Razi University

Research Objective: Based on the views of Emile Durkheim, this thesis examines the evolution of punishment and its relationship with types of social solidarity in Iranian and Greek mythological literature. In this regard, the concept of collective conscience, legal system, and types of punishment, including punitive and restorative, have been examined as the main components in order to clarify the differences between these two macrocultures in the field of social solidarity and the function of punishment. Research Method: This research was conducted using the library study method and with reference to reputable scientific databases. The selected texts examined in this thesis are: Shahnameh, plays by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Research Findings: The results of the study show that the mythological society of Shahnameh has had signs of organic solidarity, division of labor, and separation of social duties from the beginning, especially during the periods of Houshang, Jamshid, and Kaykhosrow. In contrast, Greek society has undergone a transformation from mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity, and Greek philosophizing has played a fundamental role in this transition. Also, in examining the transition of societies from mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity, which is more evident in Greek society, we have identified two components of "hamartia" and "hubris". These two components, as factors in the actions of individuals, pave the way for positive changes and transformations in society. Research result: Based on the findings, it can be said that what Greek society has tried to achieve in its evolutionary process, namely the transition from mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity, has existed in Iranian mythological society from the beginning; but the dominance of the epic and heroic spirit has gradually led this society towards mechanical solidarity. Keywords: Social solidarity, punishment, collective conscience, Iranian literature, Greek literature, Durkheim