي از مهمترين شاخه­هاي مهندسي ژئوتكنيك است. وقوع ناپايداري و لغزش در شيرواني­هاي طبيعي و مصنوعي از جمله پديده­هايي است كه در ايران و در بسياري نقاط جهان به وفور رخ مي­دهد. گسيختگي شيرواني ممكن است در شرايط طبيعي و صرفا تحت اثر وزن توده ناپايدار رخ داده و يا ممكن است در اثر عوامل ديناميكي مانند زلزله به وقوع پيوندد. امروزه روش­هاي گوناگوني براي پايدارسازي و كم كردن تغيير مكان هاي جانبي شيرواني­ها وجود دارد . پايدارسازي شيرواني­ها تابع تعادل بين نيروهاي محرك و مقاوم مي باشد كه با كاهش نيروهاي محرك، افزايش نيروهاي مقاوم و يا هر دو انجام مي­شود. در اين پايان نامه   اثر زلزله ازگله – سرپل ذهاب بر تحليل شيرواني و كاهش ميزان تغيير شكلهاي آن در حالت بارگذاري ديناميكي توسط نرم افزار المان محدود آباكوس بررسي شده است. همچنين اثر برخي از پارامترها از جمله فاصله شمع ها، طول شمع ها، قطر شمع ها، بررسي تغيير مدل رفتاري خاك بررسي تأثير تغيير پارامترهاي لايه زيرين شيرواني در ميزان پايداري شيرواني بررسي گرديده است. نتايج تحليل نشان مي دهد كه استفاده از شيرواني­هاي مسلح نقش مؤثري در كاهش تغيير مكان هاي افقي و قائم شيرواني ايفا مي­كند.

   Abstract Yeast extract is a powdery substance that contains useful substances such as soluble proteins, vitamins and minerals and is widely used in food, medicine, and industrial microbiology industries. This substance is produced as a biological product from the decomposition of the cell wall of yeasts (various strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae). In the present study, in order to reduce the production costs of yeast extract, beet molasses was used as a carbon source in the batch cultivations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PTCC 5052) at a temperature of 30 ?C and a stirring speed of 150 rpm. The growth curve of yeast was investigated in different initial concentrations of molasses and the results showed that increasing the concentration of molasses in the range of 0-10 vv-1% did not inhibit the growth of yeast and the Monod kinetic model with the specific maximum growth rate of 0.164 h-1 and half-saturation constant 1.78 vv-1% was well described the experimental data. Also, by matching the biomass experimental results with the cell maintenance energy concept model, the theoretical yield of biomass production from reducing sugars in molasses and the maintenance energy coefficient were estimated at 1.739 gcell g-1   and 0.0518   g gcell-1 h-1, respectively. High relative biomass yield and the low maintenance energy coefficient indicates favorable cultivation conditions to achieve a high biomass in the fermentation stage. After cultivation, yeast cells entered the stage of cell wall disruption. At this stage, the processes of autolysis, plasmolysis (in the presence of 0.5 M solution of NaCl and KCl), and ultrasound (20 kHz) were investigated. The results showed that the lowest production yield of yeast extract from biomass (Yp/x) with about 42% was obtained during 24 h from the plasmolysis process by the KCl solution. While, the ultrasonic process after 60 min obtained Yp/x about 78%. The integration of the plasmolysis (NaCl solution) and ultrasonic provided a yeast extract production yield of 81%. In this way, the best result was obtained for the production of yeast extract using 10 vv-1% of molasses in the fermentation stage after 24 h and applying the process of cell disruption with ultrasonic waves.   

   The sharp decline in fossil fuels, as well as the increase in the emissions of harmful air pollutants and greenhouse gases from this burning, which also includes a large percentage of energy, have reduced the acceptance of these fuels. As a safe, renewable and non-toxic fuel, biodiesel is a good alternative to petroleum diesel. The study used cattle slaughterhouse fat waste as cheap raw materials to produce biodiesel fuel by homogeneous game Trans-sterification. From the design of experiments with the design expert software to the response level method (RSM) the effects related to temperature operating parameters, potassium hydroxide catalyst concentration and molecular ratio of methanol to oil were examined individually at three different levels. A total of 17 experiments were designed and conducted individually to investigate the effects of these parameters on reaction efficiency. The results obtained are confirmed by preparing the sample in the predicted conditions of the model. The highest yield related to the molecular ratio of methanol to oil was 6: 1, the catalyst concentration was 1.25% by weight of potassium hydroxide and the reaction temperature was 62 ° C with a reaction time of 1.5 hours of 8.97% by weight. There was a good match between the data from the experiments and the statistical model for the yield of biodiesel produced. The properties of biodiesel produced were determined by the quality in terms of fuel characteristics such as density, gravity, ignition point, sulfur value, humidity and combustion point, and were well matched by the use of EN and ASTM standards. The study shows that cattle slaughterhouse fat waste can be used as a raw material for the production of biodiesel by the Trans-sterification method with the catalyst of homogeneous play of potassium hydroxide and methanol solvent.

In this research, biological plasticizer   were made based on edible oil waste using epoxidation and esterification reactions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of adding these bioplasticizers in PVC as a plasticizer and compare its properties with dioctyl phthalate (petroleum-based plasticizer). In this evaluation, FTIR, TGA, DSC analyses, brittleness test during stretching, hardness testing, and migration and fugacity resistance testing were performed. By performing the TGA test, it was found that the PVC sample synthesized with our bioplasticizer has a higher degradation temperature, which means more heat resistance compared to other samples. The tensile test analysis showed that the PVC produced with bioplasticizer in Compared with dioctyl phthalate, it has good tensile stability and the failure graph during stretching was close to the graph of dioctyl phthalate, which results showed that it has almost the same behavior as dioctyl phthalate and this softener can improve the flexibility of PVC.Then, by examining the dissolution of different synthesized samples in different solvents (polar and non-polar), we came to the conclusion that the reduction in the mass of the sample synthesized with this biological softener in non-polar solvents was significantly less and more stable, but in Polar solvents were more reducing the mass of the sample due to the polar structure of the bioplasticizer. Also, compared to other samples, it showed lower volatility and higher thermal stability in the volatility test.

  The presence of colored pollutants in water causes irreparable damage to the environment and huma   Therefore, it is necessary to purify this pollutant from water. There are many methods for treating water containing colored pollution, including coagulation, advanced oxidation processes, membrane processes, and biological processes. In this study, the absorption method has been used due to its numerous advantages such as the availability of various raw materials, low cost, high efficiency, and reusability to remove the synthetic color pollution of methylene blue. In the absorption tests, two types of slag absorbent after oil extraction (absorbent A) and biochar extracted from it (absorbent B) have been used. In the absorption tests, the independent variables of methylene blue dye concentration, absorbent amount, contact time and temperature have been evaluated. The results showed that adsorbent A has a better performance than adsorbent B. For example, under the same conditions, the amount of adsorbent 0.01 g in 10 ml of methylene blue solution with a concentration of 40 mg/l adsorbent A and B can remove 97.5% and 55.5% of color, respectively. have been. The isotherm of the process has been investigated using the Langmuir and Freundlich experimental models, the kinetics of the process using the first and second pseudo-order models, and the thermodynamics of the process using the Van Hoof model. The results showed that the experimental data of adsorbent A has a better match with the Freundlich model R=98%, while the equilibrium data of adsorbent B is more accurately fitted with the Langmuir model R=99%. Adsorbent A with R=299% and Adsorbent B with R=2% have a good agreement with the pseudo-second order kinetic equation. Also, the thermodynamic study of the process showed that the absorption of methylene blue has an endothermic and spontaneous nature. Adsorbent recovery allows to reuse the adsorbent after two periods of recovery of adsorbents A and B in the condition of 0.01 g of adsorbent in 10 ml of methylene blue solution with a concentration of 100 mg/l, able to remove 53.30% and 41.56%, respectively. have been color

For many years, the separation of ethylene (C2H4) from ethane (C2H6) for the production of pure ethylene for industrialpurposes has been of great importance. The separation of ethylene from ethane is a vital process in the industry, which requires high-purity separation for ethylene to produce high-quality final products. The pure ethylene obtained from this process is used as an important raw material in the production of plastic, rubber, and other chemical products. The process of ethylene separation acts as a fundamental basis for the petrochemical industry and is of great importance in meeting global industrial and economic needs. Cryogenic distillation is the main technology for separating ethylene and ethane, which is used due to the close boiling point of ethylene and ethane (187.6 K for ethane and 169.5 K for ethylene) under very low temperatures and high pressures. However, this process is very costly in terms of investment and energy consumption in the petrochemical industry. Therefore, various alternative methods have been investigated to increase its efficiency and reduce the associated costs. One ofthe significant limitations of these alternative methods is their limited selectivity, making them incapable of serving as a complete replacement for cryogenic distillation. Nevertheless, internal absorption processes can potentially serve as a suitable substitute for cryogenic distillation. The main objective of this study is to investigate the amount of pure ethylene and ethane gas absorption by CuAlCl4 absorbent in a toluene solvent. In this study, the effect of various parameters such as concentration, temperature, and pressure on the amount of absorption of these two gases has been evaluated. Finally, we found that the current process shows very good selectivity between ethylene and ethane. Additionally, there is a trade-off between the absorption and selectivity of ethylene. With increasing pressure, the capacity of ethylene absorption increases, but the selectivity decreases. At low pressures, the selectivity increases, but the capacity decreases. The maximum selectivity of ethylene to ethane is achieved at the lowest possible pressure, but the low capacity of ethylene at low pressures is a limiting factor for optimal process design.

  Heavy metal pollution is one of the concerns that has become a global concern, and cadmium is one of the types of metals that are very dangerous and carcinogenic. Bioremediation is one of the environmentally friendly methods that is a suitable alternative to chemical methods. Biomineralization is one of its subcategories, which is a process during which microorganisms make mineral from the biological mineral environment and eliminate its risk.The aim of this research is to work on the biological mineralization process and test this process in the bacterial culture environment.The microorganism used is Bacillus persicus and the desired metal is cadmium, which by preparing the required solid and liquid culture medium, the defined process for three operational parameters: pH (6.5-8.5), temperature (25-35°C) and the concentration is 1500-200 ppm.The findings indicate that the highest removal rate is 57.17%. In relation to pH, the process of removal increased gradually with the increase of pH from 6.5 to 8.5 and we reached the maximum amount of removal at 8.5. In relation to the temperature, with the increase in temperature from 25 to 35 degrees, the removal status is increasing, and then from 35 to 45 degrees, we have seen a decrease in the amount of removal, and at 45 degrees, we have had the minimum amount of removal. Also, in relation to the concentration, we have seen an increase in the removal rate by increasing the concentration from 200 to about 1240, and after that, a slight decrease has occurred up to the concentration of 1500.The simultaneous state of pH and concentration had the greatest effect on the amount of removal, followed by temperature, concentration and pH respectively.

   The quality of power and lack of use of the network are considered as two important factors in power networks, and one of the factors of ferroresonance is known as these network disturbances, which with the occurrence of this phenomenon, power quality and network security are endangered. Ferroresonance is one of the rare phenomena in power networks. In this project, first by introducing the phenomenon of ferroresonance, its different random states in the power system are explained, and also the effects in different fields are presented to start sales. Investigating and simulating the ferroresonance phenomenon is dependent on the ferroresonance circuit model and finding its state equations. In this project, by solving these equations, we investigate and simulate the random ferroresonance in the power transformer. Finally, we examine the effect of the initial conditions on this phenomenon in the power transformer. Usually, in the ferroresonance equivalent circuit, the self-impedance of the network and its resistance value are ignored, and in this project, we study the effect of ignoring these parameters.

Surfactants are used as emulsifiers in food, agriculture, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Surfactants are often produced by chemical methods and from crude oil derivatives, and their use is not desirable due to their toxicity on living cells. Among the advantages of production and application of biosurfactants is the possibility of their production from agricultural waste and food industry factories, stability in high temperature and pH, and low critical micelle concentration. Biosurfactants can be produced on an industrial scale by yeasts and bacteria, and among them, sophorolipids are widely used. Sophorolipids producing strains are mainly Candida family yeasts, which are able to convert linear hydrocarbon compounds or fatty acids with medium chain length into amphipathic sophorolipid compounds. In this research, a new species of Candida catenulata was used to produce sophorolipids from fatty acids in the residue of vegetable oil neutralization unit. To increase production efficiency by using this waste, 3 types of processes were carried out to remove heavy triglycerides, non-hydratable and hydratable gums and mineral salts from free fatty acids. The results showed that production of sophorolipids by using isolated fatty acids was even better than using refined oils and raw soapstock. In this study, sophorolipid production was carried out in three stages including production in a shaker flask and production in a bioreactor in batch and Fed-batch operations. In shaker flask studies, by using free fatty acids collecting from sunflower soapstock, the final titer of sophorolipid was 12.4 g L-1. Utilizing the aeration flow and continuesly mixing in the bioreactor compared to the shaker flask increased the production rate in the bioreactor. Since the high concentration of produced sophorolipids can act as an inhibitory effect on the growth and optimal production of the product, using fed-batch system in bioreactor can possiblly dilute the medium culture during production.   In batch operation in bioreactor, the final concentration of produced sophorolipids reached 14.6 g L-1 and when using fed-batch operation with all components of the culture medium, the final titer of sophorolipids increased to 17.5 g L-1 . Also, the effect of feed acidity and dilution rate in fed-batch operation were studied using response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that the feed acidity and dilution rate have significant effect on the volume productivity of sophorolipids, the yield of produced sophorolipids to consumed glucose, and the yield of produced sophorolipids to consumed free fatty acids. The highest volume productivity of sophorolipids was 0.266 gSLs L-1h-1, the yield of production of sophorolipids to total glucose consumption was 0.157 gSLs gglucose-1 and the yield of production of sophorolipids to total free fatty acids consumption was 0.211 gSLs gFFAs-1 at 4.9 acidity and 0.010 h-1 dilution rate in fed-batch operation.

   ABSTRACT Audio conversion aims to change one or more aspects of the speech signal while preserving the speech structure of the signal. One of the subcategories of voice conversion is voice conversion. Voice conversion is a technique to transform the identity of the hidden speaker in the source speech waveform while preserving the linguistic information. The goal of the voice conversion system is to create a conversion function, which converts the same speech features of the language from both source and target speakers. By placing the corresponding features of the target speaker with the corresponding features of the source speaker's speech, and reconstructing these features into the speech wave, voice conversion occurs. Most of the topics of voice conversion revolve around learning the corresponding characteristics of the source and target speakers. In this research, it has been tried to convert the speech wave of the source speaker by separating the signal of the source speaker and the target into the same time segments and convert it into a two-dimensional Mel Spectrum matrix (using the MelGAN vocoder), it prepare the input data and train the network Created, i  ired by Cycle GAN, this transformation function. The MelGAN vocoder has been used to synthesize (transform) the waveform into Mel Spectrum and vice versa (speech waveform). Also, in this research, the data of the voice imitation challenge of 2018 was used. The challenge [50], held every two years, attempts to improve the quality of voice imitation by providing data (in the 2018 series, non-parallel data). In the end, two subjective and objective (realistic) methods have been used to evaluate the final transformation function trained in this research. Existing objective evaluation criteria for voice conversion (VC) are not always relevant to human perception. Therefore, training VC models with such metrics may not effectively improve the naturalness and similarity of the converted speech. In this project, evaluation models based on deep learning have been used to predict human ratings from transformed speech. We adopt convolutional and recurrent neural network models to develop a mean opinion score (MOS) predictor, called MOSnet. Also, the MCD criterion has been used for objective evaluation. Despite years of research, voice imitation systems, and the progress of the transformation function learning process, using different types of neural networks, still have deficiencies in accurately imitating a target speaker spectrally and prosodically and at the same time maintaining speech quality.

  In this thesis, polyethersulfone-based nanocomposite membranes were made by phase inversion method and by adding different percentages of copper oxide nanoparticles and polydopamine coating. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of copper oxide addition and polydopamine coating on surface properties including hydrophilicity and roughness, permeability, anti-fouling properties and most importantly antibacterial properties. FTIR, XRD, SEM, AFM and contact angle analyzes are performed to check the structure of nanoparticles and membranes, and to refine the milk powder feed to check the anti-fouling properties and to determine the diameter of the inhibition and return curve to check the antibacterial properties of the membranes. XRD analysis confirms the monoclinic structure of copper oxide nanoparticles. The SEM images show that all the membranes have an asymmetric structure, consisting of a dense upper layer and a finger-like sublayer and well-developed macropores at the bottom. The results of the hydrophilicity of the membranes show that the membranes modified with nanoparticles and polydopamine coating have more hydrophilicity than the membranes modified with copper oxide, which is the reason for the higher hydrophilicity of the polydopamine coating. Also, the output flux results show that the modified membranes (except for the membranes with 1% by weight of copper oxide) all have a higher flux than the pure polyethersulfone membrane, so that the membrane with 0.5% by weight of copper oxide with polydopamine coating is 197% higher than the pure membrane and The output flux results are consistent with the porosity and pore size results.

  Color is one of the most important quality properties of the product that is first visible to the consumer. Color is an effective factor in attracting attention and selecting the food that is received through the sense of sight, and its presence in the rapid diagnosis and final acceptance of each product will be due to its attractiveness. According to the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) definition, food coloring is: "A color additive contains any dye, pigment, or other substance made by a synthetic process or similar method, or from a plant, animal, "Minerals and other sources or intermediates have been extracted, isolated and derived, and when used for food, medicine, cosmetics or any other part, can create and add color to it." Which will be added to food, beverages and cosmetics for human consumption in order to create color. According to this definition, colors are divided into two categories: licensed for consumption (ie, for food consumption, a license is required, such as dyes of natural origin) and non-licensed for consumption (ie, it is not necessary to obtain a license for consumption). Fabrics and carpets are used) are divided. With the passage of time and the increasing need of various cosmetic, health, textile, food, etc. industries for more and more diverse colors, humans began to prepare and mass-produce dyes in an industrial way, the production and consumption of which in non-food industries caused Air pollution, groundwater aquifers, running water, pollution of agricultural lands and pastures in the food, cosmetics and health industries have caused deep concern about the safety of chemical or synthetic dyes in the health of the body (1). Due to the allergic effects of some artificial colors in foods such as azerobin or tartrazine, their use in various food industries is limited (8). Some synthetic dyes also show carcinogenic and mutagenic effects, for example dye used in the meat industry to form nitrosamines. This substance combines with nitrate and nitrite to form an amino agent (9) in order to To counteract these harmful effects, there is a global trend towards the production of pigments from natural sources. Natural dyes are derived from two important sources of plants and microorganisms. In the meantime, dyes derived from fungal sources have wide and very important applications in the nutrition and economy of human society and are able to create a profit of about $ 30 billion per year in the industrial process. The number of different colors in fungi is more than a thousand species that are not found in other organisms or are very small (1). Permissible edible and natural pigments of plant origin will cause many problems such as instability against light, heat, low or high acidity, low solubility and often lack of easy access throughout the year (2).

لازم به ذكر است كه علاوه بر باكتري­ها، قارچ­ها و مخمر ها نيز داراي توانايي متابوليك استفاده از كربن موجود در تركيبات هيدروكربني براي سنتز سلولي خود مي­باشند. در واقع متوسط ميزان تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي نفتي به وسيله قارچ­ها مي­تواند از باكتري­ها بيشتر باشد. در اين بررسي به منظور بررسي اثر برهم­كنش باكتري و مخمر در تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي موجود در نفت خام در محيط مايع M9 حاوي 2 درصد نفت خام چهار سويه باكتري كه داراي بيشترين توان رشد و تحمل در محيط­هاي آلوده به هيدروكربن نفتي بودند، از كلكسيون ميكروب­هاي آزمايشگاه بيولوژي دانشكده كشاورزي دانشگاه رازي استان كرمانشاه به دست آمد، كه قبلا كارايي آن­ها در حذف آلاينده­هاي نفتي اثبات شده بود، سويه هاي باكتري شامل Bacillus.thuringiensis،   taphylococcus.gallinarum،Arthrobacter.citreus و   aenarthrobacter.nitroguajacolisبود. هم­چنين باتوجه به مطالعات قبلي و توانايي مخمر Candida.catenulata در تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي نفتي اين گونه مخمر از دانشكده نفت و پتروشيمي دانشگاه رازي تهيه و جز تيمارهاي مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. توئين 80 به ميزان 10 درصد نفت خام، به عنوان سورفكتانت استفاده شد. آزمايش­هاي تجزيه زيستي در محيط مايع M9 حاوي 2 درصد نفت خام به عنوان تنها منبع كربن و با در نظر گرفتن فاكتورهاي باكتري و مخمر و سورفكتانت در دو بازه زماني 7 و 14 روز انجام شد. در مرحله اول آزمايش ابتدا توانايي تجزيه زيستي نفت خام توسط كشت خالص سويه­هاي باكتري و مخمر كانديدا كاتنولاتا در مدت زمان 7 و 14 روز مورد بررسي قرار گرفت.   نتايج حاصل از تجزيه زيستي نشان داد هركدام از جدايه هاي باكتريايي و مخمر كاتنولاتا قادر به حذف به ترتيب 21 ، 48، 53 ، 35   و 65 درصد نفت خام در مدت زمان 7 روز بوده­اند. براي بررســي تأثيــر ســورفكتانت در تجزيــه نفت خام از بيوســورفكتانت توئين80 (1/0%)استفاده شد كه به طور متوسط عملكرد جدايه­هاي باكتري را 10% افزايش داد.   به منظور بررسي اثر بر هم كنش باكتري-مخمردر محيط كشت، تلقيح همزمان هركدام از سويه هاي باكتريايي و مخمر در محيط كشت انجام شد. مقدار تجزيه نفت خام در محيط حاوي كنسرسيوم­هاي ميكروبي   برابر با 55،58،72 و 64 بود كه به ترتيب   متعلق به كنسرسيوم هاي + C.catenulata B.thuringiensis،   S.gallinarum+C.catenulata،A.citreus + C.catenulata   و   P.nitroguajacolis+ C.catenulataبود. بيشترين مقدار حذف هيدروكربن در محيط مربوط به تلقيح همزمان همه چهار جدايه باكتريايي و مخمر در حضور سورفكتانت بود كه برابر با 95 درصد در مدت زمان 7 روز بوداين نتايج نشان داد زمان بهينه براي تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي موجود در نفت خام برابر با 7 روز است و استفاده از كنسرسيوم هاي ميكروبي نسبت به كشت خالص آن­ها عملكرد بهتري در تجزيه نفت خام دارد. كليدواژه: آلاينده­هاي نفتي، باكتري، نفت شهر، هيدروكربن، مخمر كانديدا كاتنولاتا

  The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of Millard reaction on improving the antimicrobial properties of nisin against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Nisin alone is able to fight most gram-positive bacteria, but this is not the case This is not the case with gram-negative resistant bacteria because of the resistant structure of the cell wall These are bacteria that do not allow nisin to penetrate. To achieve the optimum temperature for the nisin-xanthan reaction in three ratios of 1: 1, 1: 2 and 1: 4 At 110 minutes, according to the studied articles, 4 temperature variables of 60, 75, 90, 105 ° C were selected to examine the effect of the performance of each during fluorescence spectroscopy. The result of comparing different temperatures showed that up to 90 ° C we see good performance and then we experience a decrease in performance, so 90 ° C was introduced as the optimal temperature. To achieve the optimal time, the spectra obtained from fluorescence as well as conjugate nisin and xanthan at 30, 45, 90, 110 minutes and 3-4-5 hours and in three ratios of 1-1 1-2 1-4 were examined and Also, the spectra obtained from nisin heated and unseen fluorescence at temperatures of 30, 45, 90, 110 minutes and 3-4-5 hours and in three ratios of 1 2 4 were studied to achieve the optimal temperature. The result of the study of fluorescence peaks indicated that up to 110 minutes we see the highest peak or maximum intensity of the peak and then we face a decrease in fluorescence intensity, so 110 minutes was introduced as the optimal reaction time. The ratio of nisin in kangougite is effective as a result of the fluorescence spectrum, and the higher the ratio of nisin to xanthan, the higher or higher the fluorescence intensity, and this is in perfect agreement with the results of antibacterial activity. 1-4 was declared as the optimal ratio. Observing the peak diagram around 420-440 in the spectra, we conclude that fluorescence is associated with the first stage of the Millard reaction and the development of fluorescent compounds formed in the reaction as precursors of brown pigments. Examination of the peaks obtained from spectroscopy of conjugate nisin and xanthan at times 30, 45, 90, 110 minutes and 3-4-5 hours and in three ratios 1-1 1-2 1-4 were examined by observing the peak of about 280-290 nm, which is related to the formation of the shift base, and confirms the formation of conjugate, and with increasing heating time in all three ratios 1-1 1-2 1-4 increase Has found. Examination of FT-IR peaks also indicates the formation of a conjugate and the formation of a conjugate, resulting in a Millard reaction. To express the result of bacterial contamination, it can be pointed out that the results of discoloration in each plate well after the addition of MTT are consistent with the table of bacterial contamination and the results of Alizarider. That each The more colorful the color inside each well in the image, the larger the results Absorption was reported higher in the ELISA reader as well as in contamination measurements Wells have been reported to have more colonies by bacteria. By examining the presence or absence of a colony in each well, comparing it with the numbers reported in Alizairder, we obtained the concentration required to inhibit or kill bacteria.

   In this study, janus nanosheets are synthesized using a spontaneous process at the oil/water interface based on the corporation of(3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane and tetraethyl orthosilicate molecules in the formation reaction of plate shape silica nanoparticles. The presence of acidic/alkali catalyst in the water phase increases the reaction rate at the proximity of the interface. Cooling down the system after a specific time causes the melted paraffin (oil phase) to solidify which completely stops the reaction and entraps the formed nanosheets at the interface. Considering the enrichment of the oil and waterphases with the reactants and catalyst, respectively, it is possible to reuse them   multiple times after harvesting the formed silica janus nanosheets. The amine groups at one side and the ethoxy groups on the other side of the silica janus nanosheets help them to serve perfectly as solid emulsifiers in pickering emulsions.

Aspect-based sentiment classification is one of the most challenging fields in natural language processing. Researchers have used a variety of traditional and machine learning methods. Traditional methods do not make good use of the interaction between data, and we must manually them but deep learning methods, on the other hand, can consider both data specify the feature for widely used in text processing, image processing, and many other fields, and obtain interaction and latent features. Therefore, these methods have recently been networks, attention-based approach, etc. have been introduced for Aspect-based state-of-the-art result. Many deep learning methods such as convolutional sentiment classification, but each has advantages and disadvantages. For to parallelize and extract local features within the text and the attention example, convolutional networks, better than other networks, have the ability approach also has the ability to focus more on the more important parts of the introduced according to the idea of ??extracting the local features of networks sentence. The Burt network was also introduced in 2018 to summarize text in search engines. In this thesis, simple and chain local attention models are using local attention. Then, by applying the attention approach to the lower convolution and more focus on the most important parts with the approach of attention and mapping of words to the vector by Burt network. It can be hoped models, low level and aspect-related features are provided for the upper layer that these networks will cover each other's shortcomings. In the proposed layer, the high-level features are extracted and used for classification. comparable to the superior models in the classification of aspect-based sentiment. Experimental results showed that the proposed models have achieved result  

Spent caustic is one of the polluted effluents of oil refineries and petrochemical companies, that has a very unpleasant and pungent odor and high amount of COD due to the high content of pollutants such as sulfides, mercaptanes, naphthenic and cresylic acids. because of the type of chemicals, contained in the spent caustic, it can be environmentally hazardous and difficult to treat conventional treatment. In current experimental study, wet air oxidation as an efficient method in this field, is used to treat merox unit spent caustic. the experiments were performed under different condition of temperature, pressure and gas/liquid ratio. The effect of temperature on COD reduction was investigated for first feed. The results showed in three different temperature 130, 145, 160 C the COD reduction is equal to 32%, 36.8% and 46.3% respectively.

  Due to increased energy consumption and

Toxicity reduction of silver nanoparticles by ozone gas.

  اندازه گيري بار شناختي مغز با استفاده از روش هاي اندازه گيري همزماني فاز سيگنال EEG

  Epoxy vegetable oils have attracted much attention in recent years. On the other hand, the use of a waste material as a substrate of enzymatic epoxidation reaction and a source of fatty acids is a green and affordable technology. But disadvantages such as low biocatalyst stability and problems of its separation from the reaction led to the use of enzyme immobilization techniques. Among the various types of materials base, iron magnetic nanoparticles are considered due to the fast separation via magnetic decantation, dispersion and high specific surface area.In this work, lipase from Candida rugosa was bound with the multi-covalent bonds attachment to the amino-functionalized magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles by glutaraldehyde as a coupling agent. The protein assay showed the enzyme binding ef?ciency was 77.65% in the immobilization process. The catalytic activity of the immobilized lipase was compared with the free lipase in enzymatic epoxidation of free fatty acids. The results showed the immobilized enzyme had better stability than the free system during of the reaction in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, as an inactivator substrate, especially at extreme conditions of temperature and pH. The statistical study on effects of temperature and pH by response surface methodology specified that the highest epoxidation activity for the immobilized system was observed at temperature 52.2 °C and pH of 6.7. At the optimum condition, the immobilized lipase showed a good reusability, where 100% and 80.97% of origin catalytic epoxidation activity was respectively maintained after sixth and tenth cycle. Also, the storage stability of the immobilized lipase was investigated in room temperate and 4 °C. The experiments revealed the immobilized lipase had an excellent long-term storage stability after 152 and 203 days at 4 °C after being bound on to magnetic nanoparticles. The FTIR analysis was used to ensure the binding of lipase to Fe3O4 M   and the epoxy product quality was analyzed using HNMR.

  Abstract Early agricultural production of lignocellulose, available at a significant quantity and low cost, can be an additional source of income for farmers without adversely affecting the fertility of the soil for industrial applications. Wheat straw is one of the most abundant agricultural lignocellulosic biomass, partly Organic Wheat Plant. Wheat straw is used after harvest as a feed for livestock and in cattle-breeding buildings, as well as a large amount of it is burned, while it contains high amounts of cellulose and It can be used as an inexpensive early raw material for the production of valuable cellulose derivatives. In this research, the possibility of producing valuable carboxy methyl cellulose material was investigated using cellulose extracted from wheat straw. Wheat straw contains approximately 33-40% cellulose, which together with hemicellulose and lignin make up its main components. In this research, cellulose in wheat straw was first extracted by sodium hydroxide 10% w / w and sodium hypochloride in two stages. The extracted cellulose was converted to Carboxy methyl cellulose using the Williamson ether process, which the FTIR spectrophotometry used to identify the substituted carboxy methyl groups on the cellulose. The degree of substitution (DS) is the most important factor influencing the solubility and application of carboxy methyl cellulose, and its production efficiency is an important factor in the economic process of production, so the etherification process over operating factors, including: a weight ratio of monochloroacetic acid to cellulose, the concentration of sodium hydroxide, the temperature and reaction time were, at three levels (1, 1.4, 1.8), (20, 30, 40% w / w), (30, 50, 70 ° C) and (1, 3, 5 hours) were optimized with design expert software called MODDE by CCF method using response surface methodology in order to achieve the highest DS and an economical efficiency. The optimization results showed that at a weight ratio of monochloroacetic acid to cellulose 1.3 to 1, the concentration of sodium hydroxide was 20% w / w, temperature 70 ° C and reaction time 1 hour, obtained the highest degree of substitution   0.975 and the yield under these conditions was 1.37 g CMC / g cellulose. Keywords: Wheat straw, Cellulose, design expert software, Carboxy methyl cellulose, Degree of substitution   

  mixed matrix membranes containing PEBAX, Glycerol Triacetate(GTA) and synthesized Alumina nanotubes(ANTs) was prepared by solution-casting method. The particles were synthesized by a hydrothermal method characterized using SEM, FTIR and XRD. Gas permeation test were applied for characterization and assessment of pure and resultant membranes. The synthesized nanotubes enhance the carbon dioxide pure gas permeability compared to pristine membrane. The effect of different loadings of ANTs on the permeability of CO2 and CH4 and ideal selectivity CO2/CH4 were investigated at the pressure of 5 Bar and temperature of 35°C. Then in the 4% loading of nanotubes, various amount of GTA(10-20-30-40 wt%) was added to the matrix which improved the gases permeability by disrupting of the chain packing and increasing the fraction free volume of the fabricated MMMs. Cross-sectional morphologies of membranes were characterize by   field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) to identify variations of the chemical bonds were also applied. The result showed that for the fabricated membrane of pebax/4% wt ANTs/40 GTA, the permeability was enhanced almost 67% while the ideal selectivity decreased by 5.7%.

  Carotenoid pigments have a widespread application in food and drug industries as color and antioxidant agents. Thus, world demand is increasing for these pigments. According to literature review, the interest to natural pigments is increasing as synthetic pigments shown adverse impact on human health. Pigment extraction from plant tissues is a time consuming and none economic procedure. So, microbial biotechnology considering as alternative approach. After microbial cell growth, pigment could be extracted by cell disruption. Application of chemical organic solvents is common procedure for pigment extraction. However, these methods are restricting because of adverse effect on consumers health. Despite, mechanical-abrasion extraction receive more attention as this method is cost effective and do not need toxic solvent. In this study, glass beads, 0.45-0.5 mm diameter, were used for carotenoid pigment extraction from the yeast Rhodotorula toruloides by means of aceton solvent in an agitating container (3000 rpm). The process was optimized by response surface procedure in Design expert software. There were three factors, glass beads (5-25 g), solvent concentration (9-21 ml), extraction time (4-8 min), and extraction temperature (10-30 °C). The parameters effect interpretation showed that solvent concentration parameter (41.6 %) and extraction time (31.6 %) had the highest impact on pigment extraction from yeast cells. 75.64 g carotenoid pigment were obtained from yeast cells in optimal condition, 10 g glass beads, 18 ml solvent, 8 min extraction time and temperature at 15 °C. As irradiation has impact on enzymes on carotenoid synthesis, the effect of irradiation in 365, 400, 400-800 and 660 nm were investigated on pigment production in yeast cells in a non continuous airlift fermenter at 30 °C. The highest effect on carotenoid production were recorded at 365 nm which increase the yield by 5.5 fold in compare to control.

  در تونل هاي آبگيري سدها از دريچه هايي با مدخل ورودي بيضي گون جهت كاهش افت و احتمال وقوع كاويتاسيون استفاده مي شود اين دريچه به وسيله شبكه آشغالگيري كه در ابتداي دهانه نصب مي گردد جهت جلوگيري از ورود آشغال هاي بزرگ كه امكان آسيب رساندن به سيستم انتقال از جمله دريچه ها، شيرها و توربين را دارد محافظت شود. طراحي مدخل و شبكه آشغالگير مناسب نيازمند شناخت جريان در اطراف شبكه آشغالگير و اطراف مدخل بيضي گون مي باشد، همچنين ضروري است بررسي گردد كه شبكه آشغالگير و دريچه آبگيري   بر مشخصات جريان تا چه طولي از تونل، پنستاك، دريچه ها و خروجي تونل تاثيرگذار بوده و مقدار اين اثرگذاري در طرح بهينه اقتصادي، ايمني و عمر سازه مورد بررسي قرارگيرد. در اين پژوهش به بررسي مقدار اثر تغيير دماي جريان و مقدار هواي سيال در جريان دوفازي ماندگار و دائمي در حالت هاي مختلف بازشدگي دريچه كشويي به عنوان پارامترهاي متغير سيال پرداخته شد كه نتايج آن نشان داد كه اثر تغيير دما و غلظت هوا برفشار جريان اثري بسيار جزئي و بر خصوصيات سرعت اثري تقريبا جزئي دارد. اثر تغيير زبري ديواره ميله هاي شبكه آشغالگير، ديواره تونل، تغيير قطر ميله هاي شبكه آشغالگير، اثر انسداد شبكه آشغالگير به وسيله تنه هاي درخت و تغيير شرايط ورودي و خروجي سرعت و فشار جريان در     بازشدگي هاي مختلف دريچه كشويي از پارامترهاي مهم به عنوان پارامترهاي متغير مقادير اوليه و شرايط مرزي است كه تحليل شدند. مي توان نتيجه گرفت اثر تغييرات جزئي در شرايط مرزي و مقادير اوليه بسيار بيشتر از اثر تغييرات قابل ملاحظه ي محدود در مشخصات سيال خواهد بود. از نتايج ديگر اين پژوهش مي توان به تحليل رفتار سه بعدي جريان در اطراف     ميله هاي شبكه آشغالگير و دريچه كشويي اشاره كرد كه در حالت انسداد يا بسته بودن بيش از يك حد مشخص ( سرعت و فشار اعمالي) موجب پس زدن جريان، آشفتگي ها و نوسانات شديد و در بعضي حالات عدم پايداري و همگرايي معادلات خواهد گشت.

  Pipelines are one of the most important engineering structures and systems. These systems are very significant from the economic and strategic point of views, and are widely used all over the world. Therefore, they must be investigated more accurately. Since the length of the pipelines is very long and may exceed several hundred kilometers, a more precise study of the flow patterns such as velocity, pressure, friction as well as feasible deformation may lead to a more economical and accurate design of mentioned systems. Although investigation of the related equations is complicated, costly, and time consuming, these difficulties may be overcome using engineering software. In this article, a robust analytical software of fluid mechanics Ansis Fluent 15 is employed to verify validity and accuracy of turbulence models k-omega, k-epsilon, and Reynolds stress. The results obtained in this study have good agreement with those reported in the literature.

In recent years, widespread use of synthetic plastics has led to an increase in the volume of non-degradable waste and environmental pollution. To cope with this problem, researchers have sought to find a suitable alternative to these materials. Biopolymers are materials that come from renewable sources and are completely degraded in the environment, and thus can be a promising alternative to synthetic plastics. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is the most famous member of the family of polyhydroxyalkanates (PHA), which is produced in the context of nutrient restriction as a source of carbon and energy as granules in the cytoplasm of some bacteria.In this research, a biopolymer producing bacterium was isolated from rhizosphere soils of oak forests of norabad, located in Lorestan province. The use of various carbon sources such as glucose, glycyrrone and rice shell extract separately and in combination for the growth of microorganisms and PHB production was investigated. In order to optimize the production of biopolymer, the method of designing experiments CCD with five factors (temperature, carbon content, C/N ratio , Extract amount ) was used in three levels. To identify and validate the   PHB, the Fourier Transform Infrared   (FTIR), Gas Chromatography- Mass spectrometry(GC-MS)   and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were performed. The maximum efficiency of PH   production in this study was obtained at 35 ° C, pH = 5, 20 g / l of carbon source, C / N : 4 and the amount of rice shell extract of 150 ml per liter of medium. Maximum cell dry weight (CDW), PHB content and production efficiency were obtained in 3000 mg / l, 1870 mg / l and 63.5% respectively.

  Recently with respect to the environmental problem caused by synthetic polymer, more consideration was attentive on biopolymer. Among the biopolymers, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) get more attentions due to their properties such as environmental friendly and biodegradability. Many microorganism are able to produce and accumulate PHA in their cells. In this research the bacteria was isolated from Roodbar olive and Dallahoo oak forest soils. Between the isolated bacteria, one of them which was able to produce and accumulate more PHA was selected. Glucose and glycerol used as carbon sources, while wheat straw extract used as an additive carbon source. FT-IR, HNMR and GC-mass analysis confirmed that produced biopolymer was polyhydroxybutyrate-co- hydroxylvalerate with 19.92% valarate. Experimental design with 5 factors (carbon source amount, C/N, pH, temperature and extract amount) at 3 levels were used to model and optimized the biopolymer production. The optimum condition was 25 g/l of carbon, ratio of C/N of 10, pH=9, T=34 °C, Extract = 300 ml/l.In this condition the produced biopolymer amount was 2620 mg/l. SEM Image confirm the nanosize of nanoparticles in polyhydroxyalkanoate-cellulose nanocomposite with average size of 80 nm.   

  Pigments are important components in attracting customers in food products, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, and therefore the global demand for their production is increasing. Qualitative studies on chemical pigments show the harmful effects of these colored compounds on their consumers. Caratonoids are among the most important categories of natural pigments that are produced in plants and microorganisms. Since extraction of carotenoid pigments from plant sources is associated with long time, low yields and high production costs, using the microbiological approach while addressing these problems allows the use of industrial waste as a microorganism substrate in production. In this research, corn steep liquer extract as the only source of carbon was used for the cultiration of Rhodotorula toruloides cell. Early culture results in erlmann showed that yeast cells have the ability to grow on corn steep liquer. So kinetic modeling of growth using haldin`s equation shows the maximum growth rate (?max) , 0.056h-1 , the substrate half saturation contant (KS) ,1.54% and the (KI) contant 58.58% for this substrate was. The extraction of pigment produced in cells showed that although yeast cells have the ability to grow in a large concentration of corn extract, but when the initial concentration of corn extract was only 5%, the highest yield of color produced by 160.8 mggcell-1 after 72 h. the study of pigment production was continued in a bubble column bioreactor. Initially, discriminant culture experiments were used to determine the effect of primary population in amounts of 71.7, 232.2, 388.3 and 451.0 mgL-1 and the results showed that after 12 houres of batch operation with an initial mass loss of 451.0 mgL-1, 89% of the substrate will be consumed and the cells will enter into a phase of stationary. Due to fact that carotenoid pigments are produced as a secondary product, the effect of operating parameters was studied by considering the three parameters of fed-batch, temperature and initial pH using the design of experiments by a central compound in the bubble column bioreactor. The results showed that the specific rate of pigment production in the cell was 65.3% under the influence of fed- batch, 20.8% under the influence of temperature and 13.9% under the influence of the initial pH of the medium. By optimizing the statistical conditions of the operating conditions of the bubble column the highest rate of production of carotenoid pigmentation was obtained in 8.475 mgg-1h-1 under the following conditions, fed- batch 30 h, temperature 14?C and initial pH equal to 6.Key words: carotenoids pigmentation, Rhodotorula toruloides, corn steep liquer, bubble column bioreactors, Response surface method, optimization of operating conditions.  

چكيدهبا توجه به افزايش ترافيك و نياز به پاسخ گويي سريع به درخواست­ها دسته­بندي بسته­ها به يك تكنولوژي مهم و يك چالش در عملكرد مسيرياب­ها تبديل شده است، بخصوص در زمان همگام سازي تصميم گيري خود با سرعت تبادل داده­ها اين موضوع بيشتر نمود پيدا مي كند، يعني سرعت جست و جوي فيلدها با سرعت لينك­هاي انتقال برابر باشد و تا زماني كه سرعت شبكه­ها ثابت نشود كار روي دسته­بندي بسته­ها اهميت خود را حفظ مي­كند. افزايش روزافزون داده­هاي انتقالي و پويا بودن آنها باعث شده راه حل­ها و معماري­هاي سخت­افزاري يا نرم­افزاري متعددي براي اين موضوع ارائه شود. الگوريتم­هاي نرم­افزاري با وجود توسعه­پذيري بالايي كه فراهم مي­كنند اما از سرعت پائيني برخوردارند از طرف ديگر راه­حل­هاي سخت­افزاري سرعت خوبي دارند ولي هزينه بالا و قابليت توسعه­پذيري كمي دارند. از اين رو ارائه روشي براي ايجاد مصالحه بين سخت­افزار و نرم­افزار مورد توجه محققان قرار گرفته است. طبقه بندي بسته­ها يك جستجوي چند فيلدي با سرعت لينك ا انجام مي­دهد.در اين تحقيق ، به منظور رفع مشكلاتي كه در بالا ذكر شد از دو فيلتر بلوم و خارج قسمت استفاده شد و به منظور انطباق روش جستجو با بسته هاي ارسالي در تعداد فيلدهاي موجود در معماري نوين SDN، اين تعداد به 15 فيلد سرايند افزايش يافت. در نهايت با استفاده از ابزارهاي در دسترس از جمله   Intel Platform Power Estimation Tool (IPPET)   معيارهاي مورد نظر براي بررسي قابليت هاي روش ارائه شده استفاده گرديد و از نتايج حاصل از دو فيلتر برتري فيلتر بلوم نسبت به فيلتر خارج قسمت دربرخي معيارها اثبات گرديد به اين صورت كه در مورد زمان مصرفي، سرعت انجام الگوريتم، توان عملياتي و انرژي مصرفي فيلتر بلوم عملكرد بهتري داشته ولي در موارد حافظه مصرفي و نرخ خطاي مثبت فيلتر خارج قسمت عملكرد بهتري دارد.

بررسي عددي مشخصات جريان در امتداد سرريز جانبي، دركانال همگرا شونده

In this study, the graphene oxid/polyacrylonitrile nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning process. The effect of addition of graphene oxide on mechanical properties and removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution were investigated. Graphene oxide (GO) functionalized by tannic acid (GO-TA) in order to remove two kind of the most hazardous heavy metals from aqueous solution. A novel electrospun polyacrylonitrile / modified graphene oxide nanofibrous adsorbent was favorably developed by an electrospinning process. Mechanical property measurements show a 60% enhancement in tensile strength compared to pure polyacrylonitrile nanofibers. Also the nanocamposite is able to remove lead and cadmium from aqueous solution 97% and 94%, respectively.

  textile colors are among the most advanced compounds that are believed to be in industrial wastewater and will cause many environmental problems. so removing these pollutants from these wastewater is important The purpose of this study was to remove the methylene blue color using a packed bed reactor of the immobilized cells of the ralstonia-eutropha on the basis of kissiris To investigate the cometabolism kinetics of this color, we proposed a model to predict the dynamic trend of the removal of this material. To do this, initially, the immobilization   of the ralstonia eutropha cell in a bioreactor was performed using a culture medium containing glucose as a carbon source. Then, by using spectrophotometric method, the amount of cell growth in each stage of the sampling, the amount of glucose remaining, and also the methylene blue removal efficiency obtained. The results showed that the porosity and the high specific surface of kissiris produced the possibility of effective binding of Ralstonia iotropha bacteria in a packed bed reactor, and immobilized cells had high levels of high removal of methylene blue in a high concentration, in a concentration of 200 mg / L of methylene blue on the basis of mass transfer limitations As a result of reducing inhibition, Decolorization was observed at 65% interval. The Hendell model was used to determine the traditional color removal due to the decomposition rate at high concentrations, which indicated the role of methylene blue inhibition of cell degradation enzymes. The kinetics parameters were qmax = 1.250 mg / gh and K / m = 139.0 mg L-1 and K / I = 190.1 mg L-1, respectively. Then, using the kinetic parameters, dynamic color modeling was performed. The results indicated that the low concentration of the immobilized system to remove the color from the free cellular system was not justified, but with the increasing methylene blue concentration and the inhibitory effect, the use of immobilized system resulted in an effective reduction of the concentration On the surface and inside the biocatalyst and the resulting reduction of concentration to Due to the limits of external and internal mass transfer, the reduced methylene blue inhibition has a better performance than the free cellular system....

  Growing consumption of petroleum hydrocarbons increased the potential of contamination of soil at extraction, tra  ortation, refining and utilization stages. Most of hydrocarbons such as poly aromatic compounds are toxic for living cells, and with kill of natural microscopic organisms remain for long time in the soil without alteration.In situ treatment methods are time consuming and expensive. So, application of trickle phase bioreactor is suggested for treatment of contaminated soil. However, the main drawback in the bioreactor is high power requirement for mixing of soil-water-air mixture. In this study and in respect to decrease of energy requirement, the process is performed at two stages. First, extraction of hydrocarbon from contaminated soil was performed by a biosurfactant solution, and then biodegradation of hydrocarbons were carried out by packed bed bioreactor. Application of biological surface active agent or biosurfactant for enhancement of hydrocarbon extraction form soil is prefer than the organic solvent or alkali solution treatments in biodegradability and non-toxicity. In this study, a sophorolipid produced by Candida catenulata yeast was used to extract hydrocarbons from a polluted soil collected from Naft Shahr oil-field.   The effects of operational parameters consisted concentration of biosurfactant, temperature and agitation speed were investigated on extraction yield in a rotatable central composite design (RCCD, = 1.618). Data analysis and mathematical modeling were then performed using surface response methodology (RSM). The results showed that the extraction yield was respectively affected by agitation speed (55%), temperature (35/7%) and concentration of the biosurfactant (9.3%). By optimizing the operating conditions of the process, the maximum removal of petroleum with 95.2% yield was achieved under the following conditions: concentration of biosurfactant 220 mg ??L-1, temperature 55 °C and agitation speed of 400 rpm. In the next stage, biodegradation of crude oil hydrocarbons as a sole source of carbon by loofah-immobilized cell of C. Catenulata was studied in a packed bed bioreactor. With using RSM, the effects of aeration rate and initial COD value on the biodegradation yield were studied. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test showed the biodegradation yield was effected by initial COD value and aeration rate by 62.1% and 37.9%, respectively. The optimum biodegradation condition was observed at an aeration rate of 0.8 vvm and initial COD value of 196 mg L-1 where the biodegradation yield was 95.6%.     

  1022/5000The purpose of this research is to use a response procedure to optimize the biological production of xanthan gum using agricultural waste. In this study, Xantamonas   . PTCC 1473 was used to produce xanthan gum. For growth of cell mass, YMA and YMB [2] were used. In this study, different concentrations of date palm as carbon source, soybean meal as a source of nitrogen and potassium dihydrogen phosphate as a source of phosphorus were investigated for optimal production of xanthan gum. Palm sauce was studied at concentrations of 40, 50 and 60 g / l. So that the best concentration of carbon source was 40 gr / lit. The maximum amount of xanthan gum produced in this method was 6.76 gr / lit. At concentrations above the carbon source (50 and 60 grams per liter), due to the inhibitory effect of the substrate, the amount of xanthan gum production decreases. The optimum concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus sources in this experiment was obtained at 20 gr / lit and 15 gr / lit respectively for soybean meal and potassium dihydrogen phosphate respectively. Which reduces or decreases the concentration of nitrogen and phosphate sources.

  Purification of Xanthan biopolymer for pharmaceutical use  Abstract  The use of biopolymers to achieve a biocompatible material with appropriate properties has attracted many researchers. Polysaccharides are one of the most important family of natural polymers, xanthan gum is a microorganism exopolysaccharide produced by Xanthanamus Campestris the bacterium. This heteropolysaccharide is composed of two molecules of glucose, mannose and a unit of glucuronic acid with subsequent pentasaccharide units. Xanthan gum has various industrial applications due to its solubility in cold and hot water and the production of high viscosity, even at low concentrations, compatibility with acids, bases and salts, resistance to ambient temperature and rheological pseudoplastic behavior.In this study, two factors were investigated: xanthan biopolymer purification was performed using three solvents: acetone, ethanol, isopropanol, and the degree of purity of the biopolymer, acetone, ethanol and isopropanol, respectively, had the greatest effect on the purification of the biopolymer, respectively. In another study, the effects of bio-polymer concentration, solvent type and nanoparticle were used to determine the sediment using a pilot design . The results show that nanoparticle, solvent and xanthan concentrations have the greatest effect on sedimentation rate, respectively.Keywords: Xanthomonas campestris, purified, Nanoparticles، organic solvents

هدف اصلي اين مطالعه كاهش پرت هگزان در صنعت روغنكشي از دانه روغني سويا مي باشد.بدين منظور سيستم مينرال اويل كه به هدف بازگرداني بخارات متصاعد شده هگزان در محيط   و چگالش آن جهت استفاده مجدد در سيستم مي باشد مورد بازبيني و شبيه سازي قرار گرفت.تست هاي آزمايشگاهي جهت تشخيص ميزان حلال در روغن معدني ،از نوع كروماتوگرافي گازي بوده و نتايج در نرم افزار طراحي آزمايشات چهار فاكتوري -3سطحي بر پايه RSM   پياده و مورد تحليل قرار گرفتند.در اين كار چهار پارامتر موثر بر كاهش اتلاف هگزان شامل تناژ دانه ورودي ، دماي آب ورودي سرد،دماي ستون گرم و دبي سيالات تحت آزمايش مد نظر قرار داده شد.در نهايت بعد از شبيه سازي نتايج   بدست آمده مشخص گرديد كه افزايش تناژدانه و بالا نگه داشتن آن ، پايين نگه داشتن دماي آب ورودي به كندانسور سيستم ،بالا نگهداشتن دماي ستون دفع از طريق بخار زنده در يك رنج مشخص و افزايش دبي سيال جاذب در محدوده مناسب با شرايط عملياتي برج همگي عوامل مثبت در بازيابي بهتر حلال   از روغن معدني هستند.

Biodiesel is a clean and renewable energy, that using as a substitute for diesel fuel is growing worldwide. In this study, safflower seed as a convenient and cheap raw material for the direct production of biodiesel using contraction processes of extraction and transesterification in the presence of lime was chosen as a natural catalyst. For this purpose on a stage in process conditions similar to extract the maximum amount of oil from safflower seeds at different temperatures and times were investigated. Then, again given the choice of a suitable solvent, time and temperature optimum, biodiesel production was carried out with the catalyst of lime. In order to select a suitable solvent, at first the extraction by solvents such as methanol, hexane and acetone were evaluated and the results showed that the mixture of methanol - hexane (volume ratio 2:1) was the highest extraction efficiency. Then, for investigation of simultaneous transesterification, lime was used as a natural and economical catalyst for the transesterification process synthesis. During the experiment, the volume of solvent 300 ml and 60gr safflower seeds comminuted with 1.6% moisture selected also process time 8 hours and constant temperature 65°C and agitation 750 rpm was considered.