Climate change or climate change means any distinct change in the expected patterns of average weather conditions, occurring over a long period of time in a specific region or for the global climate as a whole. Climate change refers to abnormal changes in the climate within the Earth's atmosphere and its consequences in different parts of the planet. Feedbacks from climate change are variable and may increase or decrease these internal factors. Many internal changes in climate systems occur with a delay. Because the Earth's climate system is so large and slow-moving, it responds to inputs with a lag. In the 1980s, the terms global warming and climate change became more common. Although the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, scientifically, global warming refers only to the increase in the Earth's surface temperature, while climate change describes changes in the Earth's climate system as a whole. Scientists, politicians and the media now use terms like climate crisis or climate emergency to talk about climate change, and global warming instead of global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) says that the climate changes observed around the world are very likely caused by human-induced factors. The Synthesis Report of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) is a summary of the latest findings on climate change, its broad impacts and risks, and climate change mitigation and adaptation. The report is organized into three sections: 1. Current status and trends; 2. The future of climate change, risks and long-term responses; and 3. Short-term responses. It recognizes the interdependence of climate, ecosystems and biodiversity, and human societies; the value of different types of knowledge; and the close links between climate change adaptation, emission reduction, ecosystem health, human well-being, and sustainable development, reflecting the increasing diversity of stakeholders in climate action. In this study, according to the latest IPCC report, the sixth report of   2-4.5,   1-2.6,   5-8.5 and Historical reports will be studied at Kermanshah Synoptic Station for minimal, maximum temperature variables.    Key Words: Climate Change, Global Warming, Ecosystem, Synoptic    Climate change or climate change means any distinct change in the expected patterns of average weather conditions, occurring over a long period of time in a specific region or for the global climate as a whole. Climate change refers to abnormal changes in the climate within the Earth's atmosphere and its consequences in different parts of the planet.

December 2017, and the lowest chlorophyll a concentration in February 2017  

This study presents a comparative evaluation of the effluent quality of the wastewater treatment plant in Ivan, Iran, over two consecutive years (2020 and 2021), employing the Effluent Water Quality Index (EWQI) based on the standards of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Iranian National Standards. The EWQI was calculated using a dedicated code developed in the Python programming environment, and the obtained results served as the basis for quality assessment and analysis. Findings indicated that, according to the EPA and WHO criteria, the effluent quality in 2020 consistently remained within the “good” range, whereas in 2021, a substantial improvement in the second half of the year elevated the quality to the “excellent” level. In contrast, the Iranian National Standards, owing to their broader permissible ranges for chemical parameters and heavy metals, >Keywords: Entropy Weighted Water Quality Index (EWQI), wastewater treatment plant, EPA standards, WHO guidelines, Iran   

Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during freezing and thawing negatively impacts sperm quality and subsequent fertilization capacity. The properties of nanoparticles (with antioxidant properties) have recently gained considerable attention in livestock due to their ability to enhance sperm longevity and improve male fertility. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adding quercetin, combination of copper chloride and zinc chloride, copper oxide nanoparticles doped with zinc oxide nanoparticles, and quercetin-loaded nanoparticles on doped nanoparticles, on ram sperm quality under post-thaw conditions. Doped nanoparticles were purchased and quercetin was loaded onto them in the laboratory. The characteristics of the nanoparticles were determined using EDX, FE-SEM, UV-visible, FT-IR, and zeta potential. Mixed ejaculates from four Sanjabi rams were diluted with a cryo-preservation extender. Different concentrations of treatments (1, 5, 25, and 125 µg/mL) were added to the ram sperm freezing extender. The control group was considered as the group without any treatment. The semen, diluted and enriched with the above treatments, was gradually cooled to 4°C over 4 hours, then drawn into 0.25 mL straws and frozen in liquid nitrogen for storage. Sperm parameters, such as viability, total motility, membrane and DNA integrity, total abnormalities, and malondialdehyde levels, were assessed in the different groups. The results showed that adding 5 µg/mL copper oxide nanoparticles doped with zinc oxide nanoparticles coated with quercetin significantly increased sperm viability, total motility, membrane and DNA integrity, and decreased malondialdehyde production compared to the control and other treatment groups (p < 0.05). The addition of 5 µg/mL copper oxide nanoparticles doped with zinc oxide nanoparticles coated with quercetin also significantly reduced abnormalities compared to the control and other treatment groups, except for the 25 µg/mL quercetin group (p < 0.05). Therefore, adding 5 µg/mL copper oxide nanoparticles doped with zinc oxide nanoparticles coated with quercetin as an antioxidant to the ram semen extender can improve sperm tolerance to freezing and enhance sperm stability after thawing. Keywords: Sperm, ram, Antioxidant, Quercetin, Copper oxide nanoparticles doped with zinc oxide nanoparticles.   

   Soil nutrient management is of particular importance in the production of medicinal plants. On the other hand, moisture deficiency stress, as the most important factor limiting production, leads to a decrease in plant yield. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of animal manure on ecophysiological traits, grain yield, and essential oil yield of black cumin under irrigation interruption conditions. The experiment was conducted inform split plot based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, at Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University during 2022. The treatments included fully rotted sheep manure (0, 10, 20, and 30 ton ha-1) as the main plot and irrigation interruption (complete irrigation, interruption of irrigation from flowering stage, interruption of irrigation from grain filling stage) as the sub plot. The measured traits included leaf area index (LAI), radiation absorption, relative growth ratio (RGR), crop growth rate (CGR), total dry weight (TDW), radiation use efficiency (RUE), plant height, number of main branches, number of follicles, number of grains per follicle, 1000-grain weight, total dry weight yield, grain yield, essential oil percentage, essential oil yield, and harvest index. The results showed that the application of manure and irrigation treatments had an effect on the evaluated traits. The highest (2.34) and lowest (1.1) maximum LAI were related to the treatment of 30 ton ha-1 and complete irrigation and the conditions of no manure application and interruption of irrigation from flowering stage, respectively. In all manure application treatments, radiation absorption improved with increasing irrigation water. The highest and lowest radiation absorption were observed in the conditions of 30 ton ha-1 of manure and complete irrigation and the treatment of no manure application and interruption of irrigation from the flowering growth stage, respectively. The highest and lowest RGR and CGR were related to 30 ton ha-1 of manure and full irrigation (0.094 g g-1 d-1 and 6.2 g m-2 d-1, respectively) and no manure application and interruption of irrigation from the flowering growth stage (0.066 g g-1 d-1 and 2.3 g m-2 d-1, respectively). The highest RUE (0.5539 g MJ-1) was obtained with 30 ton ha-1 of manure and complate irrigation, and the lowest (0.4565 g MJ-1) was obtained with no manure and interruption of irrigation from the flowering growth stage. The interaction of manure application and irrigation interruption on yield and grain yield components was significant. The highest 1000-grain weight (1.69 g), total dry weight yield (251.5 g m-2), grain yield (108.7 g m-2), and grain essential oil yield (18.7 g m-2) and the lowest 1000-grain weight (1.39 g), total dry weight yield (125.3 g m-2), grain yield (44.3 g m-2), and grain essential oil yield (8.2 g m-2) were observed in the treatment of 30 ton ha-1 of manure and complate irrigation, and the treatment of no manure application and interruption of irrigation from the flowering growth stage, respectively. The results also showed that the correlation of grain yield with total dry waight yield, harvest index, number of follicles m-2, number of grain per follicle, and 1000-grain weight was positive and significant. In general, the results showed that in order to achieve maximum grain yield and grain essential oil yield, the treatment of 30 ton ha-1 of manure and complete irrigation was better. However, in the condition of 30 ton ha-1

      Determining changes in underground water reserves,especially in arid and semi-arid regions, is a vital issue for managing and planning underground water resources.GRACE sateiiite produces changes in water storage with a spatial resolution of 1degree by using the changes in the earth`s gravity field.In this research,it was tried in two cells of one square degree of Kurdistan province (Dehgolan and Qorveh plains and bijar plains), along the geography of 47 to 48 degrees east,which include a part of the total ares of the aquifer.Using the data of two   data processing centers of GRACE satellite named JPL and CSR ,the changes of monthly underground water level in the period of August 2002 to june 2022 have been evaluated.Using the values of ground water availability (TWS) produced from GRACE satellite data,snow equivalent water and water stored in the canopy of plants extracted from the GLDAS model , which has a spatial resolution of 1 resolutio   of   1 degree and Monthly statements are provided.to estimate the monthly changes in the underground water ievel.Also , an estimate of the monthly changes in the GLDA   model was obtained at a resolution of 0.25 degree in order to compare with the results of the GRACE satellite data.Monthly observation data from piezometric wells of the study area , which were used to validate the resultsThe results show that ,except for a few months, in most of the study period ,the estimation made by all the data of different GRACE processing centers is more than the values obtained from the observational piezometric weel data.It should be noted that values estimated by the GLDAS model show a more suitable estimate compared to the GRACE, data compared to the observational data.Also, based on the MAE and RMSE statistical indicators, it can be concluded that the data produced in the GLDAS model is a more accurate estimate and closer to the reality than the data of piezometric wells and the CSR processing center of the GRACE satellite.

Abstract Oilseeds are very important as the raw material for the production of edible oil. One of the most important problems in agriculture is the lack of oilseeds and dependence on their import for various purposes. Dragons head is a multi-purpose plant with diverse and abundant capabilities and applications, which and can play a very important role in sustainable agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Plant breeders need vast resources of germplasm to carry out breeding activities on crops. Therefore, identifying the factors and indicators effective on increasing the yield and improving the biochemical characteristics of the Dragons head medicinal plant and using them in genetic and agronomic programs seems necessary. In this research, the number of 35 new ecotypes of Dragons head along with the control cultivar “Sara” were studied using a simple lattice design with two replications. The experiment was conducted in Sarab-Changai Research Station, Lorestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre, Khorramabad, Iran during the 2021-2022 cropping year. Various traits including days to flowering, day to physiological maturity, plant height and sub-branch number in plant were recorded. After harvesting, capsule number in plant, number of grains per plant, seeds weight per plant, thousand seed weight, grain yield and seed oil content were measured. Analysis of variance based on lattice design showed that the effect of treatment for single plant weight trait was significant at the probability level of 0.01 and   that for days to physiological maturity, biological yield and grain yield was significant at P<0.05. The results of variance analysis of morphological traits based on randomized complete block design showed that there was a significant difference between ecotypes in terms of the number of grain per plant and high significant difference in terms of capsules number per plant traits, the seed weight per plant and the thousand seeds weight. The highest amount of seeds weight per plant and grain yield was recorded for ecotype No. 36 (Sonqor city) and the lowest amount of seeds weight per plant was recorded for ecotype No. 10 (Tabriz 5). The thousand seeds weight and days to physiological maturity were the highest in ecotype No. 25 (Alvar Bostan-Abad village). The lowest thousand seeds weight was observed in ecotype No. 3 (Kelvanaq 4). The highest amount of seed oil content was found in ecotype number 17 (Kelvanaq13) and the lowest one was found in ecotype number 23 (Varzaqan 1). grain   was negatively correlated   with days to flowering and days to physiological maturity. The correlation between grain yield and oil percentage was positive and significant. The thousand seeds weight   was positively correlated with single plant weight and seeds weight per plant, and was negatively   correlated with seed number per plant and the number of capsules per plant.   ased on cluster analysis, ecotypes were divided into five groups. Ecotypes number 36, 31, 34, 35, 18, 32 and 23 with the smallest distance from the ideal ecotype, the largest distance from the non-ideal ecotype and the highest value of SIIG index were the best ecotypes in this study. These ecotypes were mostly in the same group in the cluster analysis.    Keywords: Cluster analysis, Dryland, Grain Yield, Oilseed, SIIG index,      

   The significant increase of working women is an undeniable fact of Iranian society. Despite this evidence shows that few working women are entrepreneurs. Therefore, it is very important to provide suitable social and cultural conditions and contexts for starting entrepreneurial activities. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the factors affecting the desire to be an entrepreneur in rural women of Miandarband village of Kermanshah province. The sample size is 250 people according to Karjesi and Morgan's table and cluster sampling method was used to select the sample. For this purpose, 22 villages were randomly selected from all the villages of this district and sampling was done according to the population of the village and the target age range. The current research is practical in terms of its purpose and is a quantitative research in terms of its approach. In order to collect information in the theoretical part, the documentary method was used, and in the field part, the survey method based on interviews and distribution of questionnaires was used, and their analysis was done using    and Amos software. In order to determine the validity of the form and content of the questionnaire, after its preparation, the initial control of the questionnaire questions was carried out by university professors and experts and experts from the women's affairs department of the agricultural jihad. Confirmatory factor analysis was also used to confirm the construct validity. The reliability of the research tool has also been measured through Cronbach's alpha. The results of the research showed that among all the investigated components in the studied community and the analysis of hypotheses through    and Amos software and the information obtained from descriptive statistics in general, knowledge and entrepreneurial characteristics accounted for 0.37 of the variance of the attitude variable. and explain 0.48 of the variance of the perceived behavior control variable. Also, knowledge has been able to explain 0.21 of the variance of the subjective norm variable, finally, all the variables of the structural model (entrepreneurial characteristics, attitude, economic factors, educational factors) explained 0.56 of the variance of the desire for entrepreneurship variable. The results showed that mental norm, perceived behavior control, family factors, organizational institutional factors, socio-cultural factors, and knowledge have no effect on the desire to be an entrepreneur in the studied society, but the effect of knowledge on mental norm (0.46), attitude (0.29) and perceived behavior control (0.41) were significant and the effect of entrepreneurial characteristics on perceived behavior control (0.44) and attitude (0.44) was also accepted. From the present research, it can be concluded that to increase the attitude and desire for entrepreneurship among rural women, there is a need to create favorable environmental conditions and improve the level of literacy regarding entrepreneurship and understanding of existing cultural and social conditions. These measures can help increase entrepreneurial and economic opportunities for women in rural areas. In general, if rural women are faced with a dynamic and receptive environment towards entrepreneurship and if the level of entrepreneurship literacy in that area increases, their inclination towards entrepreneurship will probably increase. One of the achievements of this research was the identification of some factors affecting the desire to be an entrepreneur, which had not been paid attention to before.

The quantitative and qualitative limitations of water resources and the increase in population are among the cases that show the need to pay attention to how water is consumed and deal with the problems caused by water scarcity by planning water resources and providing methods for their optimal use. make; Therefore, one of the pillars of water resources management is the optimal use of the reservoirs of the country's dams as the main sources of surface water, and this issue has a special importance and place in the science of dam engineering. In this research, first, using the new K-means clustering method, the flow >  

The quantitative and qualitative limitations of water resources and the increase in population are among the cases that show the need to pay attention to how water is consumed and deal with the problems caused by water scarcity by planning water resources and providing methods for their optimal use. make; Therefore, one of the pillars of water resources management is the optimal use of the reservoirs of the country's dams as the main sources of surface water, and this issue has a special importance and place in the science of dam engineering. In this research, first, using the new K-means clustering method, the flow >  

  The phenomenon of climate change can have many negative effects on various systems including water resources, environment, industry, health, agriculture and all systems that interact with the climate system, among which the resource system Water is one of the main ones. The phenomenon of climate change in recent years has led to a significant change in meteorological elements and as a result the condition of surface and underground resources in different places. On the other hand, the three sources of water, energy, and food are the three basic sources for human health, poverty reduction, and sustainable development, and they are among the most important sources in agriculture that both affect climate change and are affected by it, and are strongly dependent on each other. All three resources are very scarce and billions of people in the world do not have access to them, and the demand for all three resources is growing. Therefore, any action towards sustainability should consider the interaction and integration of these three sources in order to achieve sustainable development. According to these conditions, achieving sustainable management of available resources in agriculture in an effective and coordinated manner is a challenging issue. Therefore, if it is possible to increase the efficiency of water and energy to supply food, the emission of greenhouse gases and environmental pollution will also decrease, and after that, we can take steps towards sustainable development. In other words, if an approach towards the integrated management of three sources of water, energy and food is considered, both environmental pollution will be reduced and sustainable agriculture and sustainable development will happen. will follow; Because despite the interactions between these three sources and sustainability, focusing on one source without considering the relationship with other sources may cause unexpected acute and even unsustainable consequences. The aim of this research is to simulate and optimize the combined use of surface and underground water in the Kermanshah plain under the conditions of climate change based on the sixth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-6). For this purpose, a coupled integrated model of surface and underground water will be prepared, in which the WEAP evaluation model is used to prepare the surface water model and the MODFLOW model is used to prepare the underground water model. Then the effect of climate change on surface and underground water modeling will be investigated in the integrated model. Finally, by connecting the gray wolf multi-objective algorithm (MOGWO) to the body of the coupled model based on objective functions based on the correlation of water, food and energy and social parameters and environmental factors, optimal solutions for the integrated management of water resources in the region under climate change scenarios will be investigated. And its effects on surface and underground water will be evaluated.

   Abstract Plant coefficient is one of the important plant parameters in the calculation equation of plant evaporation and tra  iration, and the method of its calculation is very important. Due to the fact that the necessary information for calculating the plant factor by direct methods is not available in most of the country's lands, so collecting information to calculate the plant factor using direct methods requires a lot of time and money, today, we are looking for new methods to obtain Vegetation coefficient is one of these methods that is suitable for large areas is the use of satellite images and remote sensing. Using these methods, the required parameters can be obtained spatially on a large scale. In this research, the plant factor of potato was determined using the lysimetric method. For this purpose, data such as the amount of irrigation water, the amount of drained water, the amount of soil moisture before irrigation and the amount of rain water were measured. According to the measured values, evaporation and tra  iration of reference plant and potato plant were determined. Further, by dividing the evaporation and tra  iration of the potato plant by the evaporation and tra  iration of the reference plant, the plant coefficient was obtained for the initial, middle and final stages, respectively, 0.69, 1.02, and 0.86. Then, using Landsat 8 satellite images and Sebal algorithm, the value of potato vegetation coefficient was obtained for the initial, middle and final stages, respectively, 0.06, 0.75, 0.43. Finally, the vegetation coefficient obtained using these two methods were compared by RMSE, ME, MBE, NRMSE, MAE and R^2 statistical indices. The values of these indices were obtained as 0.14, 0.012, 0.22, 0.11, 0.08 and 0.76, respectively, which shows that the results obtained using the two methods are close to each other. Next, the relationship between vegetation coefficient and vegetation indices SAVI and NDVI was found using linear regression; The correlation coefficient (R^2) between SAVI and NDVI was 0.33 and 0.62, respectively. Also, a regression was performed between the potato vegetation index and the combination of SAVI and NDVI vegetation indices, and the correlation coefficient value was 0.90. According to the values of R^2, it can be concluded that the plant coefficient calculated using the combination of SAVI and NDVI indices will give a better result than using these indices alone. Keywords: evapotra  iration, potato, remote sensing, plant factor, Landsat 8, SAVI, NDVI

   As one of the most basic urban infrastructures, water distribution networks are very important for human society, especially in Iran, and considering the water supply in the country in the past few years, it needs to design basic networks. Economy is needed in the country. Therefore, the improvement of water distribution networks is not a step towards the management of water resources and also the basic design of water distribution networks. So that the optimization takes into account economic limitations and water resources and maintenance of the network, etc. Since one of the important factors in the control and management of the network is the application of optimal pressure in the network, and it is also another factor for planning the economic plan or reducing the costs of construction and maintenance of water networks, in this thesis, locating the optimal position of pressure relief valves in the network as a supplier The goal has been to reduce the costs in the network, and the pressure is another goal, taking into account the provision of the desired pressure. Also, the NSDE multi-objective algorithm is used as an optimization model in this research, and the commercial and free EPANET software is used for the hydraulic simulation of the water distribution network. A case study in this research is for Khorramshahr water distribution network. In this research, it has been shown that after the implementation of the model, the results obtained in the improved model are completely superior to the current state, that is, the state without valve breaker. So that for one pressure relief valve, the pressure is 8.616% and for 2 pressure relief valves, this amount of pressure reduction is equal to 39.64%. 39.642% pressure reduction in three pressure relief valves in Khorramshahr water distribution network, 39.839% pressure reduction in 4 pressure relief valves, 55.262% pressure reduction in the network and for 6 and 7 pressure valves a pressure reduction equivalent to 55.287 and 55.456 It was very useful and practical to consider the scenario of firefighting in the network to evaluate the target. On the other hand, it can be said that adjusting the pressure relief valve in accordance with the positions and output options of the proposed models is a significant improvement in the issues, i.e. the pressure is in the desired range and the costs are reduced.

   One of the important issues in sustainable land management for optimal agricultural production and conservation of natural resources is soil quality assessment. The use of soil quality profiles is a useful tool for determining and comparing soil conditions. This research was conducted in order to investigate the quality of the top layer of soil in a part of Mahidasht region. For this purpose, according to the geological characteristics of the region and the use of topographic profiles, the position of 71 observation points was determined by applying the conditional Latin hypercube algorithm (CLHS) in the study area. According to the objectives of the research, the pattern of sampling points was designed in such a way that it includes different terrains and irrigated and rainfed agricultural lands, pasture and oak forest of Zagros. Laboratory analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of the samples was done according to standard methods. After the statistical analysis of the data, soil quality was evaluated based on the Cumulative Quality Index (IQI) and Numerical Quality Index (NQI) separately based on two sets of Total Data (TDS) and Minimum Data (MDS). MDS selection was done with the help of principal component analysis (PCA) and out of 8 TDS indicators, 6 indicators including soil reaction, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, saturation percentage, clay and silt were selected. Among the different characteristics of calcium carbonate equivalent and soil reaction, they were the most limiting for soil quality in the region. The average soil quality in IQITDS, NQITDS, IQIMDS and NQIMDS indexes was 0.815, 0.760, 0.717 and 0.857, respectively, for all indexes except IQIMDS in good class and for IQIMDS in It was an average class. The correlation coefficient between IQITDS and IQIMDS was equal to 0.93 and between NQITDS and NQIMDS was equal to 0.74, which was significant at the 1% level. The highest values of soil quality indexes are respectively in forest, pasture and agricultural land with an average of 0.844, 0.831 and 0.804 in the IQITDS index and an average of 0.833, 0.779 and 0.744 in the index It was NQITDS. Spatial change of soil quality was investigated by calculating and fitting the experimental variogram spherical model on IQITDS and NQITDS profiles. According to the normal kriging maps, the values of both IQITDS and NQITDS indices are higher in forest and pasture land use, which are mostly located at the edge of the study area, and in the middle parts of the area where the land use is agricultural. It was lower.

Fromthe past to the present, the need for water and its provision in different waysis one of the most important issues in human societies, and of course,atmospheric precipitation is of particular importance. In recent decades,satellite precipitation data has been considered by scientists and engineers ofhydrology.Consideringthat the data obtained using ground stations are point-by-point and also thereis not enough data in large areas and hard-to-reach areas, and due to globalwarming and decreasing rainfall, long-term rainfall forecasts are necessary forplanning and appropriate use of available water resources for the region.Inthis study, the accuracy of precipitation data of CHRIPS, ERA5, PERSIAN_CDR,GPM, GSM, TRMM, TERRA satellites obtained using Google Earth Engine cloudenvironment was obtained with data from 14 synoptic stations of Kermanshahprovince in three monthly, seasonal and annual scales in the period 2000 to2019.Then,precipitation prediction was performed using observational and satelliteprecipitation data in three modes of precipitation with one, two and three lagsin Orange software environment and using decision tree, support vector machineand random forest machine learning algorithems as well as delta downscalingwith canesm5 and KIOSTESM climate models, sixth report and scenario   5_8.5.Afterselecting the best prediction model, drought indices were calculated forobservational data, satellite, and prediction for Kermanshah province. Theresults showed that for Islamabad, Harsin, Gilan-e Gharb, Kermanshah, Kangavar,Ravansar and Sarpol-e-Zahab stations, TERRA satellite and for Sonqor, Sararoud,Sumar and Tazeh Abad stations, EAR5 satellite and for Qasre-shirin of TRMMsatellite has the best estimate.Accordingto observational data, prediction and reverse distance interpolation maps,precipitation in the north and northwest as well as southeast of the province,i.e. in Sar-e-Aroud, Javanrud and Ravansar stations, was more than other placesand in Harsin, Qasr-e-Shirin and Sumar stations had the lowest amount. Theresults of prediction showed that the decision tree model with appropriateerror criteria is better than the other two models and also according tointerpolation maps, the prediction with a delay has better estimated the lowrain and rainy areas in the observation period.This model has estimatedrainfall in most stations in October and November about 40% less thanobservations. The results of drought indices were calculated the   I, RAI and SPIindeces for different states and the results showed that 2015 estimated verysevere drought, severe drought and near normal drought, and for 2020, 2028 and2035, severe or moderate drought was estimated.  

    Water resources management planning is one ofthe most practical and necessary human measures to preserve and preserveavailable fresh water resources, since available freshwater resources arelimited, finding a balanced relationship between environmental needs and humanneeds is an important step in the sustainability of water resources. For properplanning for water resources management in the first place, having sufficientand reliable climatic parameters and hydrology based on which the mostappropriate planning can be necessary.In thisresearch, first, the existing data of the hydrometric stations under theGamasiab basin have been investigated by different methods and prepared forprediction, purification and reconstruction of the data, and differentdimensions of dependent variables, taking into account the spatial dimensions ortime dimensions of the parameters, have been created in two differentscenarios, in each scenario, 80% and 20% of the data have been used to trainand test the model, respectively. Also, using principal component reductionmethods, appropriate dimensions are selected and modeled by genetic algorithmin Python programming environment using known methods of machine learning andoptimization. Finally, according to the percentage of matching and validationof each of these methods, the most accurate option and prediction method havebeen selected.Theresults of prediction and data purification in the first scenario (by spatialmethod) showed that the results were more favorable in the conditions that thedata were standardized and also the results of the non-temporal approach werebetter than the time series in similar situations, so that the highestcoefficient obtained from NSE for the data of the training stage was 0.85 andfor the testing stage was 0.6. In general, the best result in this scenario isrelated to the non-temporal approach and by selecting the model feature by theSVR model optimized by genetic algorithm.Ingeneral, prediction and data purification are influenced by different factors,the results of this study showed that data processing, taking into account thetime sequence of data, reducing the input dimensions of the model and usinggenetic optimization algorithm have the greatest impact on obtaining thedesired result and with high accuracy for accurate prediction and purificationof data, respectively.

باكاهش منابعآب قابل مصرف و تنش آبي رو به افزايش درساير نقاط جهان ، توسعه روش‌هاي مختلف  جهت مديريت كارآمد اين ماده حياتي، اهميت ويژه‌اي پيدا كرده است. كاهش حجم آب به حساب نيامده از مهمترين روش‌هاي مديريت مصرف آب محسوب مي‌شود. نشت كه به عنوان اصلي‌ترين موئلفه آب به حساب نيامده شناخته شده است،   نه تنها يك مساله اقتصادي، بلكه مساله‌اي زيست ‌محيطي و به طور بالقوه يك مساله بهداشتي و ايمني مي‌باشد كه كاهش ميزان آن در سيستم‌هاي آب‌رساني را مي‌توان يكي از اهداف عمده سازمانهاي تأمين و توزيع آب به‌ شمار آورد. در تحقيق حاظر از يك تكنيك هوش مصنوعي تحت عنوان ماشين يادگيري افراطي (ELM) جهت يافتن محل و ميزان نشت در شبكه توزيع آب استفاده شده كه با توسعه اين روش برخي از   محدوديت‌هاي استفاده از تكنيك‌هاي هوش مصنوعي منجمله تعداد خروجي مدل‌هاي‌ يادگيري ماشيني رفع شده و همچنين فرآيند اجرا كه در اكثر اين تكنيك‌ها در مواجه با داده‌هاي با ابعاد بزرگ امري نسبتا زمان‌بر است در مدل   ELM بكار رفته كاهش يافته است. در اين تحقيق همچنين از يك مدل شبكه عصبي پرسپترون چند لايه MLP جهت مقايسه نتايج و عملكرد آن با مدل ELM   استفاده شده است. روش‌ها بر روي يك شبكه توزيع   آب فرضي و كاملا حلقوي موسوم به شبكه توزيع آب پولاكيس اعمال شدند. نتايج بدست آمده نشان مي‌دهد روش بكار رفته كه در آن ماهيت وابسته به فشار نشت حفظ شده است، با حداقل برداشت اطلاعات هيدروليكي از نوع فشار گرهي، علاوه بر شناسايي موقعيت گره‌هاي نشت‌دار، محل و ميزان نشت گرهي كه نشت كمتري را دارد با دقت بالايي پيش‌بيني كند.  

   in recent years , sustainable development of the agricultural sector has attracted the attention of many researchers and planners. However , poor management and resource constraints , sometimes due to conflicting goals of agricultural stakeholders , have made it difficult to achieve this . This has increased the need for optimal use of resources In recent years , in the field of crop production optimization , various methods have been used for production planning. one of the most preferred methods is fuzzy Goal planning. in this method, despite the lack of access to resources and certain information, it is possible to achieve optimal solution with the highest accuracy. The main purpose of this study is to optimize crop production by simultaneously considering the ideals of increasing profits , minimizing water consumption , fertilizers and chemical toxins and increasing yield in the sahneh plain . the above research has been studied in the field of 7 scenarios with centrality of the above objectives for 7 decision variables. The statistical population includes all deep and semi-deep well beneficiaries registered in Kermanshah Regional Water Company (421 Exploiter). The sample volume was determined using the cochran formula (201 Exploiter). after gathering data through questionnaire, by using fuzzy Goal planning program , the ideal equation for each cause is determined. In order to solve the optimization equation, Gams software has been used. The results show that the above ideal can be achieved if   Wheat cultivation area to 66.55ha, Sugar beet to 126.65 ha, Alfalfa to 369.9 ha, Coriander to 43.69. Corn to 4.9, Sunflower to 10.22 and rice 8.54 ha. Also, according to the results obtained, among the above products, Sunflower has the highest and corn has the lowest rate of achieving the Goal

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE FA استفاده از اطلاعات ماهواره‌اي جهاني ، در دسترس و ارزان‌تر در اندازه گيري ويژگي‌هاي رودخانه‌ها ، كه به‌عنوان جايگزيني براي اندازه گيري‌هاي در محل و گران قيمت مورد استفاده قرار مي‌گيرد. با استفاده از داده‌ها و اطلاعات ماهواره‌اي مطالعات نشان داده است كه مي‌توان دبي رودخانه‌ها را به‌طور دقيق كاليبره كرد. دو روش جديد از توسعه زنجيره‌هاي ماركوف (MC) ، يعني روش‌هاي آنلاين-زنجيره‌هاي ماركوف (O-MC) و زنجيره‌هاي پيشرفته آنلاين ماركوف (EO-MC) در مطالعه حاضر براي افزايش عملكرد پيش بيني MC معرفي شدند. مزاياي روش O-MC نسبت به MC از پياده سازي آنلاين حالت‌هاي صحيح و EO-MC   نسبت به MC مزاياي اجراي هم‌زمان آنلاين حالت‌هاي صحيح و ماتريس ماركوف (MM) به‌روز شده در طي داده‌هاي آموزش است. اين روش‌ها براي پيش بيني سيگنال‌هاي ماهواره‌اي كوتاه مدت رودخانه mohave استفاده شد. در مرحله بعد ، به‌منظور اندازه گيري قابليت اطمينان محاسبات ، تحليل عدم قطعيت مونت‌كارلو براي هر سه روش مبتني بر MC در نظر گرفته شد. براي انجام اين كار ، هر مدل 1000 بار توسعه داده مي‌شود و دو شاخص 95 درصد عدم قطعيت‌هاي پيش بيني شده (95PPU) و ضريب فاصله متوسط (d-factor ) محاسبه مي‌شود. عملكردهاي MC و دو پسوند آن يعني   O-MC و EO-MC نيز در موارد عدم وجود اطلاعات آموزشي مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. براي انجام اين كار، درصد آموزش كل مجموعه داده‌ها از ?? درصد به ? درصد به‌تدريج كاهش‌يافته و عملكرد مدل‌ها در توليد سيگنال‌هاي دقيق آينده در مجموعه داده‌هاي مشاهده‌شده محاسبه مي‌شود.در آخرين مرحله از اين مطالعه، مشكل ورودي متغير ورودي (IVI)براي روش‌هاي مبتني بر MC در نظر گرفته شد و نتايج با رگرسيون خطي، Perceptron Multi (LR)، ماشين يادگيري افراطي (elm)، و روش‌هاي رگرسيون توابع پايه شعاعي (RBF)مقايسه شدند. نتايج نشان داد كه عملكرد EO-MC و O-MC بسيار بهتر از روش MC ساده است. علاوه بر اين ، مي‌توان نتيجه گرفت كه EO-MC و O-MC تقريباً در تحليل عدم قطعيت عملكرد يكساني دارند و هر دو آن‌ها قابل اعتماد و قوي هستند. مزيت اصلي EO-MC در مقايسه با روش O-MC هنگامي ارائه مي‌شود كه عملكرد مدل‌ها در شرايطي مقايسه شود كه تعداد نمونه آموزش بسيار كم باشد. در نهايت ، با توجه به مشكل IVI ، نشان داده مي‌شود كه عملكرد O-MC و EO-MC به‌طور قابل توجهي بهتر از روش‌هاي LR ، MLP ، ELM و RBF است. كليدواژه: داده‌هاي دبي ماهواره‌اي ، دبي روزانه، درياچه موهاو، زنجيره ماركوف، الگوريتم مونت‌كارلو.  

  امروزه اثرات تغيير اقليم و گرمايش جهاني به دليل افزايش گاز‌هاي گلخانه‌اي در جهان به اثبات رسيده‌است. وقوع اين شرايط، فرآيند‌‌هاي هيدرولوژيكي را كه از منابع اصلي تامين كننده آب حوضه است را تحت تاثير قرار مي‌دهد. در اين تحقيق مقادير ماهيانه دما، بارش و دبي سد جاميشان در سال‌هاي ????-???? به عنوان دوره پايه در نظر گرفته شده‌‌‌است. شبيه سازي منابع و مصارف حوضه آبريز سدجاميشان   با استفاده از مدل   WEAP و روش SVR با الگوهاي كشت موجود در منطقه مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. براي ارزيابي تاثير تغيير اقليم بر پارامترهاي بارش و دما در اين منطقه از خروجي‌هاي سناريو RCP8.5 مدل هاي HADGEM2_ES ، FLO_ESM، MIROC5 و CNRM_CM5 از سري مدلهاي گزارش پنجم   CMIP5 استفاده شد و خروجي اين مدل‌ها براي منطقه مورد نظر ريزمقياس شد. در اين پژوهش با استفاده از روش عامل تغيير داده‌هاي مدل اقليمي ريزمقياس شده و پارامترهاي ماهانه دما و بارش سد جاميشان براي دوره‌ي ????-????   توليد گرديد. به منظور بررسي رواناب منطقه مورد نظر در اثر تغييراقليم به بررسي و مقايسه‌ي مدل‌هاي SVM، GEP و IHACRES پرداخته‌شد. نتايج مدل‌ اقليمي به طور ميانگين افزايش دماي ?/? تا ? درجه سلسيوس را نشان مي‌دهد. همچنين نتايج بارش شبيه سازي شده نشان مي دهد كه   ميانگين بارش ماهيانه تحت سناريو ?/?   RCP در دوره آتي به جز در مدل HADGEM2_ES با كاهش بين ? تا ? درصدي نسبت به دوره پايه همراه بوده است كه بيشترين كاهش مربوط به مدل MIROC5 و كمترين كاهش مربوط به مدل CNRM_CM5 مي باشد. به طور كلي بررسي نتايج حاصل از پيش‌بيني دبي در هر سه مدل SVM، GEP و IHACRES حاكي از كاهش رواناب است كه بيشترين كاهش رواناب مربوط به SVM در مدل اقليمي FLO_ESM با ?/?? درصد و كمترين كاهش رواناب مربوط به IHACRES با ? درصد مي‌باشد و در اين پژوهش مدل‌هاي IHACRES و GEP نسبت به روش SVR از دقت مطلوب‌تري برخوردار است. شبيه‌ سازي الگو كشت‌هاي مختلف در WEAP نشان مي‌دهد بيش‌ترين تامين برابر با ?/?? درصد در مدل GEP و كمترين تامين برابر با ?? درصد در مدل SVR كه به ترتيب مربوط به الگوي كشت يك و الگوي كشت سه مي‌باشد. همچنين در شبيه‌سازي تحت سناريوي الگو كشت‌هاي مختلف در WEAP بيش‌ترين درصد پر بودن مخزن در الگوي كشت سه و برابر با ?/?? درصد و بيش‌ترين درصد خالي بودن مخزن در الگوي كشت يك و برابر با ?/?? درصد كه به ترتيب   مربوط به مدل‌هاي IHACRES و SVR مي‌باشد. . همچنين در اين پزوهش با استفاده از روش SVR   به پيش‌بيني تامين ماهيانه نيازهاي كشاورزي   پرداخته شد. نتايج تامين نيازهاي كشاورزي منطقه در همه ي مدل هاي اقليمي حاكي از آن است كه بيشترين تامين مربوط به مدل   GEP در الگوي كشت شماره سه(بيشترين ميزان درآمد) و كمترين تامين مربوط به مدل   SVR   الگوي كشت شماره يك(شرايط موجود) مي باشدواژه­هاي كليدي:

  Assessing thephenomenon of climate change and its possible consequences on the hydrologicalprocesses of the basin will greatly contribute to the challenges of managersand planners of water resources in future periods. The effect of climate changeis investigated by simulating hydrological processes with a physical model ofrunoff precipitation. Hydrological models provide a framework for examining therelationship between meteorology and water resources. The purpose of this studyis to investigate surface runoff using climate change models and SWAT model. Inthis study, the runoff in Pol-e-Shah hydrometric station was first investigatedand using the swat cup software, the statistics of the relevant hydrometricstation and using the sufi2 optimization algorithm, the parameters affectingthe flow and flow rate were calibrated and extracted. Correlation andNash-Sutcliffe values 0.75 and 0.79 were extracted for calibration interval and0.71 and 0.61 for validation. Then, in order to study the statistical indicesof rainfall and temperature under the influence of climate change using larsWG6software and using hadgem and miroc5 climate models under diffusion scenariosof 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5, exponential microscale action and extraction ofprecipitation and temperature data for statistical length 2020 to 2080.Finally, in order to obtain the effect of climate change on runoff, swatsoftware was implemented under each of the scenarios of climate models inrelation to the statistical length of different periods and the diagramsobtained from model runoff changes to simulate runoff discharge on averagemonthly with Climate data were compared and showed a decrease and increase inrunoff in some months of the year.keywords: Runoff - SWAT - lars WG6- Climate change – Pol-ShahBasin- - Climate models - HADGEM2 and MIROC5

The average annual rainfall in Iran is less than one third of the average annual rainfall in the world. Therefore, in the coming years, it will face serious and risky problems in the field of water resources shortage. That is why the optimal use of these limited water resources is vital and important. One of the complexities in this field is the contradiction of goals in the issues of water resources Exploitation. In this research, for the optimal operation of Dez and Balaroud dams, the coupled simulator-optimizer method was used using the connection of WEAP simulator model and MOICA multi-objective optimizer algorithm. Also in this research, surface water resources in Dez river, from Dez regulatory dam to the end of the study area and near Bandaqir site were investigated quantitatively and qualitatively. exploratory algorithms have been considered by water resources planners due to their ability to solve complex and nonlinear problems. Data and information for two scenarios in a period of 30 years (1397-1367) were defined in the simulator model. In the first scenario, referred to as the reference scenario, without performing the process of optimizing the environmental flow downstream of the study area and near the site of Bandaqir, it was equated with the environmental flow by the Montana method. In the second scenario, called the optimal scenario, the simulator and optimizer models were connected with the aim of optimizing the amount of environmental requirements at the bitumen dam site. In this study, three goals were considered, The first goal is to maximize the total percentage of needs met throughout the system, The second goal is to minimize the amount of violation of the allowable values of quality parameters in the river route And the third goal is to minimize the penalties for violating the authorized capacity of the reservoirs. In the MOICA model with a population of 24 and 1000 replications, the optimal results were plotted on the Parato graph. The final results for each scenario were obtained and compared. The results obtained from the optimal scenario showed, That the supply of demand has increased And qualitative parameters in the river route have found a more favorable situation, Also, the status of reservoir volume changes has improved compared to the reference scenario. Therefore, applying the optimal scenario causes, That the condition of the tanks does not fail in the dry and watery months And do not cause much damage to the system. According to river water quality standards, The worst BOD pollutants are in the Haft Tappeh factory area And EC has been in the place of   Bandaqir and sugarcane Dehkhoda. The final results show The simulated-optimized coupled model has not only sought to increase the percentage of supply in the system It has also paid attention to the standard level of quality parameters in the river route and the status of reservoir reserves. Based on the reference scenario and the changes seen in the volume of the tanks, the volume of the tank has reached the minimum level of operation many times during the 30-year simulation period. However, during the optimization process, none of the tanks have reached the minimum level of operation. Using the simulated-optimized coupled model and using the WEAP model and MOICA  algorithm can be a suitable way to plan and manage water resources in the study area and taking into account all the demands in the area. In fact, in addition to providing acceptable needs, it also examines the trend of quality and pollution in rivers.

Abstract: Today, the use of satellite imagery in predicting flow rate In situs stations is of considerable importance. In the present study, a new technique based on artificial intelligence models for predicting satellite signals (S) is presented, which with the introduction of a new indicator called PS, the problem of imitation of input data is greatly solved. Accordingly, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) model in combination with the two-objective evolutionary optimization algorithm (NSGA-II) for predicting S data is introduced and the proposed model in the present study is named IM. Also in the present paper, the actual values ??of the flow rate at local stations of different rivers are calculated by the soil moisture model and compared with the flow rate values ??obtained from satellite signals. Simultaneous decrease of MSE and PS indices in the proposed IM model has been the subject of the present study, which has been neglected in conventional OM methods in predicting time series. In addition, a typical MLP model is presented in the research to evaluate and compare IM performance. Forecasts have been made for six rivers: White, Red, Missouri, Connecticut, Willamette, and PeeDee. Keyword: Satellite signals, River discharge, Multi-objective optimization, Flood forecasting, Soil moisture method  

بارش از اجزاي اصلي چرخه آب­شناسي و ورودي مورد نياز بسياري از مدل­هاي آب و هوايي و آب­شناسي است. كمبود داده­هاي قابل اعتماد و كامل از مهم­ترين چالش­ها در واكاوي   بارش و پيش­بيني­هاي آب­شناسي در مديريت آب است. طي ساليان اخير تخمين بارش با استفاده از ماهواره­ها توانسته است به­عنوان يك راهكار نوآورانه مورد توجه قرار گيرد. داده­هاي ماهواره­اي با فراهم آوردن پوشش مكاني كامل، قادر به تخمين بارش براي كل جهان است. براي تبديل مقادير بارندگي مستخرج از تصاوير ماهواره­اي در ماههاي مختلف به سري مكاني-زماني مقادير بارندگي زميني، ابتدا دقت تصاوير ماهواره­اي TRMM و GPM نسبت به مقادير زميني ثبت شده مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. تصاوير GPM نسبت به TRMM همبستگي بيش­تري با داده­هاي زميني داشت. به­منظور شبيه­سازي مكاني- زماني بارش در كل دشت مدل­هاي مختلف شبكه عصبي مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت و در آخر خروجي مدل ORELM داراي بهترين برازش با داده­هاي مشاهداتي با مجذور ضريب همبستگي برابر با 96/0 بود، همچنين داراي بهترين و نزديك­ترين پراكندگي نقاط در اطراف خط 45 درجه بود و از اين نظر دقيق­ترين مدل محسوب مي­شود. براي اطمينان از انتخاب درست مدل برتر از دياگرام تيلور نيز استفاده شد، نتايج نشان داد نزديك­ترين نقطه به نقطه مرجع مربوط به روش ORELM مي­باشد، لذا براي تبديل بارندگي حاصل از تصاوير ماهواره­اي به بارش زميني از اين مدل استفاده شد. در تحقيق حاضر سعي بر آن شده است كه با دست يافتن به اطلاعات حاصل از تصاوير ماهواره­اي در منطقه مطالعاتي بتوان اطلاعات جديدي از نوسانات منابع آب زيرزميني منطقه و منابع محرك در تغذيه و تخليه منابع آب زيرزميني دشت ميان­دربند به­دست آورد. هم­چنين به پيش­بيني تراز آب زيرزميني دشت با استفاده از تصاوير ماهواره­اي بارش و مدل كوپل شده WEAP-MODFLOW با هدف مديريت صحيح منابع آب پرداخته شده است. در اين تحقيق براي اولين بار تصاوير ماهواره­اي در يك مدل تلفيقي-ديناميك استفاده شده است. در مدل كوپل شده WEAP-MODFLOW مقدار بارندگي روي دشت و تغذيه ناشي از بارندگي و آب آبياري در سطح كل دشت با استفاده از شبيه­سازي ناحيه غيراشباع خاك(مدل رطوبت خاك) و براساس تركيب مدل شبكه عصبي مصنوعي ORELM و تصاوير ماهواره­اي در هر يك از مناطق همگن(60 ناحيه مختلف) در طول دوره شبيه­سازي(اكتبر 2000 تا سپتامبر 2020) محاسبه شد. نقشه تراز آب زيرزميني براي تمام ماه­هاي دوره شبيه­سازي مورد محاسبه قرار گرفت و براساس آن­ها تغييرات در ماه­هاي خشك و تر و حتي تحت تأثير وقايع حدي و بارش­هاي سنگين مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. نتايج نشان داد ميزان متوسط افت تراز آب زيرزميني با در نظر گرفتن كل سطح آبخوان كرمانشاه در پايان دوره بهره­برداري 20 ساله(اكتبر 2000تا سپتامبر 2020) حدود 3 متر است.

Abstract In this research, the groundwater level was predicted using GRACE satellite pair and the time series model obtained by this satellite was used using GSGMDH neural network model. The study area of ??this research is the catchment area of ??Lake Urmia located in northwestern Iran. For this purpose, 163 months of GRACE satellite data were used during the years April 2002 to June 2017. To remove the hydrological parameters of GRACE data, the GLDAS hydrological model was used. The output of the satellites includes 6 points located in the selected basin, the results of which show a decreasing trend of groundwater equivalent thickness with a range of changes of -50 to +50 mm for six specific study points in the basin. The satellite results for six study points of Urmia Basin were compared by observing the information of piezometric wells in the area of ??each point. In order to accurately compare the water level, the observation wells were converted to water-equivalent thickness using a special discharge coefficient. Comparing the output of GRACE satellites with observational values ??showed that the value of correlation coefficient in six points is 0.48 on average, which is consistent with the results of similar studies. Also, the values ??of RMSE, MARE and RMSRE are equal to 8.8 on average. It is 1.4 and 1/3, which indicates the proper performance of GRACE satellites in estimating the equivalent thickness of groundwater in the study area. Then, using the GSGMDH model, the time series obtained by GRACE satellites were modeled for six study points. To do this, after removing the trend in the data using ACF diagrams, the delays with the highest autocorrelation were identified and used in the modeling process. Due to the uniformity of the data trend in the six points, the data were modeled together for all points. The results show the appropriate performance of the model so that the correlation coefficient in the training stage is equal to 0.96, which is 86 for the experimental stage. / 0 has been reached. The value of RMSE in the training and testing phase was very close to each other, but the value of MARE in the experimental phase gave better results. Keywords: GRACE satellites, Urmia catchment, GSGMDH model time series, GLDAS hydrological model, groundwater equivalent thickness, piezometric well information.   

Abstract    Separate exploitation and management of groundwater and surface water resources can cause serious damage to any of the resources and cause problems such as lowering the water level, increasing harvesting costs, damage to the environment and, etc. These problems and the effects of climate change on water resources can exacerbate the damage. For this reason, in this study, at the first, climate change was extracted based on the output of CMIP5 series models in Kermanshah plain and then the interaction of groundwater and surface water was simulated through dynamic connection of surface and groundwater resources and coupling with climate parameters. In this method, data and results are circulated any monthly time step between MODFLOW and WEAP models and the output of CMIP5 series models, so that in the basic period, the values ??of harvest, runoff, river level from WEAP model were entered MODFLOW model to calculate the level and volume of aquifer storage, etc. and returned to the WEAP model. In this shuttle between the two models, the output of climate change models (AR5) is added that the coupled model be simulate and predict surface and groundwater resources in the situation of climate change. The base period was selected from October 1991 to September 2018, then the first three periods (2018-2045), the second (2045-2072) and the third (2072-2099) under four release scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, RCP8.5 were simulated. The results in the base period show that the average groundwater level at the end of the period decreased by 4.3 meters and the final balance of the plain is negative 9.37 (MCM/Year). Rainfall changes at RCP2.6 scenario respectively in the first, second and third periods, the highest increase in precipitation in March, December and March by 7.79, 1.81 and 4.87 mm and the largest decrease in February, April and May will be 4.42, 8.74 and 13.37 millimeters. The simulation results of the model coupled with this scenario show that the Kermanshah aquifer increased by 19 cm in the first period and the positive balance that is 56,000 cubic meters per year, and in the second and third periods respectively decreased by 0.81 and 1.9 meters and the negative balance of 3.6 and 5.8 (MCM/Year), Will experience. In RCP4.5 the highest increase in precipitation in the first period and March by 5.1 mm and the highest decrease in the first, second and third periods in May, April and May will be 6.3, 12.1 and 16.9 mm, and in the simulation results, the reduction of the level, that forecast is respectively, 0.45, 2.82 and 2.62 meters, and negative balances of 1.73, 9.12 and 9 (MCM/Year). In RCP6.0, the highest increase of precipitation in the first period and March will be 6.39 mm and the highest decrease in the first, second and third periods in May, April and May will be 9.89, 12.25 and 16.07 mm. In the simulation results, the reduction of the level is respectively predicted to 1.02, 3.27 and 2.79 meters, and the negative balance is predicted that 3.2, 10.4 and 9.7 (MCM/Year). In RCP8.5, the highest increase of precipitation in the first period and March will be 3.31 mm and the highest decrease in the first, second and third periods in February, February and May will be 6.37, 14.28 and 18.9 mm. And in the simulation results, the level decrease is respectively predicted to be 1.12, 4.41 and 3.35 meters, and the negative balance is predicted of 3.37, 13.4 and 11.73 (MCM/Year). Keywords: Climate Change, Fifth Report (IPCC5), Conjunctive use, Surface and Groundwater Interaction, MODFLOW, WEAP, Balance      

   در اين تحقيق با توجه به وضعيت منابع آب در كشور و بخصوص جنوب و جنوب غرب كه منطقه مورد مطالعه در اين نواحي قرار دارد جهت رفع مشكلات كمبود منابع آب و تامين تمامي نيازها و در عين حال حفظ منابع آب موجود از روش كوپل مدل شبيه ساز_بهينه ساز استفاده شد. شبيه سازي با استفاده از مدل WEAP براي حوضه مارون كه شامل سد مارون و منابع آب زيرزميني(شمال بهبهان و جنئب بهبهات و جايزان فجر) انجام شد و با توجه به تناوب اهداف بهينه سازي از منابع آب زيرزميني و سطحي جهت بهينه سازي از الگوريتم فراكاوشي چند هدفه NSGAIII استفاده شد كه در آن سه هدف لحاظ شد،هدف اول حداكثر نمودن تامين نياز مصارف،هدف دوم حداكثر نمودن تامين نياز زيست محيطي و هدف سوم حداقل نمودن جريمه ناشي از تخطي از مخزن سد مي باشد.در ابتدا اطلاعات منابع و مصارف را به منظور واسنجي و صحت سنجي براي شبيه سازي آينده وارد مدل گرديد، ايم مدل در بازه 5 ساله(سه سال واسنجي و دو سال صحت سنجي) از مهرماه سال 1391 تا شهريور 1396 اجرا و مورد واسنجي و صحت سنجي قرار گرفت.پس از اطمينان از مطابقت مدل با شرايط واقعي، با فرض ادامه وضع موجود و تكرار دوره آماري 50 ساله جريان ورودي به مخزن سد در سال هاي آتي (از مهرماه سال 1399 تا شهريور 1449) نتايج حاصل از اجراي مدل در منطقه مورد مطالعه با عنوان سناريوي مرجع مورد بررسي قرار گرفت.در سناريوي مرجع تامين نياز   مصارف و نياز زيست محيطي و تغييرات حجم مخزن و همچنين مميزان برداشت ار آب زيرزميني هر يك از دشت هاي موجود مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. پس از انجام بهينه­سازي، با توجه به اندازه جمعيت 24 و اجراي الگوريتم NSGA-III براي 1000 تكرار، جواب­هاي نزديك به بهينه حاصل شد كه بين جواب هاي به دست آمده يك جواب به عنوان بهنرين جواب انتخاب شد.در اينجا دو سناريو لحاظ شد كه سناريوي اول سناريوي مرجع مي باشد و سناريوي دوم همان سناريوي بهينه است كه از مدل بهينه ساز حاصل گرديد.سپس بين اين دو سناريوي مقايسه صورت گرفت كه سناريوي بهينه ضمن تامين نيازهاي موجود با در نظر گرفتن سه تابع هدف نتيجه خوب و مطلوبي نسبت به سناريوي مرجع به همراه داشت.

حبوبات پس از غلات، دومين منبع غذايي بشر به شمار مي­روند. نخود Cicer arietinum L. در ميان بقولات رتبه­ي سوم را در جهان دارد و مهم­ترين آن­ها در ايران است. در خاك­هاي قليايي به دليل تثبيت شدن اكثر عناصر ريزمغذي، جذب آنها توسط ريشه­هاي گياهان كاهش مي­يابد. در اين شرايط محلول­پاشي عناصر ريزمغذي جذب آنها را توسط گياه بهبود مي­دهد. اين تحقيق در همين راستا در سال زراعي 98-1397 در مزرعه­اي واقع در دهستان سراب‌نيلوفر در فاصله­ي حدود 20 كيلومتري شمال غربي شهر كرمانشاه، به­ صورت دو آزمايش مجزا و به صورت طرح بلوك كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار انجام شد. تيمار مورد بررسي محلول‌پاشي جهار نوع كود شامل: 1) سولفات روي، 2) سولفات مس، 3) اسيد بوريك و 4) فروت‌ست هر كدام در سه سطح   2، 4 و 8 در هزار و شاهد (عدم محلول­پاشي كود) بودند. در آزمايش اول محلول­پاشي شروع گلدهي و در آزمايش دوم در ابتداي غلاف­دهي انجام شد. در اين بررسي صفت­هاي عملكرد دانه، عملكرد پروتئين، عملكرد زيست­توده، شاخص برداشت، تعداد دانه در بوته، تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد غلاف پر در بوته، تعداد غلاف خالي در بوته، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاخه‌هاي جانبي، درصد پروتئين، راندمان مصرف آب عملكرد اقتصادي، راندمان مصرف آب عملكرد زيست­توده، درآمد ناخالص عملكرد اقتصادي، درآمد ناخالص عملكرد كاه، راندمان اقتصادي مصرف آب و سود خالص مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند. نتايج تجزيه واريانس در هر دو مرحله (ابتداي گلدهي و ابتداي غلاف­دهي) حاكي از معني­دار بودن اثر مثبت و معني­دار سطوح مختلف محلول­پاشي بر تمام صفات مورد ارزيابي (به­جز سود خالص در ابتداي غلاف­دهي) در سطح احتمال يك درصد بود. بر اساس نتايج مقايسه ميانگين­ها در دوره­ي گلدهي، بيشترين عملكرد دانه در تيمارهاي 2 در هزار فروت­ست با 4544 كيلوگرم در هكتار، 2 در هزار بور با 4505 كيلوگرم در هكتار و 8 در هزار بور با 4319 كيلوگرم در هكتار و به ­ترتيب با 59، 58 و 51 درصد افزايش در مقايسه با تيمار شاهد با 2853 كيلوگرم در هكتار به دست آمد. بيشترين عملكرد دانه در تيمار محلول­پاشي در ابتداي غلاف‌دهي در سطوح 8 در هزار فروت­ست با 5867 كيلوگرم در هكتار)، 2 در هزار بور با 5744 كيلوگرم در هكتار و 2 در هزار فروت­ست با 5302 كيلوگرم در هكتار به ­ترتيب با 106، 101 و 86 درصد افزايش در مقايسه با تيمار شاهد به دست آمد. به­طور كلي بر اساس نتايج مقايسه ميانگين گروهي فروت­ست و بور در تيمار محلول­پاشي در ابتداي گلدهي و فروت­ست و مس در ابتداي غلاف­دهي بهترين گروه­ها از نظر بهبود عملكرد دانه بودند. بنابراين در شرايط محيطي مشابه، به دليل كسب حداكثر مقدار عملكرد و صفات مرتبط با آن، نسبت به ساير سطوح كودي قابل توصيه است.   

      Abstract: Integrated exploitation of surface and groundwater resources is one of the most important challenges facing water researchers. Integrated use is the exploitation of surface and groundwater resources in order to increase the amount of available water and the sustainable use of available water resources. Therefore, proper planning in this field requires knowledge of how surface and groundwater interact in the region and the estimation and calculation of surface and groundwater parameters and factors affecting it. Therefore, one of the main objectives of the current study is to simulate the interaction of surface and groundwater by creating a dynamic connection between surface and groundwater resources in the mid-Darband and Bilehvar plains so that the data and results are monthly between the WEAP surface water model and the water model. MODFLOW underground is in circulation. In this research used combination of simulation and optimization models. WEAP model has been used for simulation two reservoir systems consist of Gavoshan and Shohada dams which are stated in Gavehrood basin .In this regard, reservoir operation modeling has been done according to current situation in operation area for 72 months in during 2007 to 2013 years. Hence afterData collection, formed the WEAP model input files and model has been calibrated . In this chapter, the results of simulation of river and aquifer interaction in the case of simultaneous exploitation of surface and groundwater resources based on a coupled WEAP-MODFLOW model are presented. The results of simulation of surface and groundwater using WEAP and MODFLOW models are presented and the current conditions of exploitation of water resources in the region will be examined if the existing policies continue. In the following, the results of the interaction of the river and the aquifer and the share of the mysterious river in feeding or draining the aquifer or groundwater in a statistical period are discussed. Finally, while examining the percentage of meeting the needs and related reliability, the balance of water resources in the region and the components of the balance in terms of integrated operation and Exchange of the mysterious river with the plain of Miandarband and Bilevar have been evaluated. So that the simulation results showed that one of the most important achievements of this research is the creation of simulation of saturated and unsaturated soil area using complete hydroclimatology balance components as a coupled model of surface and groundwater. Also, during the period of 6 years, the highest amount of aquifer feeding in the plain is in the months of November to February, and because of the high rainfall on the plain in these months. In these months, in addition to rainfall, there is some nutrition from the infiltration of irrigation water. But in the warm months of the year, irrigation is done only through the infiltration of irrigation water.

   Nowadays water resources are one of the great treasures of human beings, for which proper operation requires effective rules and management regarding the different demands, lacks and limitations in using the resources. Dams are applied for different purposes. Optimal operation of dam reservoirs is one of the important issues in water management. In this study, optimal operation of dam has been examined in order to supply maximum dam tailwater needs, in deterministic and probabilistic system. The case study is Qeshlaq dam constructed on Maryamnegar River, 15 Kilometer northwest of Sahneh in Kermanshah province. The aim of Qeshlaq reservoir dam construction is supplying drinking water demand in Sahneh, providing environmental and agricultural demands of Chemchemal valley and establishment of irrigation network in Sahneh city. Water management simulation and planning of this area was done by WEAP simulator software. Regarding the precipitation being indecisive and its direct effect on the inflow, probabilistic flow is more certainly. Therefore, the system probabilistic conditions were studied by making the inflow probabilistic and examining the effect of probabilistic cumulative distribution function (CDF) on demand supply. This probabilistic approach was codded in Lingo software based on definite optimization by linear planning under probabilistic limitations. In this approach, the inflow to reservoir was compared using two different ways including CDF calculation by Weibull distribution and the best fitness distribution. The results of simulation and optimization by deterministic approach shows that supplies in agricultural, drinking, and environmental demands are, respectively, 92%, 95% and 95%. Due to reservoir inflow decrease in probabilistic than deterministic approach, the reservoir optimal volume was, first, estimated considering the inflows and deterministic demands. It was 27.6 Million cubic meter which shows the high estimation in designing the reservoir of Qeshlaq dam than the reservoir designing volume (47.6 Million cubic meter). In addition, all demands are fully supplied in this condition.

  Abstract:  Due to the complexity and structure of the water supply networks, a computer simulator is needed to analyze the performance of the networks during operation. One of the most important parameters in computer software is the close proximity of the modeling results to the actual state of the system which must be precisely adjusted to achieve this goal.To achieve this, model coefficients must be adjusted and calibrated by field data. Parameters that are constantly changing in water distribution networks are: pipe roughness coefficient and demand pattern coefficients. These variables are not explicitly calculated by direct measurement and are usually estimated by measuring the outputs of the outputs of the models and the steps to obtain these variables are like an inverse problem.In this study, EPANET hydraulic software and genetic algorithm were used to optimize the coefficient of roughness of water supply pipes and demand pattern coefficients. The objective function in this study is to minimize the sum of the observed and computational pressure difference in the network nodes.Increasing the number of data points increases the accuracy of the results, but the cost of calibration also increases Therefore, the overall objective of this study is to determine the hydraulic calibration of the water supply network with minimum pressure measurement points.In this case, there are usually many clusters of solutions that obtain acceptable error at the sampled points, but have many other errors that can be mistakenly selected as the model's final answer if not accurate. In this research, we have presented some strategies that can be used to obtain the realistic model solution while utilizing minimum sampling points.  Keywords: Pipe roughness coefficient - Demand pattern – Water distribution network - Genetic algorithm.  

   Due to population growth, the shortage and severe constraints of water resources in the country, one of the main steps in the management and planning of water resources   and Climate change phenomenon is to optimize reservoirs and change the cultivation pattern. In this study, simulation of the Harsin dam reservoir for Kamish River discharge from (40 years period) has used in the WEAP model. First, considering the different cultivated patterns, the reliability of domestic, industrial, agricultural and environmental was simulated in WEAP, and the crop pattern with greater sustainability of the system was selected. Then by using the LINGO model, optimization was performed with the aim of minimizing the percentage of unmet demands. According to the results, the annual average of the environmental demands, garden drip lands, sprinkler’s land and wastewater waterline, were estimated 98.98, 87.51, 89.79 and 95.63, while these values in the optimization model were equal to 100, 99.99, 99.21 and 99.12, which indicates that the percentage of shortcomings has been reached to less than 1%. The average of overflow volume in simulation and optimization models was 7.31 and 4.09 million m3/year respectively, which indicates that optimization model has the lower rate of wasted water comparing to simulation model. Finally, by applying the climate RCP scenarios, the results showed a decrease in the input flow of the Harsin Dam reservoir And the output of both HADGEM2-ao and FGOALS-G2 climatic models resulted in a maximum increase of 5 and at least 3 ° C in future periods. Based on the RCP8.5 scenario, the estimated runoff in future periods 2020-2059 and 2060-2099 is lower than the predicted runoff under RCP2.6 scenarios, which corresponds to the definition of these scenarios. Output runoff applied by the rainfall-runoff model under the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios in the WEAP model reduced the reliability index of downstream dam requirements to below 80%. The highest reliability index for climate scenarios by HADGEM2-ao model under RCP2.6 scenario is related to industry needs, which is 77.08% in simulation mode, while this indicator in 88.42% is optimize. The lowest reliability index in the WEAP model was estimated to be 32.19%, compared to 52.71% in the LINGO model. Hence, with the appropriate planning and management, it is possible to deduct the amount of deficits significantly, especially in the field of agriculture.

  Wastewater treatment plants are among the most important urban facilities, the quality parameters of inlet effluent to the treatment plant to determine the load of inlet pollution to the facility and the selection of the appropriate treatment system and the quality parameters of the outlet effluent. Ensuring environmental constraints and investigating the potential for reuse of wastewater must be constantly monitored and evaluated. Since systematic measurement of these indices is subject to limitations, providing highly accurate software sensors and acceptable generalization power for predicting qualitative indices is crucial. As a result, in recent decades, extensive studies have been done on the modeling and prediction of the aforementioned indicators and increasing the accuracy of existing methods. On the other hand, there is no research that investigates the role and performance of hybrid models in predicting qualitative parameters of effluent, comparing the accuracy of linear, nonlinear and hybrid models, investigating the effect of different pre-processing approaches on modeling accuracy, investigating the effect of pre-order. The processing and role of outliers in the accuracy of time series models is felt. Therefore, for the first time, the present study will examine these cases.

This thesis presents a novel method for thedevelopment of an optimal water supply plan showcased using data from the Gamasiab basin, located in Kermanshah province, Iran, concerning new dams that are being constructed in this semi-arid region. In this research, a new group multi-criteria decision-making [MCDM] plan is proposed by combining two MCDM methods based on the Fuzzy Delphi and Fuzzy ELECTRE III methods that convert the experts’ opinions to triangular fuzzy numbers TFNs] based on the level of uncertainty associated with various quantitative] and qualitative criteria. Considering the opinions of non-stakeholders and data analysis using the Fuzzy Delphi method, the criteria were evaluated. Then, by analyzing the results using the Fuzzy ELECTRE III method, the final ranking of scenarios is obtained. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the effect of uncertainty on the performance of the decision-making [DM] system in scenarios ranking. To calculate the importance weight of criteria, Expert choice software and empirical method were used. In addition, a hierarchical model based geographic information system [GIS] and Analytic Hierarchy Process [AHP] was used to determine the importance weight of quantitative criteria. Then, by comparing the result of GIS-based model with the quantitative criteria weight obtained from two other ones, it was found the importance weight of the criteria in the GIS-based hierarchical model due to the high ability to store and integrate information layers, has a higher value. Furthermore, the total expense criteria, the environmental impacts, transmission and water diversion, and geographical conditions of the region played significant role in selecting the optimal scenario. Additionally, the result of a WEAP model was used to evaluate the performance of the optimal scenario in terms of hydrological parameters. The data indicated that there was a good agreement between the results obtained from the hydrological model and the scenario ranking by employed method. Altogether, comparison of the proposed method with other MCDM methods, including Fuzzy AHP and .Fuzzy TOPSIS, indicated that the results of the employed method matched more closely to the local experts’ opinion. Keywords: Optimal Water supply, Gamasiab basin, Group Decision-Making, Fuzzy Delphi, Fuzzy ELECTRE III, Triangular fuzzy number, GIS

  Considering severe water scarcity in current century, integrated water resources management is urgent need to sustain water resources and economic development. The objective of this study was to introduce the optimal planning method of water resources distribution in Bisotun dam (out of river bed) for agriculture, industry and environmental sectors. Biseton reservoir dam is capable for water transformation from Gamasiab river through still pipe with 3500 lit/s capacity during 6 months (late October to April) considering water supply for agriculture, industry and environment needs in East Kermanshah. However, simulation and optimal scenarios were selected using (LINGO) and Water Evaluation and Planning System Programming (WEAP) models considering two scenario; with built dam and its upstream and without   them for agriculture, industry and environmental needs. The results revealed that in both scenarios, the transformed water to dam was constant for industry and agriculture 37 and 14 million m3, respectively. In contrast considering, the Biston dam, there is about 2 million m3 surplus water for environmental needs. Thus, the reserved upper stream through Biston dam cause reduction in down discharge flow of Gamasiab river in rainfall season and consequently can be allocated about 42 million m3 water for environment sector. This situation related to water storage in reservoir dams that are built in upper stream during rainfall seasons. Adversely, during dry months, the reserved water from these dams flowed down stream for environment needs. It is concluded that environmental water needs can be supplied during dry months.

   The present study seeks to identify and classify the biodiesel from various oils and alcohols using the olfactory machine technique and employing artificial intelligence and statistical algorithms. In this research, biodiesel fuels were prepared from different sources such as rapeseed oil-methanol (MK), corn oil-methanol (MZ), rapeseed oil-ethanol (EK), corn oil-ethanol (EZ) and combined fuel (EK & MZ). Each of these fuels were mixed in volume percentage of 2, 5, 10, 20 and 80 with diesel fuel. The data were collected with help of an electronic nose system equiped 8 metal oxide semiconductor sensors. The normalized data were analyzed by various methods such as artificial neural network (ANN), principal component analysis (PCA), linear and quadratic discriminant  analysis (LDA and QDA), support-vector machine (SVM) and response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that ANN was able to classify pure fuels with a precision of 100%. Other classifier   methods, QDA, SVM, RSM and LDA, were categorized pure fuels with accuracy of 94.4, 93.3, 92.2 and 86.7 percent, respectively. Also, ANN method was able to identify and classify any pure fuels (MK100, MZ100, EK100, EZ100, EK & MZ100, G) in one group (Pure) and various disel-bidisel blends (B2, B5, B10, B20, B80) in the other group (Impure).   ANN and LDA were more powerful methods than other for idenfying   the fuels of B2, B5 and B20. The classification accuracy of both methods for B20 was 100%. For discriminant   of B5 and B2, the ANN method had an accuracy of 98.7%, while the LDA method had a precision of 100% and 97.3% respectively. By averaging the performance parameters of various models for the categories used in this study can be said that the ANN model had better performance with an average precision, sensitivity and specificity of 98.5, 98.8 and 99.5 percent than other models.

  Due to the severe limitations of available water resources, the cost of construction and operation of water supply systems and the rapid population growth and the growing demand for drinking water for this population, the optimal design of these networks, so that the best performance in The length of the operating period is of necessity. One of the most important network design factors is the choice of appropriate diameters based on the cost and lack of pressure and flow rates in the network. The issue of minimizing the cost is done by minimizing the diameter of the pipework, which reduces the pressure on the grid. Since the supply of proper pressure in the nodes is one of the important principles of design and low pressure will result in the lack of full water supply to the site, so in this research the problem of optimization in several sample networks with the objectives of minimizing cost and minimum Deficiency of pressure is defined throughout the network. EPANET software was used for hydraulic analysis of sample networks and the multi-objective optimization process was coded using PESA-II, NSGA-II, MOPSO, SPEA-II transcoding algorithms in MATLAB software environment and Connecting them to the EPANET body. cost dependant First, only by considering the relationship between cost and diameter and pipe lengths, the program was executed with 10,000 and 20,000 replications. Then, in the next definition, the cost of the violation of the permissible pressure range (minimum and maximum allowable pressure of 30 and 70 meters respectively) was added to this function and the program was repeated with 200 repetitions. The results showed that these algorithms have high ability to find optimal solutions and were able to optimize the network in terms of cost and pressure by finding the diameter of the pipes. In all of these algorithms, taking into account the cost of an exceedance of the permissible pressure limits leads to a reduction in the number of replicates with the number of optimal answers and the time to achieve convergence will be significantly reduced. But in general, in the latter case, the two algorithms PESA-II and SPEA-II had a better relative performance than the other algorithms, and the MOPSO algorithm was the last.

AbstractAbstract Flood routing is of greatimportance because of the possibility of predicting flood, especially in floodareas, and much research has been done so farSaint-Venant is a set ofone-dimensional equations of conjunction and motion size Which isused in numerical simulation of flood. These equations lack analyticalsolution, and to solve it different numerical models such as software mike11,hecras It is used. Considering theimportance of flood rotation in different sections of the river and itsapplication in designing of flood alert systems, as well as flood volume forecastin the downstream sections of the river, The aim of this study was to check theMIKE11 and backup vector machine (SVM) in flood rotation in the downstreamsections of the river. In the present study, a hydraulicroughness of the flood hydrograph between the two hydrometric stations ofHeilian and Tang-e-Sezabon was located in the range of the Seymareh River, Ilamprovince. For this purpose, 365 sections were considered. Each of these twomodels was calibrated by a hydrograph of flood calibration and the accuracy ofthe work was verified by two flood hydrographs. . Then flood hydrograph with different return periods wasgiven to these two applications, and the flood rotation was performed atdifferent sections and with different return periods. The results showed thatboth models were able to predict the output hydrographs. Therefore, because the SVM model needs less information, it can be usedto streamline the flood of this model instead of models like Mike11, whichrequires a lot of information   Keywords: hydraulic routing, flood hydrograph, MIKE11numerical model, backup vector machine(svm)  

  Zoning of physical and chemical characteristics of soil and water resources using geostatistical methods

چكيدهرشد روزافزون جمعيت جهان، دستيابي همه افراد به تغذيه كافي و مطلوب را دچار مشكل ساخته است. موضوع كمبود مواد پروتئيني در اغلب كشورها، اهميت توليد و مصرف حبوبات را، مورد تأكيد قرارمي­دهد. افزون بر آن، حبوبات در تقويت حاصلخيزي خاك، تأمين علوفه دام و ايجاد پوشش گياهي مناسب و جلوگيري از فرسايش خاك نيز در ايران، موثراست (حسيني،   2008). نخود از نظر سطح زيركشت در بين حبوبات مقام اول را دارد كه بطور عمده بصورت ديم در غرب وشمال­غرب كشور كشت مي‌شود. نخود در عمده مناطق ايران بطور معمول در فصل بهار كشت مي­گردد. محققان معتقدند، انجام كشت پاييزه نخود بهتر از كشت مرسوم بهاره است و عملكرد محصول را افزايش مي­دهد. زيرا در كشت پاييزه مزاياي متعددي از بهره­مندي از نزولات آسماني پاييز و زمستان، ماشيني­كردن توليد، مقابله با خشكسالي، كاهش هزينه و افزايش توليد و درآمد وجود دارد. بنابراين اقداماتي از جمله، شناسايي و معرفي ارقام نخود پاييزه، طراحي و عرضه ماشين آلات وتجهيزات مورد نياز، انجام فعاليت­هاي تبليغي و ترويجي، واگذاري يارانه وتسهيلات كم­بهره، و ترويج فرهنگ مصرف نخود، توسط دستگاه­هاي زيربط از جمله سازمان جهاد كشاورزي استان كرمانشاه و مديريت جهاد كشاورزي روانسر، انجام شد. شواهد نشان مي­دهد پس از گذشت بيش از يك دهه از معرفي زراعت نخود پاييزه در بين كشاورزان روانسر و با وصف تلاش­هاي صورت گرفته در نشر، پذيرش و توسعه زراعت نخود پاييزه توفيق چنداني حاصل نشده­  hy; است بطوري­كه سالانه كمتر از 20 درصد از سطوح زراعت نخود ديم شهرستان روانسر، بصورت پاييزه اجرا مي­گردد. به نظر ميرسد پذيرش و توسعه زراعت نخود پاييزه از سوي كشاورزان روانسر از جنبه­هاي متعدد اقتصادي، اجتماعي، زراعي و زيست محيطي، حائز اهميت باشد. بنابراين بررسي و شناسايي عوامل موثر بر پذيرش اين محصول در ميان كشاورزان روانسراحساس ميگردد. بنابراين تحقيق حاضر، از نظر ماهيت از نوع پژوهش‌هاي كمي- كيفي، با غالبيت كمي و از لحاظ اهداف از نوع كاربردي مد نظر قرار گرفت. جامعه آماري تحقيق در بخش كمّي شامل 170 نفر از نخودكاران شهرستان روانسر مي­باشند، كه در سال زراعي 1396-1395 در دهستان‌هاي بدر و حسن‌آباد حداقل براي دومين بار، اقدام به زراعت نخود پاييزه نموده­اند. در اين مرحله محقق با ارائه آمار توصيفي و با استفاده از مدل پذيرش راجرز (1995) به تحليل پذيرش زراعت نخود پاييزه در شهرستان روانسر مي­پردازد. به عبارت ديگر، ويژگي­هاي پنج­گانه نوآوري راجرز (مزيت نسبي، پيچيدگي، سازگاري، مشاهده­پذيري و آزمون­پذيري) در فرايند پذيرش و انتخاب زراعت نخود پاييزه توسط نخودكاران روانسر، مورد تحليل و تبيين قرار گرفت. در ادامه به منظور اطمينان و اعتبار بخشي به يافته­هاي كمي از روش كيفي، با بهره­گيري از تكنيك مطالعه موردي استفاده شد. نتايج فاز كمي تحقيق نشان داد، از نظر نخودكاران پاييزه روانسر زراعت نخود پاييزه داراي ويژگي­هاي نوآورانه تئوري راجرز مي­باشد و اين ويژگي­ها نقش موثري در پذيرش اين زراعت داشته است. در اين ميان بيشترين نقش به ترتيب مربوط به ويژگي مشاهده­پذيري، آزمون­پذيري، سازگاري، مزيت نسبي و پيچيدگي است. يافته­هاي فاز كيفي تحقيق، بطور عميق نقش و تاثير خصوصيات پنجگانه نوآوري راجرز را در پذيرش زراعت نخود پاييزه   را نشان داد و به نتايج فاز كمي اعتبار بخشيد. بطور كلي نتايج تحقيق مؤيد نقش تاثير گذار ويژگي­هاي نوآورانه زراعت نخود پاييزه در پذيرش اين زراعت مي­باشد بطوري­كه نخودكاران پاييزه ابتدا متكي به مشاهدات عيني خود از منافع زراعت نخود پاييزه هستند. سپس ترجيح مي­دهند در صورت امكان، آنرا آزمون و امتحان نمايند و چنانچه با شرايط آنان سازگاري داشته و از مزيت نسبي برخوردار بود، اين زراعت را پذيرفته و در جهت كاهش پيچيدگي آن تلاش مي­نمايند. به عبارت ديگر ويژگي­هاي مشاهده­پذيري و آزمون­پذيري در پذيرش اوليه و ابتدايي زراعت نخود پاييزه نقش بسزايي دارد و ويژگي­هاي سازگاري، مزيت نسبي و پيچيدگي در تداوم و پذيرش نهايي مؤثرتر هستند.

The time series is a time-dependent hydrologic variable finding its future forecasting is the most important goal of time series analysis. Considering of trend term, period term, and generally stationary in hydrologic time series can be affected to improve the performance of modeling algorithms and results interpretation. Using historical information of variables enables prediction of its future values, which is a key factor in planning, policy making and management of water resources systems. Evolutionary GEP is one of the algorithms that has high efficiency in time series modeling which has been interested by researchers due to its high accuracy in modeling. The effect of data properties in comparison of different effective parameters of the gene expression model has not assessed simultaneously on time series forecasting accuracy in previous studies. Therefore, the aim of this research is assessment of time series properties and important parameters of GEP for time series forecasting with high accuracy in Calibration and validation periods. Several time series in different climate are used in this research as monthly time series Temperature of Alaska, Florida, New York and Boston with a period of 50 years, monthly time series Temperature of Ireland, Portugal, Indonesia and India with a period of 50 years, time series groundwater depth of Chamchamal Plain station and songhor, and monthly time series Water flow in Langat and Semeniyh areas and Pirsalman are used.   Genexprotools5.0 software has been used to model of those time series by GEP. 70% of the data is used for model training and the rest for model validation. Head Size, Embedding Dimension, and Number of chromosomes are used to assess the effects of different GEP parameters and generated some scenarios base on them which are solved by Genexprotools5.0 software. The RMSE, R and NASH statistical criteria are used to evaluate the model's performance in scenarios. effective parameters. By more assessment of data properties and effective parameters in GEP model, the results indicate that periodic term in data properties of temperature time series caused to find R with more than 90% in calibration and validation period as effective parameters in GEP model has affected less than 10% in results. In other words, the data properties has more effects on time series forecasting. So, by the elimination of periodic term, the results in all cases would be significantly reduced. The periodicity of the time series is sinusoidally for the excellent performance of the model in predicting the variation process, which is a prerequisite for obtaining the results, and it is sufficient that the maximum volatility values in the correlation function in the ACF diagram are close to one. In this case, the modeling results will have acceptable statistical metrics. Also, the results showed that alternating a series when it does not have a periodic ACF diagram would improve the performance of the model and produce acceptable results in modeling. Keywords:TimeSeries, Gene Expression, forecasting, Periodicity,ACF curve, Genexprotools5.0

  Today, due to the increasing population of the earth, the need for food supplies has increased. On the other hand, due to the reduction of water resources, water management needs, especially in the agricultural sector, are felt. For this purpose, several methods have been used to reduce water consumption, one of the most modern ones being precise irrigation, namely, the field moisture map. In this research, we attempted to extract from a sorghum field to a half-hectare wetland map by multi-capture and image processing. For this purpose, initial experiments were carried out to obtain the best height and best day of the day to be photographed. The farm was then divided into small pieces. Captured from each piece by a multi-capture. From different points of the farm, the samples were taken by recording the coordinates of the spots to obtain the percentage of moisture content of the plant in those points. Finally, the images were aggregated by the Arc GIS software Then the MATLAB software performed various image processing operations on the image. These operations include: plotting, separating the field, finding the neighborhood of points, extracting different data from neighboring points, modeling effective input parameters to estimate the plant's moisture content, applying model output to segmented images, aggregation, and so on. The best model obtained by neural networks consists of four roughness inputs, the mean values of the CM channel channel monochrome channel M, the mean values of the Y single channel channel of the CMY channel, the mean values of the channel B of the RGB channel, and the output of that percentage The weight of the plant was R2 and MSE of the model was 885/0 and 0/004, respectively. In the case of classification of the plant's moisture content into five classes of very watery, loose, moderate, low water and very low water, the perturbation matrix of the model was 90.5%.

Climate change and increased harvesting of water resources cause environmental problems and major changes in lakes and wetlands. In recent years, this has caused many lakes to face a complete drought. The Bakhtegan and Tash Lakes is one of the most important environmental assets and the second largest lake in the country is almost dried up. In this study, to determine the process of drying the lake, using the LandSat satellite images and image processing by ILWIS and ArcMap software, the time series of water surface of the Bakhtegan Lake were prepared monthly for a thirty year period. Then, the equation was extracted between the annual average area of the lake and the annual discharge of the Khor River at the site of the Paul Khan Hydrometric Station. According to the fifth report (AR5) of the IPCC, in order to assess the effects of climate change the Outputs of the General Climate Model (GCM) on the three the sub catchment of Droudezan, Sivand and Hasanabad (Korr), have been downscaled. Among the selected models, after review, the BCC-CSM 1.1 model was used as the preferred model in each of the three sub catchment for downscaling in order to produce more appropriate results. The results of downscaling in accordance AR5 in the form of the average of four scenarios indicate a decline in precipitation by 2050 compared to the long-term average for the Droodzene sub catchment of 23 mm, Sivand   ub catchment 12-mm and Hassan Abad (Khor) sub catchment is 10 mm. During this period, the average long-term temperature is increased for the Droudezn sub catchment is 1.05 degrees Celsius, Sivand sub catchment 1.06 degrees Celsius and Hassan Abad 0.6 degrees Celsius. In order to apply the effects of climate change on the amount of runoff entering the lake, the water resource planning model of Bakhtegan watershed was created and calibrated in WEAP software. By modifying the discharge, for conformed to the climate change conditions (rainfall reduction), predicted the annual forecast of the runoff Khor River in the Pul Khan site by 2050, and finally, using the governing equation between the annual average area of the lake and the annual yield of the Khor River, The area of the lake in the period from 2020 to 2050 is projected to be annual average. By the year 2050, the average annual of the lake will be 20% of the past area. The largest predicted area of the lake is related to the Rcp60 scenario in 2038 with a value of 568 square kilometers (equivalent to 40 percent of the lake area), and the least is the Rcp85 scenario in 2038 with a value of 77 square kilometers (equivalent to 7 percent of the lake area).Water resources management is very important in preventing environmental crises and losing national resources. Climate change or any other risk can be controlled by correct recognition of the phenomenon, and short-term and long-term planning, control adverse consequences and minimize losses. The results of this research can be used to manage and plan water resources in the Bakhtegan Basin, in allocating the water necessary to maintain the Lake Bakhtegan and Tashk as a national capital.

About a third of the food produced for humans disappears. three billion tons of food produced are consumed by humans According to the FAO, approximately. transgenic plants can be used to induce characteristics such as: the potential for agricultural production, the potential for the environment, the potential for human health, in plants According to the FAO report. The term vitamin is used to define a number of organic compounds that must be obtained from different foods because living organisms cannot synthesize it and needed for their life. Vitamin C is a generic name for L-ascorbic acid (AsA) derived from a six-carbon sugar L-threo-hex-2-enono-1,4-lactone. The GME enzyme converts it to GDP-L-galactose with an effect on the GDP-D-mannose glucose, thus creating an interaction between the pathway for synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides and the synthesis of vitamin C. The GME enzyme has the highest degree of protein conservation in the pathway of vitamin C biosynthesis. In this research, the isolation of the gene of GDP Mannose -35epimerase (GME) from Actinidia deliciosa cultivar Hayward was performed by primers based on the sequence of Actinidia deliciosa cultivar qinme by PCR reaction using Total RNA extracted. Then, isolated genes The pTG19 vector was replicated and shipped to South Koreas MICRO GENE for sequencing. Separated sequence in the NCBI database is most similar to the 1973 score with kiwi Actinidia deliciosa cultivar qinmei with access number (GU339037.1) and the least similarity with 1002 rating with a species of banana called Musa acuminata with access number (XM_009394784 .2). The rows of segments separated by two sequences of kiwifruit from the NCBI bank were performed using MEGA7 software based on the nearest neighbor method. Using the SWISS-MODEL modeling technique, the three-dimensional structure of the gene was simulated with QMEAN score (0.97).Keywords: GME, cloning, kiwi, vitamins .

  Following an ever-increasing population water demand has increased in drinking industrial and agricultural sectors as well.The allocation of limited water resources the quality of water used environmental impacts and policies for sustainable water use are issues of growing concern. Quantitative-qualitative utilization of surface water is a desirable approach in water resource management. In the present research the system of surface water resources of the river Daz at the boundary between the dam dam to Bandakhir was studied quantitatively and qualitatively at the same time. First the utilization of surface water resources of the study area was simulated using the WEAP model and its qualitative desirability was also simulated with QUAL2K quality model and then the two models were connected to each other. Finally the output information was entered into the MOPSO optimization model and tested according to the criteria and objectives. Before starting the optimization process, two management scenarios were considered and the results were compared with each other.In all implemented scenarios, due to the time limit for implementing the linked model the optimization period was 6 years and from the blue year of 2018-19 to 2023-24.Also all the needs of the plain and the regions cultivation pattern with the exception of the need for drinking increased due to increasing population was considered constant.From the scenarios reviewed the first scenario under the reference scenario was assumed with the assumption that the quantitative and qualitative utilization of water resources systems was in accordance with the existing conditions for the 6 year period. In this scenario, the system, while meeting the requirements, is required to meet the requirements of the requirements The ecological location is at the site of the bamdge hydrometric station.In the second scenario with the difference in priority of providing the environmental need for the end of the river Dez (Mt. Ghir) calculated by the Montana method was implemented.The third scenario or optimal scenario, was aimed at optimizing the environmental requirements of bitumen.The validation results of the qualitative model are in good agreement with the reality and the calibration coefficients of the model are also acceptable. In the reference scenario agricultural lands that have been located before the site of the ecosystem are encountered in shortage in some months of the year which is due to the priority of providing the environmental need to the agricultural needs of the plain.Also the worst of the rivers qualitative status is the BOD pollinization before the harvest and in terms of emissions of EC and NO3 at the end of the river.In the second scenario taking into account the Montana method environmental demand in the bitumen section the reliability of meeting all the needs increased compared to the first scenario and other significant improvements in BOD at the site of harvesting the other parameters of quality and contamination improved.In the optimal scenario the provision of needs increased compared to the previous two scenarios and none of the quality and pollution parameters along the river did not exceed the standard limits. Keywords:Coupling Model-Quantitative, MOPSO, Simulation-Optimization, Dez River

  AbstractIn this research, we study the effects of climate change on climatic variables of precipitation and temperature in the upcoming period and the effect of predicted changes on Chaghchmal plain groundwater levels in the next two 20-year periods. For this purpose and in order to simulate the aquifer, the GMS subterranean water model has been used. During the calibration period for the 18 month period (March 2009 to September 2008), the error rates for the two Mangram and non-stable models are MEX and MAE respectively. Also, verification The model was also carried out during the 18 month period (September 2011- April 2010) and the amount of RMSE and MAE indicators were obtained respectively. Also, to study the effect of climate change on the fluctuations of groundwater level of the region in the upcoming period, six AOGCM models under three scenarios A2, A1B and B1 and two probability levels of 90 and 50%, and with regard to the uncertainty of the general circulation models, prediction of climatic variables And temperature were paid. The LARS_WG model and the proportional method were used for mapping and localization of climate parameters. The predicted climatic variables for scenarios A2, A1B and B1 and two probabilities of 90% and 50% respectively, changes for the mean long-term temperature of 0.65 +, 0.653 +, 0.653 +, -0.04 and +0.6 ° C, and the long-term average changes The precipitation was -0.15.2.06 -, + 2.25, -30.2 and -0.095 percent during the period of 2011-2030, and the same for long-term changes in temperature +2, + 2.2.1.55 +, + 0.98 and +2.3 ° C, and average long-term variations of rainfall -17, -23.7, -18.3, -46 and -13.8% during the statistical period of 2065-2046. Ultimately, fluctuations due to climate change on aquifer levels were identified under scenarios. Based on the results, groundwater level under the scenarios A2, A1B and B1 and two probabilistic levels of 90 and 50 percent for the periods 2011-2030 and 2046-2046 compared to the period 1996-2015 averaged between -1.55 to -1.83 meters Drop showed In view of these changes in order to adapt and reduce the negative effects of climate change on the region, using the proper management of water resources and taking into account all aspects of agriculture, drinking, industrial and environmental uses, the effects of climate change on the water resources of the region Castells, in order to keep these resources as good aspossible.   Key word: Groundwater balance, Climate change, AOGCM general circulation model, Climate scenarios, Uncertainty, GMS model, LARS_WG model.

Using efficient policies in the operation of reservoirs has become very important due to the occurrence of periodic droughts and also limitation of water resources in Iran. The management of reservoirs is one of the most effective non-structural ways to overcome of these limitations such as water resources scarcity, water demands increasing and finally occurrence of drought. Using optimization techniques in optimal operation of water resource systems are one of the solutions that can reduce the effects of water shortages. In this study, optimal operation of Jamishan reservoir with the aim of optimal water allocation from reservoir is considered to supply the agriculture water demands of Dinavar and Chamchmal plains using stochastic and deterministic dynamic programing approaches. Applying of the water allocation priorities between release and storage targets to supply water demands in drought conditions is considered. In this study a 41-year hydrological period (from 1971 - 1972 to 2011-2012 years) has been used. Different interval of reservoir storage (3, 5, 7 and 10) and reservoir inflow (3, 5, and 7) were used for dynamic discretization of stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) model. The best reservoir and inflow and I=3 respectively. Stochastic dynamic programming was applied to Jamishan reservoir with these classes in seasonal and monthly period by several objective functions. Water allocation results and reservoir rule curve have been presented for each period. In case, 7 interval classes for reservoir storage and average monthly and seasonal reservoir inflow in each period were applied in dynamic programming (DP) model with several objective functions. The water allocation results were compared with SDP model. The results confirm that the SDP model had the better performance rather than the DP model in water allocation and reservoir rule curve with the least objective function.

  Abstract    Today, the   urvey and analysis of uncertainties in any program is considered necessary,So that without considering and analyzing these uncertainties The occurrence of unpleasant situations that their events challenge the programs goals, Not waiting. These studies are conducted within the framework of risk management .In principle, the Monte Carlo simulation method is used as a tool for analyzing and integrating the various combinations of uncertainties. Uncertainty is integral component of hydrological and hydraulic models. Proper assessment of uncertainty in hydrological models may help to avoid high risk decisions, high cost of product-life cycle, over design structures. The aim of this study was to quantify the uncertainty of flood zoning maps for the reach of Seymwreh River. In this area due to heavy rains, floods cause a lot damage. First, the HEC-RAS flood zoning was calibrated based on F factor. Subsequently, using artificial data generation, 30 artificial data series were generated for the period of returns of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years. In Finally, the probability boundaries of the flood plain of the river were determined at the probability level of 90% and 10%, using the probability curve. The results showed that the increase in uncertainty bandwidth will increase as the maximum uncertainty bandwidth of 450 hectares is related to the flood with a return period of 100 years performed according to Monte Carlo simulation method with random sampling of the parameters space (floodplain and channel roughness coefficients). The model was run 500 times, and the results were evaluated comparing with observed area based on the F factor. Response surface curves obtained from sampling Monte Carlo showed that the highest performance of F when the coefficient of roughness for the channel and floodplain is 0/046 and 0/058. Then using the cumulative distribution function of flood zones, an uncertainty was reached at the upper and lower limits.      Keywords: Uncertainty,   Probability flood plain, Mont Carlo, Seymareh river

پيش بيني سيل با استفاده از تلفيق تصاوير ماهواره اي و مدل بارش-رواناب در مناطق فاقد آمار

  Nowadays, dams are one of the most important sources   of water supply in drinking, agricultural, industrial sections, energy generation and other water related activities. The development of reservoirs operating policies to meet each of the water requirements is vital. operating policies are in fact guidelines that,   specify the amount of storage, and also the waterrelease to meet needs, seasonal flood control, and other reservoir operating purposes in the intended steps. In reservoirs operating , a high percentage of system reliability is a positive factor, but in arid and semi-arid regions where the amount of discharge into the reservoir has   evere fluctuations, it is reasonable to reduce the system reliability and dercrease the amount   water allocation to the Consumption points ,to prevent the occurrence of critical conditions such as emptying the reservoir. According to the above, optimization of operating policies has become more important as demand grows, especially in dry years, taking into account hedging. Reservoir optimization models have different approaches that the modeling and their assumptions can be   determinative in reservoir operating. In models where the input data of the reservoir is the recorded river data and were assumed definitive, the results of the model are limited to historical data and should be calibrated for new input flows to the reservoir. In these models, ignoring the rules of hedging in arid and semi-arid regions can lead to severe failures in the operating of the reservoir. In this study, which was carried out on Balaroud reservoir dam located in Khuzestan province, the optimization model was based on the new PSO (parametrization-simulation-optimization) method. In this method, considering the stochastic flow conditions, the optimal reservoir ration parameters are determined through the reservoir simulator link (WEAP model) to the NSGA-II multi-objective optimization algorithm. In order to apply the stochastic flow conditions, the inflow into the reservoir ,initially 4800 synthetic monthly times series was generated for each Bootstrap, Thomas and Fiering, Fragment and Valencia-Schaake methods. Then the statistical parameters of the produced series of each method were compared with the historical river series. The results showed that the Fragment method was better than other methods, and the series produced by this method were used to apply the stochastic conditions in the PSO model. In the model, 4800 months for calibration and 372 months for the validation of the model are included. At the end, the results of the PSO model were compared with the results of the standard operating policy (SOP). The results show that the proposed model has been able to manage the allocation in needs of dry months and prevent the reservoir from emptying.

بررسي تاثير پيش پردازش داده هاي هيدرولوژيكي بر نتايج انواع مدل هاي   پيش بيني سري هاي زماني   هيدرولوژيكي

سوزاندن بقاياي گياهي از شيوه‌هاي رايج مديريت بقاياي گياهي بوده كه از ديرباز كشاورزان با انگيزه‌هاي مختلف به آن اقدام نموده‌اند. سوزاندن بقاياي گياهي يكي از عوامل تاثيرگذار بر تصاعد گازهاي گلخانه‌اي مانند CO2، N2O، CH4 و همچنين انتشار آلاينده‌هايي مانند   NH3، SO2، NMHC، تركيبات آلي فرار و نيمه‌فرار و غيره... است. از اينرو توجه به اين مسئله و انجام تحقيقات مختلف در اين زمينه مي‌تواند در افزايش آگاهي و جلوگيري از افزايش مضرات آن حائز اهميت باشد. اين تحقيق در سال زراعي 96-95 در استان كرمانشاه شهرستان سرپل­ذهاب انجام شد. ابتدا با مصاحبه با افراد آشنا به منطقه و همچنين كارشناسان اداره جهاد كشاورزي مختصات نقاط سوخته شده تعيين و عمليات نمونه­برداري صحرايي انجام شد. سپس جهت شناسايي نواحي سوخته شده زراعي از تصاوير ماهواره­اي8 LANDSAT سنجنده OIL/TIR   استفاده شد. پس از  انجام اصلاحات به روش FLAASH، در ادامه جهت انتخاب بهترين تفكيك پذيري از روش­هاي تركيب باندي شاخص مطلوبيت (OIF)، PCA و MNF   استفاده شد. طبقه بندي تصاوير با استفاده از روش حداكثر مشابهت صورت گرفت. نتايج نشان داد كه طبقه­بندي تصاوير به نقاط سوخته و نسوخته همبستگي بالا و معني­داري با نمونه­برداري صحرايي داشت كه در اين ميان روش تركيب باندي بر اساس شاخص مطلوبيت از بيشترين دقت (787/0) برخوردار بود. بر اين اساس مساحت زمين هاي زراعي جار سوزي شده 7380 هكتار برآورد شد. نتايج نشان داد كه در اراضي جارسوزي شده شهرستان سرپل ذهاب ميزان كل توليد بقاياي گندم معادل 83025 تن، ميزان بقاياي گندم پس از برداشت 8302 تن و ميزان بقاياي سوزانده شده گندم 6466 تن بود. ميزان انتشار گازهاي گلخانه­اي و آلاينده­هاي متصاعد شده به جو محاسبه و در نهايت نيز مقدار عناصر كربن، نيتروژن و گوگرد هدر رفته در نتيجه سوزاندن بقاياي گندم در سطح شهرستان برآورد گرديد. محاسبات صورت گرفته نشان داد كه سوزاندن بقاياي گندم مي تواند منجر به تصاعد مقادير 8690، 376، 22، 45/0، 39/2، 26/4، 15/18، 36/61، 17/24، 36/3 و 37/48 تن به ترتيب براي آلاينده­هاي CO2، CO، CH4،   2O، NH3، SO2،   OX، PM2.5، OC، BC و NMVOCS شود. ميزان اتلاف عناصر كربن، نيتروژن و گوگرد در نتيجه سوزاندن بقايا نيز به ترتيب 17/2575، 58/10 و 13/2 تن برآورد شد. كلمات كليدي: آلاينده­هاي جوي، جارسوزي، گازهاي گلخانه­اي، تصاوير ماهواره­اي، ArcMap

Soil maps, common sources of soil information for land evaluation and land use programs and providing them always of the most important sectors in this research studies for numerous soil Rayanamvkhty support vector machine method for predicting the map Kermanshah province with an area of ??more than 33,000 hectares of lowland soil Myandrbnd both large and soil reference group was used. Systematic random sampling method was used to determine the location profiles 78. Each of pedons carefully followed, sampling and analysis and then according to the new edition classification system were ranked American and global reference system. 8 covariate environment such as height, smooth profile with a high-resolution Valley, the valley, the total solar radiation, slope, wetness index, lateral and vertical distance to the channel networks with parameters derived from satellite images as predictive variables for process modeling were used. The results showed that environmental Kvvarythay smooth profile of the valley, the valley and the height of the utmost importance in predicting the class of the soil. Validation results showed that the accuracy of SVM model to predict large group and reference group respectively 92% and 96%, respectively soil.

     The reservoirs are operated and designed in several aims such as, water demand supply, hydropower energy generation and flood control reduction. Optimization of reservoir operation is one of the most important issues in water basin. In this study, optimization of reservoir operation to obtain the maximum agriculture water supply and hydropower energy production are considered. As the rainfall is the stochastic phenomenon and has the positive effect on reservoir inflow, hydropower optimization is applied by using chance constrained linear programming (CCLP). Maroon Reservoir is located on east western of Khozestan province and the aims of this reservoir are agriculture water supply of Jayazan, Behbahan,Shadegan and Khalafabad, flood controlling and hydropower generation about 150 Megawatt(MW). Monthly inflow of 52 years (1953-2004) is used to modeling of experimental Weibul probability distribution for each month. Annual energy production of Maroon reservoir is obtained by Lingo 16.0 software for a known agriculture water supply (P) and installed capacity 150 MW. Then, the best probability distribution of reservoir inflow is obtained by Easyfit software 6.0 for each month. The results showed that the maximum P are calculated 86% and 88% and also the annual hydropower energy are 114.86 and 111.55 Giga watt-hour(GWh) using experimental Weibul probability distribution and the best probability distribution of reservoir inflow, respectively. Thus, obtaining the best Inflow probability distribution does have insignificant effect on optimization results since in this study it’s less than 2% on agriculture water supply and hydropower generation. So, considering only the experimental Weibul probability distribution of reservoir inflow is sufficient in CCLP approach.

  Without a doubt, today the issue of preserving water resources exploitation and maintenance of the necessary economic efficiency, especially in the arid and semi-arid LIFE. This planet is like Iran has a double importance. One of the solutions proposed in recent decades in the management of water resources, surface and groundwater conjunctive use of water resourceses. he main objectives of this study, the simulation interaction between groundwater and surface water using dynamic connection between surface water and groundwater in the plain is cantilevered, So that the data and results on a monthly basis between the surface water and the groundwaterش MODFLOW WEAP is in circulation. Therefore, at each time step of monthly values, influence the balance of rivers, runoff, etc. WEAP model to model MODFLOW groundwater level values, the flow between the aquifer and so calculation and simulation models, WEAP back and this process will continue until the end. Another key goal is to optimize the amount of monthly withdrawals of groundwater and surface water is to fund the planning period.so To perform system optimization, multi-objective model NSGA-II. was used . So that in its first objective maximization of the needs of the project in the second goal of minimizing groundwater level decline during the period was utilized. The decision variables in this model, including the percentage of withdrawals from surface and underground water resources, which were defined as seasonal. The simulation results showed the biggest drop in the region of West and Southeast parts of the northwest and the Lower Plains. That due to the density of operational wells and water in these areas is approximately 11 meters. The northern and north eastern plains, due to lack of exploitation wells and agricultural lands is more fed. And thus a drop in groundwater level in these areas is not high.and Most edema related to a part of the northern part of the study area is approximately 25 meters. This is due to the high rise part of the study area is extremely fed. Also with the three scenarios defined for this study, results showed that if the current pattern and the reference scenario without optimization on average 16.82% of the surface water and groundwater funded by 83.18 percent. After optimization percent of the groundwater in the study area picked up about 5 percent and   the average percentage of optimal supply from surface water and groundwater, respectively, 78.84 and 21.16%, respectively. The optimal scenario the reliability needs of land Pshmynhzar 26% ش 3.2 and 2.6 meters.It means that by construction balarood dam and application scenarios System Optimization average groundwater level to 2.3 meters would improve. Keywords: conjunctive use, dynamic binding of surface water and groundwater, WEAP, MODFLOW, NSGA II