Razi University

  Among the works of Mulla Sadra, the book *al-Shaw?hid al-Rub?biyyah f? al-Man?hij al-Sul?kiyyah* (Divine Witnesses regarding the Paths of Spiritual Conduct) holds a special place. Its significance lies in the fact that it can be viewed as a summary of Mulla Sadra’s philosophical and mystical views found in *al-Asf?r*—his most comprehensive philosophical work. The relationship between these two books is one of partial overlap (*‘um?m wa-khu??? min wajh*); many issues addressed in both are articulated differently in each. *Al-Shaw?hid al-Rub?biyyah* is a prominent philosophical text in which Mulla Sadra presents most of his views—sometimes briefly and at other times in detail—using fluent, smooth, and engaging language. In this book, he also sets forth his final views and convictio   furthermore, it contains material not found in *al-Asf?r* or his other works. Written in Arabic, *al-Shaw?hid al-Rub?biyyah* is organized into five main chapters. Throughout history, numerous prominent thinkers and figures in Islamic philosophy and theology have analyzed and commented on the text—including sages such as Mulla Ali Nuri, Mulla Hadi Sabzevari, and Mohammad Reza Qomshei. In contemporary times, scholars such as Yahya Kabir, Javad Mosleh, Hassan Mo'allemi, Ali Babaei, Gholamreza Fayyazi, and Marzieh Akhlaqi have engaged in translating and expounding upon the book. Today, one of the finest commentaries on the work is that of Professor Mohammad Hossein Heshmatpour. Unfortunately, this commentary—originally delivered as a series of lectures to university students and seminary scholars—remains available only in audio format; no written, edited, or readily usable transcript or study based on these lectures currently exists. The present treatise seeks to preserve that valuable commentary by transcribing and researching the explanations provided by Professor Mohammad Hossein Heshmatpour.